ʻO ka leopadi o ʻAkia Waena, a i ʻike ʻia hoʻi me ka leopadi Caucasian (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica), he mea hānai holoholona o ka ʻohana Felidae. Noho kēia leopadi subspecies ma ke komohana o ʻAsia a he mea kupaianaha ia, akā he laha ʻole ka lunamakaʻāinana o ka genus Panther.
Ka wehewehe o ka leopadi ʻAkia Waena
ʻO nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i kēia lā kekahi o nā mea nui o nā leopadi o ko mākou honua.... Hiki ke loli ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka predator ma waena o 126-171 cm, akā hiki i kekahi mau ʻelele o nā ʻohana i 180-183 cm ka nui, me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 94-116 cm. 0-21.8 knm.ʻO ka awelika o ka lōʻihi o ka niho niho kiʻekiʻe o ke kāne he 68-75 mm, a ʻo ka wahine he 64-67 mm.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o ka predator ma nā mea mae i 76 cm, me ka nui o 68-70 kg. I ka Soviet Union, ʻike ʻia ka leopadi ma ke ʻano ʻo "Caucasian" a i ʻole "Near East", me ka inoa Lākina ʻo Panthera pardus ciscaucasica a i ʻole Panthera pardus Tulliana. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ʻāina Komohana he nui, he inoa ʻokoʻa loa no ka holoholona hihiu o ka holoholona pio i hoʻohana ʻia kokoke koke - ka leopadi "Persian", me ka inoa Lākina Panthera pardus saxicolor.
Helehelena
ʻO ke kala o ka hulu hoʻoilo o ka leopadi Central Asia he māmā loa, ʻaneʻane pale, a ʻo ke kumu nui kahi kala hina hina. I kekahi manawa aia kekahi me ka hulu hina hina me ka ʻulaʻula a me ke one one, kahi i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hope. No kekahi mau lunamaka o nā ʻāpana, he ʻano keokeo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o ka pale i ke ʻano, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ke kala o ka leopadi hau.
Hoihoi ia!ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī ma ka moʻoʻōlelo nui i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kikoʻu liʻiliʻi loa, ʻaʻole maʻamau he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, akā pinepine ka ʻōniʻoniʻo brownish. ʻO ka mālam o loko o ia mau kiko e like me ka rosette, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, ʻaʻole pouli ma mua o ke kala o ka kumu nui o ka lole. I ka manawa like, kū i waho nā ʻano pouli a me nā kukui o ke kala.
Kūleʻa ke ʻano māmā o ke kala a ʻike ʻia e ke alo o kahi kāʻei huluhulu hina hina me kahi ʻano ʻulaʻula iki. I kahi o ke kua, i mua o ke alo, ʻeleʻele iki ka ʻahu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kiko kikoʻī a liʻiliʻi, me ke ana waena o ke anawaena o 20 mm o aʻe.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kiko a like me ka rosette e ʻekolu a ʻelima mau kiko liʻiliʻi. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka piko o ka huelo e ʻekolu a ʻehā ʻeleʻele, ʻaneʻane kokoke i nā apo piha a hoʻopuni. Ma kahi o ka sakuma, a ma ka ʻaoʻao waena o ke kua, aia kekahi mau lālani nui, 2.5 x 4.0 knm, nā kiko elongated i ʻike ʻia.
Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā holoholona me kahi ʻano ʻeleʻele o ka ʻulaʻula a me ka pouli o ka hulu. ʻO nā kiko ma ka ʻili o ka mānele predatory he nui, ʻano paʻa, ma kahi o 3.0 knm ke anawaena. He kākaʻikahi kēlā mau kiko ma ke kua. ʻO nā kiko nui loa ma ka ʻāpana kapu e hōʻea i ka nui o 8.0 x 4.0 knm. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi helu nui o nā kiko e like me ka rosette e nā apo piha a wehewehe pono ʻia. ʻO nā māka transverse i kahi o ka huelo e ʻaneʻane uhi pono iā ia.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO ka nohona kūlohelohe o nā leopadi o ʻAkelanika Waena nā pā kula subalpine, nā wahi nahele ulu a me nā mānoanoa o nā nāhelehele.... Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, noho nā mea ʻānō mamamala i hoʻokahi a me ka wahi like i loko o ko lākou ola, mai ʻauana mai kahi wahi a kahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia mau lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana feline, ka genus Panther a me nā ʻano Leopards hiki ke hana i nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi, e hele pū ana me kā lākou mea pio.
ʻO ka hapanui o nā manawa, noho nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i nā wahi noho o ungulate, akā e hoʻāʻo e hōʻalo i nā wahi i nui ka hau. ʻO ka piko o ka hana nui nui o kahi predator nui nui e hāʻule ma ka nui i nā hola o ke ahiahi a mau a kakahiaka.
