I ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā manu ʻEulopa me nā kani kupaianaha, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke haʻi ʻole i ka thrush. I kēia mau lā aku nei, paʻakikī loa kēlā ʻano lunamakaʻāinana e hui i ke kūlanakauhale. I kēia lā, mahalo i ka hoʻolaha laha ʻana o nā kumulāʻau rowan, he mea maʻalahi ke hālāwai me kahi thrush, kahi mea aloha i kā lākou hua. E hoʻomaopopo koke ʻoe i ia mea pākaukau kahua... ʻO kēia paha ma muli o kona ʻano kumu a me ka trill maʻamau.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Blackbird fieldberry
Aia ke kahua i ke aupuni holoholona, ke ʻano o nā chordates, ka papa o nā manu a me ke kaʻina o nā passerines (Passeriformes). Loaʻa i kēia hui ma mua o 5 mau lunamakaʻāinana a manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā lehulehu i ka haku mele. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā poʻe e pili ana i kēia kauoha ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Noho ka hapanui ma nā latitude mahana a wela. Makemake lākou i ka ola nahele ma mua o ke ola kūlanakauhale. A hiki i kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana ke lilo i nā makahiki āpau i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka lāʻau. ʻO ka ʻohana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lehu o ke kula, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Drozdov" (Turdidae).
Hōʻike ʻia kona mau ʻelele e nā hiʻohiʻona aʻe:
- nā liʻiliʻi (liʻiliʻi a me waena) - 10-30 cm;
- pololoi (akā ʻūlū iki ma ka luna) nuku;
- ʻeheu poepoe ākea;
- huelo pololei;
- nohona - nā mānoanoa, nā laʻalāʻau, nā ululāʻau.
Hiki i ke kala o nā blackbirds ke kukui akahai a i ʻole ka hoʻohālikelike nani. ʻAi nā manu āpau o kēia pūʻulu i nā hua a me nā kolo. Hiki iā lākou ke mālama i nā mele a pālua paha, a i nā holoholona. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o Fieldfare i ka hana hope o ka neʻe. Ke neʻe nei i nā hipa, hoʻopuka lākou i nā kani leo pōkole. Hāʻawi lākou iā lākou iho me ka leo nui ("Trr ...", "Tshchek") a i ka wā o ka pūnana.
Video: Pāʻele blackbird
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka papa thrush, ʻoi aku ka makaʻu o ka mānoho a ʻaʻole hūnā. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hālāwai ʻana me lākou kokoke (ʻoiai i ka wā pua o ka lehu mauna). Maʻemaʻe kā lākou mele, akā ʻoi aku ka mālie. Ke hele nei ma mua o kahi ululāʻau o nā hua ʻulaʻula a me ka lohe ʻana i kahi ʻūlū ʻano ʻē e pau ana i kahi "... wiki" perky, hiki iā ʻoe ke maopopo he wahi ma nā nāhelehele o nā lālā kahi i noho ai kahi mālaʻai, e pāʻina ana i kāna puna punahele.
I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o nā moa thrush. E nānā kāua i kahi e noho ai kēia manu hoihoi a me kāna mea e ʻai ai.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: kahua hoʻoulu manu
ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻe mākaukau maikaʻi ʻole i nā manu manu hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi i waena o ke koena o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka papa thrush o ka lehu āpau. Loaʻa kēia i ka helehelena kala ʻole o ke kanaka.
ʻO nā ʻano kūwaho o nā holoholona neʻe hiki ke hōʻike ʻia penei:
- kala - multicolor. Hinahina ke poʻo o nā manu. ʻEleʻele loa ka huelo a ʻikea ʻeleʻele. Kuni ʻeleʻele ke kua. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻōpū (e like me nā blackbirds ʻē aʻe he ʻokoʻa i ke kua o ka waihoʻoluʻu laulā - keʻokeʻo. He ʻeke ʻeleʻele melemele ko ka brisket me nā kiko liʻiliʻi. Ke keʻokeʻo o nā ʻeheu (ʻike ke lele ʻia kahi manu) keʻokeʻo;
- ana hoʻohālikelike. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka Fieldfowls i ka jackdaws, akā i ka manawa like ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o nā starling. I ka nui o ka nui, like like lākou me ka blackbird. ʻO ke kaupaona kiʻekiʻe he 140 g (kāne) a 105 g (wahine). ʻAʻole hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā mākua ke hiki i 28 cm. Ua ākea ka ākea - e pili ana i 45 cm;
- ʻoi ka nuku. Ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kua o nā manu ʻē aʻe o ke kula, ʻāpono kona nuku melemele ākea iā ia. Pouli kona luna. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka nuku mai 1.5 a 3 cm. Ua lawa kēia lōʻihi no ke komo ʻana i nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua o ka lāʻau lehu o ka mauna.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo ke kala o ke kāne a me ka wahine he mea like ia. ʻO kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ka nui wale nō o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kahua.
