ʻOiai ʻo ka inoa "barn horow" ka inoa e hōʻike nei ʻaʻole kokoke kēia manu e noho i nā kūlanakauhale, makemake i ka ea kaiāulu manuahi.
Ka wehewehe o ka hale ʻai e ale
ʻO Hirundo rustica (barn horow) kahi manu neʻe liʻiliʻi e noho kokoke ana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa... ʻO nā kamaʻāina o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika e ʻike iā ia. Kapa ʻia ia he kohola kohola a pili i ka genus o nā ale maoli mai ka ʻohana ale, kahi ʻāpana o ka papa nui o passerines.
Helehelena
ʻO ka inoa "kohola kohola" i hāʻawi ʻia i ka manu no kāna huelo forked me "braids" - nā hulu huelo ʻoi loa, ʻelua mau manawa ka lōʻihi o ka awelika. Ulu ka Barn Swallow a 15-20 knm me ke kaumaha o 17-20 g a me ka ʻēheu o 32-36 cm. Ma luna, uliuli ka manu me ka sheen metallic ʻokoʻa, a ʻo ke kala o ka ʻōpū / undertail e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka laulā a ʻokoʻa mai ke keʻokeʻo a i ka chestnut ʻulaʻula. ʻEleʻele hoʻi ka huelo o luna. ʻO nā koholā mea hoʻomake-ʻulaʻula i ʻano like me ʻAmelika, ka Hikina Waena a me ʻAigupita, a ʻo Siberia hema a me ʻAsia Waena.
ʻAno ʻeleʻele nā ʻeheu ma lalo, ʻaʻohewi o nā wāwae i ka plumage. ʻAi ʻia ke kala ʻia o nā manu ʻōpio a ʻaʻohe ona lōʻihi e like me nā mākua. ʻO ke poʻo o ka hale ʻai e ale ʻelua mau kala - ʻo ka ʻāpana polū ʻeleʻele i luna e kōkua ʻia e ka chestnut ʻulaʻula, hāʻawi ʻia ma luna o ka lae, ka auwae a me ka puʻu. ʻO ka pūlima lōʻihi a ka ʻowela, me kahi ʻoki hohonu e like me ke ʻano, e ʻike ʻia i ka lele ʻana o ka manu i ka lewa. A i ka lele wale nō ke hōʻike aku nei ka kohola kohola i kahi o nā kiko keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hoʻonani ai i ka huelo kokoke i kona kumu.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO ke koholā kaiākea ka mea ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki i waena o nā ʻalalā āpau - hana mākaukau loa ia i ka lani a iho i ka wā kokoke e hoʻopili nā ʻeheu i ka honua. ʻIke ʻo ia i ka paheʻe ʻana ma waena o nā hale, heʻe maʻalahi i nā keakea, ke hele kokoke mai i nā paia i mea e makaʻu ai a hopu i nā nalo a me nā mu e noho ana ma laila. Lele pinepine ka Barn Swallow i nā papa o lalo, e piʻi kiʻekiʻe ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hāʻule / kauwela. Holo nā ala lele i kēlā me kēia lā ma nā kula a me nā kula, nā hale a me nā alanui kuaʻāina.
Hele pū nā kohola koholā i nā holoholona, kipaku ʻia i waho i nā wahi hānai, ke lilo mau nā pika a me nā lele i mau hoahele nona. Ma mua o ka wā maikaʻi ʻole, neʻe ka ale i nā kino wai, e ʻimi nei i nā mea kolo e iho mai nā papa lewa o luna. Hoʻopau ka hale ʻai i ka make wai i ka lele a ʻau aku i ke ala like, lele wale i loko o ka wai me ka hemo ʻana ma kahi o ka wai.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ke kani ʻana o ke kohola kohola e like me "vit", "vi-vit", "chivit", "chirivit" a i kekahi manawa ua hoʻopili ʻia me kahi roulade crackling e like me "cerrrrrr". Hīmeni pinepine nā kāne ma mua o ka wahine, akā mai kēlā me kēia manawa hana lākou ma ke ʻano he duet.
