Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā wahi noho
Mule - he holoholona hānai ia he kālani o ka lio a me ka hoki. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua o ke kumu o ka holoholona mai ka makahiki 480 BC, i ka wā a Herodotus i wehewehe ai i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka Mōʻī Xerxes i Helene.
I ka 1938, aia ma kahi o 15 miliona mau kānaka a puni ka honua. Ua like ka miula me ka lio wahine ma ke kino, akā like kona poʻo me ka hoki. Ua hoʻoili ka miula i ka hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki mai ka lio, a me ke ahonui a me ka maikaʻi mai ka hoki. Hiki i kahi miula makua i ke kaumaha o 600 kg. i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka 160 knm.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka physiology a me nā ʻano ponoʻī, hiki ke loaʻa i ka mule a hiki i ka hapahā o kona kaumaha. ʻOiai ka pilina pili loa o kahi hoki me nā hinnies (ke keʻa ma waena o ka lio lio a me ka hoki), pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi i kekahi. Mule i kiʻi ʻia like loa me ka lio maʻamau, akā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole maoli maoli kēia.
ʻO ke poʻo a me nā lālā o lalo o ka miula e like me ka hoki o ka hoki, a ʻo ka lauoho a me ka mane ua like ia me ko ka lio. Hoʻoholo mau ʻia ke kala o ka miula e ke kala o ka wahine wahine. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, hiki i kēia holoholona holoholona ke waihoʻoluʻu me ke koe o kahi pinto lio. Hoʻonani lākou i nā leo o ka ʻuwā ʻāʻī a me ke kani ʻana o ka lio.
Ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona wikiwiki, komo nā hoki i nā heihei. ʻAʻole wale ka ikaika o ke kino i nā mula, akā ʻo ke olakino maikaʻi hoʻi. Kūpono ko lākou pale i nā maʻi like ʻole, no laila hiki i kekahi poʻe ke ola a 60 mau makahiki. He mea maʻamau ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā miula i loko o ka pūʻolo a me nā miula kikoʻī.
ʻO ka miula ʻoihana
Kamalā paʻa He holoholona ia ka hopena o ke keʻa i kahi mare wahine kaumaha a me kahi hoki nui. Hiki ke kau ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia kikoʻī i 600-700 kg, me ke kino ākea a kīkē ikaika i nā lālā.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Lawe ka miula i nā ʻano maikaʻi mai kona kūpuna mai. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka paʻakikī o ka hoki, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, he holoholona akamai loa ka miula i hoʻomanawanui ʻole i ka loko ʻino. ʻAʻole pono ia i ka mālama mau a me ka hānai ʻana.
Wahi a ka lākiō o nā koina mālama / ka nui o ka hana i hana ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻai ʻana i ka miula. He hemahema liʻiliʻi wale kā ka holoholona, ʻo ia ka hiki ʻole ke lanakila i nā keakea kiʻekiʻe, akā uku ʻia kēia e ka hana maikaʻi loa a me ke ahonui.
ʻO ka miula pūʻolo ke kiʻi ʻia
Ua loihi ka waiwai o kēia mau ʻano i loko o kēia mau holoholona hana, no laila, a hiki i ka wā waena, ua kau nā aliʻi a me nā kāhuna pule iā lākou. Ma hope, ua hoʻomaka nā miula e hoʻouluulu i nā ʻāina o Latin America: ua hoʻohana nā Mekiko iā lākou e lawe i nā ukana, nā Sepania - e hana ma nā mahiko.
I ka wā kaua, hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i ka lawe ʻana i nā pū kuniahi, nā mea ʻeha a me nā mea i hoʻolako ʻia. ʻO ka mahi ʻana i nā miula ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻāina he nui ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia mai ka wā kahiko. I loko o ka manawa o ka kapitalism, hoʻomaka lākou e lawe i ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
Ma nā panalāʻau o ka wahi ma hope o Soviet, hoʻokumu ʻia ka mahiʻai mule i nā ʻāina o Transcaucasus - Armenia, Azerbaijan a me Georgia, a me ka moku ʻo Central Asia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā miula no ka hana mahiʻai. Hoʻokomo lākou i nā aʻa ma nā mauna a me nā wāwae o ka ʻāpana subtropical.