Me nā loli kau o ke kau, hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka māla. Hoʻololi wale ke kala o ka nuku (mai ka melemele ʻōuli a i ka buffy), a me ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula, aia ma ka umauma o ka mea, piʻi pū kekahi.
Ma hea e noho ai ka manu ʻie?
Kiʻi: kahua kahua Drozd ma Lūkia
I kēia lā, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā māla ma waena o ka Eurasia ʻākau (mai Cape Roka a i Cape Dezhnev). Alakaʻi nā manu i kahi noho a me kahi ala nomadic o ke ola.
I ka hoʻoilo, makemake ka hapanui o nā kānaka i ka manawa i nā ʻāina aʻe:
- ʻO ʻApelika ʻĀkau kahi ʻāpana o ʻApelika, kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻāina e like me: ʻAigupita, Sudan, Libya, a me kēia mau mea ʻumeʻume i nā manu me kāna kaona kūlohelohe. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina i noho ʻia e ka Sahara.
- ʻEulopa (Central a me Hema) - kahi ʻāpana i hoʻopili i nā ʻāina Kaiwaenahonua, a me nā mokuʻāina ʻaʻole ʻāpana o ka CIS. Hoʻohanohano ʻia ka ʻāina e nā anilā mālie, ka lepo momona a me nā mea kanu he nui (kahi e pono ai no ke ola maʻamau o ka thrush kahua).
- ʻO Asia kahi ʻāpana insular (ʻo Turkey ka nui). Kūlana nā kūlana aniau o ia wahi a he mau hiʻohiʻona o ke aniau Continental. I ke kai Aegean a me ke Kaiwaenahonua, ʻoluʻolu a mālie hoʻi nā hoʻoilo.
Noho pū nā manu ma nā ʻāina CIS. I ka manawa like, me ka nui o nā nāhelehe rowan, ʻaʻole paha lākou e lele lele i ka hoʻoilo ma nā ʻāina ʻē āpau. Aloha nā Fieldfarers e noho i nā steppes ulu nui, nā ululāʻau a me ko lākou mau kihi. ʻO ka koi nui no kahi o ka wahi noho kahi wahi kokoke o nā nāhelehele pulu. ʻAʻole e hana e hālāwai me kēia mau manu i kahi nahele hohonu. Thrushes pūnana no kekahi mau mahina (mai ʻApelila a Iulai).
Nā mea hoihoi: Kūkulu ka poʻe Fieldfarers i ko lākou mau pūnana ma nā pine, nā alders, nā ʻoka ma kahi puna i loko o ka pahu. ʻO nā mea āpau (limu, lālā) i ʻike ʻia ma "ma lalo o ka nuku" e like me nā mea kūkulu hale. ʻO ka mea hoʻopili hoʻopili he pālolo, silt, lepo lepo. ʻO ka hopena o nā hana kahi ʻano kīʻaha nui me ka hohonu hohonu i lalo.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hele ʻana i ka pūnana kahua. Kūkulu nā manu i ko lākou home i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ke kūkulu ʻana he 6 m.
He aha ka ʻai a ka thrush kahua?
Kiʻi: kahua hoʻoulu hina hina
Ma muli o ka inoa o ka thrush, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i kāna meaʻai punahele ka hua rowan. Pololei loa kēia hopena. ʻO kēia mau huaʻai a ka pā kula e ʻai ai i ke kauwela.
No ke koena o kekahi mau mahina, ʻo kāna papaʻai kahi:
- snails (gastropods me kahi pū waho);
- ʻenuhe honua (kahi meaʻai āpau i hiki ke loaʻa ma nā wahi āpau o ka honua);
- nā mea kolo (nā nalo liʻiliʻi ʻelua, nā ʻāpua a me nā lunamaka lele o ka papa, a me kā lākou larvae).