I ke ʻano o ke anuanu, ʻikea ʻia ka holoholona i ka huli holoholona i ke ao. ʻO ke kaila hahai holoholona i hoʻohana ʻia e ia holoholona e hōʻike ʻia e ka kiaʻi ʻana i nā pio, akā i kekahi manawa hiki i ka leopadi ʻAkia Waena ke alualu i kāna mea pio.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā launa kaiaulu o nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i ikaika loa, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i kēlā mau mea ʻino ke mālama mau i ka launa pū ʻana me kā lākou "mau hoanoho", akā e nānā pū hoʻi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā leopadi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā hakakā a me nā hakakā kūloko paha ma luna o nā wahine e hana ʻia i kekahi manawa, akā i nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā holoholona manu ke aloha aloha aku kekahi i kekahi. I ka manawa like, ua pololei loa nā neʻe o nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena, a akāka loa a ʻaʻole ʻae i nā ʻokoʻa, ma muli o ka ikaika maoli, ka mana, a me ka nui nui o ka ʻelele o ka ʻohana Feline. I ke kaʻina hana o ke aloha, honi kēlā mau holoholona i nā papalina a me ka ihu o kekahi, e ʻānai me kā lākou waha, ʻaoʻao a poʻo paha. I kekahi manawa aia kekahi mau neʻe pāʻani e hele pū me kahi ʻano maikaʻi.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o nā leopadi o Caucasian?
ʻO ka awelika, ʻike ʻepekema a hiki i kēia lā, ke ola o nā ʻelele o nā subspecies Central Asia leopadi ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ka ʻumikūmālima mau makahiki, a ʻo ka moʻolelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka mālama pio ʻana he 24 mau makahiki wale nō.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻOkoʻa nā kāne o ka leopadi ʻAkia Waena mai nā wahine o kēia ʻāpana i ka hoʻonui koʻikoʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā mākala, ka nui o ke kino a me kahi iwi poʻo nui.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Mai ka wā kahiko, ua noho nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i ʻelua mau wahi ʻokoʻa loa, i hōʻike ʻia e nā panalāʻau Caucasian a me Central Asia. I kēia manawa paʻakikī e ʻōlelo inā aia kekahi palena maʻamau ma waena o nā wahi o kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana, ʻoiai i kēia manawa ua emi loa ka helu o kēia ʻelele nui o ka ʻohana feline. Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i ka nohona Caucasian o kahi leopadi, a laila hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahi mauna a me nā wāwae nui.
I kekahi manawa, loaʻa nā holoholona ʻānō a me nā holoholona nui ma nā wahi pālahalaha a i ʻole nā wahi i noho nui ʻia.... Ma ke kahakai kaiʻeleʻele, ma nā wahi ma waena o Novorossiysk a me Tuapse, ka palena i kapa ʻia o ka palena ʻākau o ka laulā o nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana leopadi Near East. E moe ana i ka hikina, e kāpae i nā kiʻekiʻe o ke kahawai ʻo Kura, Laba a me Terek, a ʻo ka muliwai ʻo Belaya, a laila kau ia ma nā wai o ke kai Caspian ma kahi kokoke i Makhachkala. I ke awāwa ʻo Araks, noho nā ʻelele o nā mea kōkua i nā kuahiwi ʻole a haʻalele ʻole.
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka leopadi ʻAkia Waena
ʻO ke kumu o ka papaʻai o nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i pani ʻia e nā ungulate waena, e like me nā dia, nā gazela, nā mouflons, nā kao bezoar, a me nā hipa mauna mauna Caucasian (Dagestan a me Kuban tur) a me nā boars hihiu.
Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka papaʻai o nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana Felidae, ka genus Panther, ka species Leopard a me nā subspecies o ka leopadi Hikina Hikina. Hiki paha i kahi holoholona predatory ke ʻimi a hiki i nāʻiole, nā bea a me nā porcupine, a me nā mea ʻino liʻiliʻi hoʻi, i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻīlio hae a me nā mustelid, nā manu a me nā mea kolo. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ʻike ʻia no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā mōneka, nā lio kūloko a me nā hipa.
Hoihoi ia! Me nā ʻāpana o ʻApelika, nā leopadi, ke lele aku, kū ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope, a hoʻohana ʻia nā mea mua e weliweli me nā māiʻuʻu nui a nui loa, he mea kaua maoli nō ia.
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o kahi predator nui weliweli i nā ʻōnaehana kaiaola o ka Western Caucasus, ka mea maʻa mau e nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi he nui, hiki ke hopena i nā hopena weliweli. Hōʻike ka moʻaukala o ka pilina ma waena o nā kānaka a me nā māmela karnivorous e pono i kēlā mau holoholona i lalo o ka kaohi paʻa a me ke kaomi mai ka huli. Inā ʻole, e nānā pono nā leopadi o nā mākua ʻAsia Nui i nā kānaka ma ke ʻano he mea pio. Ma muli wale nō o ka makaʻu o ka poʻe i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā hanauna o ia mau ʻaihue, hoʻāʻo nā holoholona nui e hōʻalo i nā hālāwai pinepine me nā kānaka.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻAʻole hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka wā hānau o nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i kekahi manawa kikoʻī o ka makahiki, no laila, hoʻoholo ʻia ka manawa o nā keiki e kahi laulā o nā kumu kūwaho kūwaho, e hoʻopili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea pio no kahi wā lōʻihi kūpono a maikaʻi loa, ʻano ʻoluʻolu. I hoʻokahi litter, mai ka ʻekahi a i ka ʻeono mau keiki i hiki ke hānau ʻia.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i nā wā ma waena o nā litters ke ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa makahiki. ʻO nā kāne makua o ka leopadi ʻAkia Waena, ma ke ʻano he rula, mai hana iki i ka hāpai ʻana i kā lākou mau keiki a mālama paha i kā lākou keiki e ulu ana. No ka hānau hānau ʻana, koho ka wahine i kahi kaʻawale loa, kahi e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai e like me ke kahawai a i ʻole ke ana pōhaku ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka pinepine, aia kahi puʻukū hilinaʻi ma kahi kokoke i kahi kumu wai.