Mule pūʻolo me kahi 150 kilogram ukana, hiki i hoʻokahi hola ke uhi i 4-5 mau kilomita. Hoʻomaka lākou e hana ma ke ʻano mau mai ka makahiki o 3. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hiki nō i ka miula ke pale i ka hoʻoikaika kino koʻikoʻi.
Mea ʻai
He holoholona ka miula, ka mea unpretentious i ka meaʻai - hiki i kāna papaʻai ke hoʻopili i nā ʻano hānai makamae. Hōʻike ka hana honua i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka muula, me ke kumukūʻai o ka hānai ʻana iā ia, ua hoʻopili ʻia me nā mea liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kumukūʻai like no ka mālama ʻana i nā lio.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia no ka hōʻoia paha lākou i ka ʻai ma mua o ka lio, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou hoʻi ʻana i kahi anakahi o ka hānai. No ka ulu ʻana o nā mākala, pono ka ʻai a ka mule e waiwai ai i nā meaʻai protein.
Hiki iā bran, bean hay. ʻAʻole e hōʻino ka mule i nā mea kanu - hiki iā lākou ke hānai palekana ʻia me nā kāloti a me nā mea kanu. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka mule kahi hui ʻana o nā holoholona, nona ka ʻai nui o ka mauʻu, ʻo ka hapa nui o kāna meaʻai ka mauʻu maloʻo.
ʻO kāna papaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā he 6-7 kilogram o ka mauʻu a me 3 kilokilo o ka hānai paʻa. I ka nele o ka hānai paʻa, hiki ke pani ʻia me kaʻuala a i ʻole nā mea kanu aʻa. Pono nā meaʻai a Milk i 6 mau kilokika o ka mauʻu maikaʻi maikaʻi. Me ka makahiki, piʻi ka uku, hoʻolauna haʻahaʻa ʻia ka hānai i ka papaʻai.
ʻO ka meaʻai o kēlā me kēia miula o hoʻokahi miula a me ka hapa makahiki ka nui o 10 kilokika o ka mauʻu a me 3-4 mau kilokika o nā concentrates. No nā keiki he ʻelua mau makahiki, hoʻonui ʻia ka mahele o ka mauʻu i kēlā me kēia lā i 12 kilogram, hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻoka i ka papaʻai.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
ʻAʻole hiki i nā miula ke hānau keiki. ʻO kēia kahi hopena o ka hoʻokaʻawale moʻokūʻauhau ma waena o nā lio a me nā hoki: ʻo ka lio wahine makua he 64 mau chromosome, ʻoiai he 62 nā chromosome o ka hoki. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia ka mōʻaukala o nā hihia i ka wā a ka miula i hāʻawi ai i keiki.
I ka makahiki 2 o ka makahiki, hoʻolei ʻia nā miula kāne. ʻO nā lula no ka mālama ʻana i nā dummies hānau hou he mea like ia me ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki foals. ʻO Mulata he mau holoholona thermophilic hou aku, no laila pili lākou i nā anuanu anuanu.
I ka hoʻoilo, pono lākou e mālama i nā lumi mehana a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i 3-4 mau hola no ka hele wāwae. No kēia mau kumu, kūpono kahi hale paʻa, kahi hale ʻai a i ʻole kahi kumu insulated. I nā kau mahana, noi ʻia e mālama i nā dummies i ka wahi hānai i ka wā hiki.
Pono e hānai ʻia a hānai ʻia mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai, no ka mea, ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia miula e kahi ʻano paʻakikī. Pono e hānai i nā miula ma 6 mau makahiki o ka makahiki, a ma nā wahi hema me kahi wā hānai lōʻihi - ʻaʻole ma mua o 8 mau mahina. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, hiki i kekahi poʻe ke ola a 60 mau makahiki, akā ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā miula ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki.