I ka hapa lua o ʻAukake - ka hapa mua o Kepakemapa, haʻalele ka ʻōpala i ka hema. I ke kakahiaka, hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ʻohana mai kona wahi noho a hele i nā ʻāina tropical / equatorial.
Pehea ka lōʻihi e ale ai ka hale ʻai
Wahi a nā ornithologists, ola nā kohola koholā no 4 mau makahiki. ʻO kekahi mau manu, e like me nā kumuwaiwai, ua ola a hiki i 8 mau makahiki, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau kiʻi i hōʻailona no ka laha holoʻokoʻa.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻAʻole ʻike koke ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻoiai no ka mea ʻane like nā manu o nā kāne ʻelua. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa i ke kala o ka plumage (ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o nā kāne), a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - i nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kaula.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Noho ʻo Barn ale i nā wahi āpau koe ʻo Australia a me Antarctica... Hānau lākou ma ʻEulopa ʻĀkau, ʻAkau a me ʻAsia Waena, Iāpana, ka Hikina Waena, ʻAkau ʻAmelika, ʻAkau ʻApelika ʻĀkau, a me ka hema o Kina. No ka hoʻoilo neʻe lākou i Indonesia a me Micronesia, ʻAkia Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻIke pū ʻia ka ʻōpala i Lūkini, ke piʻi nei i ka Arctic Circle (ma ka ʻākau) a me Caucasus / Crimea (ma ka hema). ʻAʻohe lele iki i nā kūlanakauhale, a ma waho o lākou kūkulu i nā pūnana:
- i nā attics;
- i loko o nā hale kūʻai / hale ʻai;
- i ka hale ululāʻau;
- ma lalo o nā ea o nā hale;
- malalo o na alahaka;
- ma nā pae moku.
ʻIke ʻia nā pūnana ale ma nā ana, nā pali pōhaku, ma waena o nā lālā a me ... i nā kaʻa holo wikiwiki.
ʻAi ʻo Barn i ka papaʻai
Loaʻa iā ia he 99% mau mea lele lele (ʻo ka mea nui ʻo dipterans), kahi e ale ai i ka manawa. Nui nā manu i hoʻi mai ka wanaʻao mai ka hoʻoilo ke make i ka wā e hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻomehana honua e kahi anu anuanu. I ke anuanu, ʻai ʻo ka hale ʻai i ka wī - nui ka liʻiliʻi o nā kolo, a ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi hou i ka manu (me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki) me ka lawa pono o ka momona.
ʻAi pū ka ʻai a ka hale ʻai i nā pepeke e like me:
- ʻūhini;
- pulelehua;
- lōlō hihi;
- nā piʻo a me nā ʻalekiko;
- nā mea kolo wai (lele nā caddis a me nā mea ʻē aʻe);
- lele a me nā midges.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā ale ale (e like me nā ale ʻē aʻe) ʻaʻole loa e ʻimi i nā nalo a me nā nalo meli e mākaukau me ka lāʻau ʻawahia. ʻO nā ale e hopu hewa ʻole i kēia mau mea kolo e make maʻamau i kā lākou nahu.
I nā lā mehana, ʻimi nā koholā pepehi kanaka i kā lākou mea pio, kahi kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hāpai ʻia ai e kahi lewa e piʻi aʻe ana, akā ʻo ka pinepine (ʻoi loa ma mua o ka ua) lele lākou kokoke i ka honua a i ʻole ka wai, hopu koke i nā mea kolo.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻohui pū ʻia ka monogamy o ka hale ʻai me ka polyandry, ke kāne i loaʻa ʻole kahi ipo e pili ana i kahi paʻa paʻa.... Hāʻawi ke kolu o nā kuleana male me ka mea i koho ʻia ma ke kānāwai, a kōkua pū kekahi e kūkulu / kiaʻi i ka pūnana a hatch i nā hua (akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hānai i nā moa). I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hana nā manu i ka male hou, mālama i nā pili kahiko no kekahi mau makahiki, inā kūleʻa ka hua. Pili ka wā hānau i nā subspecies a me kāna pae, akā hāʻule maʻamau i Mei - ʻAukake.