Ma hope o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mahina, ua hoʻomaka nā keiki keiki e hele pū me ko lākou makuahine, e noho pono ana i ka ʻāina o ka wahi... I kēia wā ʻōpio, liʻuliʻu ka nui o nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i ka nui a paʻakikī ʻole, no laila hiki iā lākou ke lanakila ma mua o 3-4 km i kēlā me kēia lā. Ke ʻike nei i kēia hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou keiki, nā wahine, ma hope o ka hoʻololi pōkole, koho i kahi pale hilinaʻi no nā keiki e hoʻomaha.
I ka ulu ʻana o nā keiki a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka noi ʻana o ka mammal wahine predatory i nā kūlana o nā pale i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻololi.
Eia hou, ua hiki i nā leopadi makua ke uhi i nā wahi kūpono me ka luhi ʻole a me ka pono no ka hoʻomaha. Hiki i nā kittens ke hānai i ka waiū o ka makuahine a ʻeono mau mahina, akā ua ʻike lākou i ka ʻono o ka meaʻai meaʻai mai hoʻokahi a me ka hapa a i ʻelua mau mahina.
Hoihoi ia! I kēia mau lā, ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻike e hōʻoia ana i ka mea nui no nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena, ʻoiai pinepine ʻole, akā ʻo ka launa pinepine ʻana me nā ʻohana ʻoiai e mālama nei i nā pilina ʻohana ikaika, no laila hiki i nā kaikamahine a me nā mākua makua ke leʻaleʻa i ia mau hālāwai.
Ma hope o ka ʻewalu a ʻeiwa mau makahiki o nā keiki o ka leopadi ʻAkia Hema, hoʻāʻo lākou e huakaʻi iā lākou iho, akā nui ka nui o nā holoholona ʻōpio e pili kokoke i ko lākou makuahine a haʻalele ʻole iā ia no ka manawa lōʻihi. Wāwahi wale ka brood i ka manawa o nā leopadi ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua i ka ʻelua mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
A hiki i kēia manawa, ua pālahalaha nui ʻia nā leopadi o ʻAkia Waena i Caucasus a noho paʻa i nā wahi mauna āpau. Eia nō naʻe, ka hoʻonui ikaika ʻia ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e ka hana hoʻokele waiwai o ka poʻe o ka meaʻai kumu o ka holoholona ʻaihue i nā ʻāina he nui i hoʻonāukiuki i ka luku piha ʻana o ka lehulehu o ka holoholona ʻiʻo.
Hoihoi ia! I ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, ua nui loa ka hakakā ma waena o nā kānaka a me ka leopadi, no laila ua ʻae ʻia e pepehi i kahi mea hihiu hihiu me ka nānā ʻole i ke kau a me nā ʻano a pau, e like me nā pū, nā maunu ʻona a me nā puka lou paʻa kūikawā.
ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū nui, a me nā hoa paio pono o ka pōpoki kīnā ʻole, he mau holoholona hihiu ʻē aʻe, i pani ʻia e nā tigika a me nā liona, nā hyenas i ʻike ʻia, a me nā cheetah.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ua kuhi ʻia ma kahi o ʻumi mau leopadi ʻAkia Waena i kēia manawa ma Turkey, a ʻo ka heluna lehulehu o kēia ʻāpana leopadi i kēia manawa i koho ʻia ma 870-1300 wale nō. I ka manawa like, ma kahi o 550-850 mau holoholona e noho nei i kēia manawa ma ʻIrana, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 90-100 mau holoholona ma Turkmenistan, ma kahi o 10-13 mau kānaka ma Azerbaijan, 200-300 ma Afghanistan, 10-13 ma Armenia, a i Keokia, ʻaʻohe mea ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima mau mammal e like me nā mea ʻaihue.
I kēia lā, ua helu ʻia kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka leopadi Central ʻAsia i loko o ka Appendix I o ka Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and is endangered (CITES). I nā mokuʻāina āpau, ka ʻāina i noho ʻia no ia ʻano lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana Feline a me ka genus o Panthers, ma lalo o kahi pale kūikawā. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka puke ʻula o Lūkia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana leopadi ma ke ʻano he ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau, no laila, ua kūpono ke kuhikuhi ʻia i ka mahele mua.