ʻO ka leʻaleʻa punahele o ka māla he hua. ʻO ka mea e pili ana ʻaʻole wale no nā hua o ka lehu kuahiwi. He mea hoihoi loa nā manu i nā mea ʻono, no ka mea ua koi ʻia lākou e hele e ʻimi i nā hua ono i nā lā mua o ke kauwela. Ma waena o ka lehu mauna a me kahi ululāʻau me nā huaʻono, e koho maoli ka fieldberry i ka koho ʻelua. Kūleʻa lākou i ka thrushes rowan ke loaʻa ʻole nā hua ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke tart a me ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa iki o kēia mau hua e keakea i ka makemake no ke kō.
Mea hoihoi: he hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi ko Fieldbirds. ʻAi i ka manawa hoʻokahi o nā hua momona o kahi lāʻau, hoʻomanaʻo koke nā manu i kona wahi. ʻOiai inā ulu ka nui o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe me nā kumu ulu momona ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pā palaoa, ka mea mua, e ʻai i ka mea kanu, a ua hoʻāʻo mua ʻia ka ʻono e ia.
ʻAi nā ʻāpāpā i nā hika a me nā ilo ma muli o ka nele o ke kula i nā hua hou. I kēia hihia, hoʻopau pinepine ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻenuhe honua i ka make no nā manu. Loaʻa kēia i ka hopena o nā meaola o ka honua me nā nematode, kahi nui o nā kino thrushes ʻaʻole hiki ke hāpai.
Ma muli o ka ʻike hou ʻia o nā kumu rowan i nā ʻāina CIS, ua maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana i nā pūnana o nā thrushes ma luna o lākou (ʻoiai i ka hoʻoilo. Noho kūpono nā manu ma luna o nā lāʻau momona.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: kahua kahua Drozd ma Moscow
ʻO ke ala o ke ola o ka māla e pili ana i nā kūlana o ka wahi o kahi e noho ai, a me ka momona o kāna lepo.
Hiki i nā manu ke hoʻokō i nā ʻano o ke ola penei:
- sedentary - noho i ka wahi kaiāulu āpau i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻololi wale i kahi o nā pūnana (pili kēia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau momona aʻe);
- nomadic - lele i nā ʻāina mehana i ka hoʻoilo a hoʻi i ka home wale nō me ka hoʻomaka o ka puna.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i ka mahi kula i kēlā mau manu i haʻalele i ko lākou ʻāina kulāiwi no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu i hoʻi mai mai "nā ʻāina ʻē" i ko lākou ʻāina hānau - i ka waena o ʻApelila. Neʻe ka nui o ka Thrushes i nā hipa. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi hui a hiki i ka 100 manu. I ka manawa like, ma hope koke o ka hōʻea ʻana i ko lākou ʻāina kulāiwi, mālama mau ka māla. I ka mua, makemake lākou e "noho i waho" ma waho o nā ululāʻau, ma nā wahi kaiāulu. Ma aneʻi e kali ai nā manu no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau a me ka hiki ke loaʻa ka meaʻai.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻohana o nā kahua i hiki mai i nā kolone i kapa ʻia. He alakaʻi ko kēlā me kēia hui hou. Hoʻomaka ka ʻohana i hana ʻia e ʻimi i kahi wahi pūnana a me ka meaʻai ponoʻī. Hoʻokahi kolone ma kahi o 20 mau manu manu. I ko lākou kūlohelohe, ola a wiwo ʻole nā manu ʻāpua. ʻAʻole like lākou i ko lākou mau hoahānau papa, ʻaʻole makaʻu lākou e pale aku i nā ʻenemi nui. Aia ka hapa nui o ka pale o ka hui ma nā ʻeheu o nā alakaʻi o nā kolone.
Hana nā pōhaku a me ka lepo i mea kaua o ka pā. I ka wā o ke kaua me ka ʻenemi, piʻi lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa a hoʻokuʻu i kahi pōhaku i ka ʻenemi. Hoʻohiki kahi pā i kahi pōʻino koʻikoʻi i ka manu. Ma hope o ka hoʻolei, "uku" ke kahua i kāna mea i hōʻeha ʻia me ka lepo. Pono kēia e hana i nā ʻēheu kaumaha a hoʻopili ʻia (kahi mea e hiki ʻole ai kahi hoʻolālā maopopo).