Ke hoʻāʻo nei nā kāne i kēia manawa e hōʻike iā lākou iho i ko lākou hanohano āpau, e hohola ana i ko lākou huelo a e hoʻokau ana i kahi kani crumbly. Kūkulu nā mākua ʻelua i ka pūnana, kūkulu i kahi pā o ka lepo a hoʻonui ʻia me ka mauʻu / hulu. I ka paʻa aia mai 3 a 7 mau hua keʻokeʻo (maʻamau 5), kiko ʻia me nā ʻulaʻula-ʻeleʻele, poni a me nā kiko hina.
Hoihoi ia! Noho kekahi kāne a wahine wahine ʻokoʻa ma luna o nā hua, a i ke kauwela e ʻike ʻia he 2 mau broods. Ma hope o ʻelua mau pule, hatch nā moa, kahi a nā mākua e hānai ai a 400 mau manawa i ka lā. ʻO nā mea kolo i lawe ʻia mai e ka manu ua ʻōwili ʻia i loko o kahi pōpō kūpono no ka ale ʻana.
Ma hope o 19-20 mau lā, lele nā moa mai ka pūnana a hoʻomaka e mākaʻikaʻi i nā wahi, ʻaʻole mamao loa mai ka hale o ko lākou makuakāne. Mālama nā mākua i ka pua ma ka ʻeheu no hoʻokahi pule hou - hōʻike lākou i ke ala i ka pūnana a hānai (pinepine i ka lele). Ua hala kekahi pule, a haʻalele nā ʻōpala ʻōpio i ko lākou mau mākua, a hui pinepine i nā holoholona a haʻi. Ua lilo ʻo nā ale wai i ka moekolohe i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. Hāʻule hope ʻo Juveniles ma hope o nā mea makua i ka hana, e kau ana i nā hua liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā pā oʻo.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻole hoʻouka ka poʻe hānai hulu nui i nā kohola koholā, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e mālama i nā ʻano kukuna uila a me nā pirouette.
Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā falcon liʻiliʻi ke hana hou i kāna alahele a no laila ua hoʻokomo ʻia i ka papa inoa o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka hale ʻai e ale:
- falcon falcon;
- merlin;
- pueo a me ka pueo;
- weasel;
- nāʻiole a me nāʻiole;
- pipiʻi (ʻoi loa nā pōpoki)
E ale ʻo Barn, i ka hui ʻana, kipaku pinepine aku i kahi pōpoki a i ʻole kahi hawk, e kaapuni ana ma luna o ka mea hōkai (ʻaneʻane e hoʻopā iā ia me ko lākou mau ʻēheu) me ka uē nui o "chi-chi". Kipaku aku ka ʻenemi i waho o ka pā, alualu pinepine nā manu wiwo ʻole iā ia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Wahi a nā koho IUCN, aia ma kahi o 290–487 miliona mau ʻalalalohi nā ale i ka honua, a he 58–97 miliona mau manu makua (mai 29 a 48 miliona mau pālua) i ka heluna o ʻEulopa.
Mea nui! ʻOiai ka emi ʻana o ka helu o nā manu, ʻaʻole wikiwiki ia e noʻonoʻo ʻia he koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻōlelo o ka palena helu kanaka nui - kahi emi o 30% ma luna o ʻekolu a ʻumi paha hanauna.
Wahi a ka EBCC, kūpaʻa nā ʻano ma nā holoholona ʻEulopa mai 1980 a 2013. Wahi a BirdLife International, ua emi ka nui o nā kohola kohola ma ʻEulopa ma luna o ʻekolu mau hanauna (11.7 mau makahiki) ma lalo o 25%. Ua emi iki ka heluna kanaka ma ʻAmelika Hema i nā makahiki he 40 i hala. Wahi a ka hopena o ka IUCN, nui loa ka heluna kanaka o kēia ʻano a ʻaʻole kokoke mai (e pili ana i kahi kuhi o kona nui) i ka paepae o ka nāwaliwali.