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ke kanaka e hele ana ma lalo o ke "kahua kaua" hiki ke lilo i mea hōʻeha i ke kahua kahua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e hiki ke hele i waho o ke kaua ola. Akā maʻemaʻe - paʻakikī.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Wahine o ka thrush kahua
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka māla e ka moekolohe e hōʻike i ka mahele o nā manu āpau i nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa wale nō ma waena o lākou nā ana. Ma hope o ka hoʻi ʻana o nā kolone i ka home, ua mākaukau nā wahine e hatch keiki hou i ka hopena o ʻApelila.
Ma mua o ke kope pololei ʻana, hoʻomaka ka ʻāpana wahine o ka kolone thrushes i ka hana ikaika. ʻO nā wahine ka mea e hana i nā nohona no nā keiki e hiki mai ana - ka pūnana. I waho, ʻano nui ke ʻano. Ua hohonu a lawa ka lawa. Ma loko, ua uhi ʻia ka "hale" me kahi uhi palupalu kūikawā.
Hana ʻia ka moʻo kula ma ka mua o Mei. I ka manawa, hiki i ka wahine ke kanu i 7 mau hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ko lākou makuahine i pale iā lākou ma kahi o 15-20 mau lā.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻoiai ka wahine e hoʻoulu ana i nā hua, ʻaʻole hāʻawi ke kāne iā ia i ka meaʻai. Pono nā makuahine lehu mauna e nānā no ka meaʻai a hoʻopiha i nā lako i kā lākou iho. Pale ka makuakāne i kāna pūnana mai nā mea ʻino a pale i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kolone.
Hānau ʻia nā Chicks e ke kau waena o Mei. No kahi hapalua mahina, aia ka māla liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka nānā akahele a ka makuahine. Hāʻawi ka wahine a me nā kāne i nā keiki me nā meaʻai. I hoʻokahi mau lā o ke ao, lawe nā mākua i ka meaʻai i ka pūnana ma kahi o 100-150 mau manawa. Hānai nā Cubs ma kahi o 13 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia hola.
ʻAi nā brood mua i nā pepeke a me nā ilo. Hāʻule ka hope i ke kau berry a ʻoluʻolu me nā blueberry, lehu mauna, strawberry a me nā hua ʻē aʻe. I ka hopena o Mei, lele nā moa mai ka pūnana mai. Ke holo nei ka ʻike makua (flight, ʻai) no kekahi manawa. Ma hope o kēlā, hele nā manu i ka "ʻauʻau manuahi". Mākaukau ka wahine no ka lālani lua i Iune. Hoʻoemi ka helu o nā cubs me kēlā me kēia hua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā manu ʻie
Kiʻi: kahua kahua thrush i ke kūlohelohe
I ko lākou wahi maoli, he nui nā ʻenemi o ke kahua. Makemake nā mea ʻaihue he nui e ʻahaʻaina i kahi manu liʻiliʻi e ola ana.
Ma waena o nā hoʻokūkū ʻawaʻawa o ka thrushes, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā poʻe aʻe:
- ʻalalā. ʻO nā ʻelele nui loa o ka papa o passerines ʻaʻole e haʻalele i ka manawa kūpono e pāʻina ai i nā keiki i kū ʻole ʻole a nāwaliwali hoʻi o ka thrush. No kēia mau kumu, noho ʻo nā ʻalalā kokoke i kā lākou mau mea i hōʻeha ʻia. Ke kali nei no ka manawa kūpono, hoʻouka lākou i ka pūnana kahua a luku iā ia. Akā ʻaʻole kēia hopena o nā hanana i maʻamau no nā hihia āpau. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻouka ka pau ʻana i ka eo loa o nā ʻalalā He manu wiwo ʻole a ikaika ʻo Fieldfare. Hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka ʻenemi hulu nui a ʻo ia wale nō;
- nā polokina. Kūpilikiʻi loa ia mau ʻenemi no nā māla kahua i hoʻokumu i ko lākou pūnana i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. Ke neʻe nei i nā lālā, komo aū ka squirrel i ka pūnana, ke ʻume nei i nā mea āpau i loko. ʻIke ʻia inā ʻike ke kāne i kahi squirrel e hoʻokokoke ana, a laila hiki iā ia ke kipaku aku iā ia (me nā pale ikaika a me ka huki ʻana).
ʻImi pū kekahi nā mea ʻānai ʻē i ka mahi ʻai: falcons, hawks, woodpeckers, pueo a me jays. Hiki i nā holoholona a manu paha ke hiki i ka pūnana kahua i kahi kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he hahai holoholona.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: He koa nui nā Fieldfarers a mākaukau lākou e pale aku i ke kolone mai nā ʻenemi i nā manawa he nui aku i ka nui o nā manu i ka nui. Eia kekahi, kōkua pinepine nā thrushes i ko lākou mau hoahānau hulu.
Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā manu makaʻu ʻole ke pale i kā lākou pua. Hiki i nā hōʻeha lehulehu ke kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka kolone kahua. Hiki i ke anilā ʻinoʻino ke hāʻawi i kēia. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ʻike ʻia i ka wā i hele ʻole ai ka moa nāna i hoʻomālamalama i ka pūnana no ka mea ke keʻakeʻa nei i ke kaua. Makaʻu mau ʻo Thrushes i ka poʻe.
ʻOiai ʻo kona ʻaʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i ka māla ke hoʻoiho i ka ʻeha i nā manu ʻē aʻe me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i kona ola ponoʻī. Pale pinepine nā manu i kēlā me kēia kanaka liʻiliʻi, pale iā lākou mai nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻo nā moa e lohe ana i nā leo kāhea o kahi lehu kula i ka pūnana o ka chaffinch makemake lākou e huli a lele i kahi ala ʻē aʻe, e waiho ana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻouka kaua no ka hihia hou.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Blackbird fieldberry i ka hoʻoilo
Manaʻo ʻia ka papa kahua ma ka nui o nā kauoha ʻeleʻele. Aia pū me kahi helu nui o nā lunamakaʻāinana, ka helu kikoʻī o ia hiki ʻole ke helu. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā manu ma ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa. Ua nānā ikaika ʻia lākou ma Belarus a me Lūkia (ʻo St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad ka nui). Wahi a nā hopena ʻepekema i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ke kumu o ka noiʻi, ʻaʻohe pono e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hōʻemi o ka helu o ka genus.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokaʻawale hana ʻana o ka lehu kuahiwi i ka ʻāina o nā ʻāina CIS, ʻo kēia kanaka kekahi o nā malihini kipa ʻole. I kēia lā, ke piʻi nei ka nui o nā kolone e hoʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka manawa like, noho nā lunamaka o nā manu ʻeleʻele i ko lākou kūlohelohe a i nā pāka aupuni. ʻAʻole pili ka hana a nā manu i ke ʻano o ka ʻāina a lākou e noho ai.
Hoʻololi maikaʻi nā Fieldfarers i nā ʻāina hou a ʻai ʻokoʻa loa. ʻAʻole lākou makaʻu i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana mai nā predators nui loa. ʻAʻole makemake ka ʻimi holoholona no ia ʻano manu, no ka mea liʻiliʻi lākou i ka nui a ʻano primitive (i nā maka o ka mea hahai holoholona). A ʻo kēia ke hiki iā mākou ke kiaʻi i nā lunamakaʻāinana wiwo ʻole a wiwo ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi (a hiki i ka kū ʻana o ka lehu kuahiwi).
He manu hoihoi ʻo Fieldfare i nā hoʻolālā āpau. He nani lākou i ka helehelena a me nā kālena maʻamau i ke kahua o nā manu manu. Liʻiliʻi ka nui, makaʻu ʻole lākou i ke kaua, alualu i kekahi mea ʻino mai ko lākou ʻāina mai i ka hilahila. ʻO hazel blackbird hoʻi mau i ko lākou ʻāina hānau, kahi a lākou e lawe ʻia ai e ka "tailwind".Maʻalahi ke ʻike i kēia mau manu. Noho lākou i nā wahi ululāʻau i nā wahi ulu nui. ʻO kahi hālāwai me kēlā kanaka e waiho i kahi māka leʻaleʻa i kou hoʻomanaʻo (inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike i kahi lehu āpau i ka manawa o kāna hoʻouka kaua ʻana a ʻaʻole ʻoe e hele ma lalo o ka "pū".
Lā paʻi: 12.07.2019
Lā hou: 25.09.2019 ma 20:16
