Hydra wai wai hou ʻO ia kahi polyp wai wai palupalu i hoʻopau ʻia i kekahi manawa i nā aquarium ma ka ulia. ʻO nā hydras wai hou ka ʻohana inconspicuous o nā ʻākoʻakoʻa, nā anemone kai a me nā jellyfish. He lālā lākou āpau o ke ʻano kolo, i hōʻike ʻia e nā kino symmetric radial, ke kū ʻana o nā tentacles ʻūlū a me kahi ʻōpū maʻalahi me kahi hāmama hoʻokahi (ʻoihana kōpū).
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Hydra wai hou
ʻO ka Hydra wai hou kahi polyp liʻiliʻi o ka ʻano like (dripping) e like me nā anemone kai a me nā jellyfish. ʻOiai ka hapanui o nā coelenterates he kai, he mea maʻamau ka Hydra wai hou i loko o ka wai ola wale nō. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) i kahi leka āna i hoʻouna aku ai i ka Royal Society ma ka lā Kalikimaka 1702. Ua mahalo lōʻihi ʻia kēia mau meaola e nā meaolaolaola no ko lākou hiki ke hana hou mai nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: he mea nui ia e hiki i nā pūnaewele mai kahi hydra wai kaʻawale mīkini me ka mechanical ke hoʻihoʻi a hui hou i kahi holoholona hana i loko o hoʻokahi pule. Pehea e loaʻa ai kēia kaʻina hana, ʻaʻole maopopo maopopo i nā ʻepekema.
Video: ʻO wai Hydra wai hou
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hydras wai hou, akā paʻakikī paʻakikī ka hapanui me ka ʻole o ka microscopy kikoʻī. ʻO nā ʻano ʻelua, ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau i kā mākou aquariums:
- ʻO Hydra (Chlorohydra) viridissima (Hydra ʻōmaʻomaʻo) kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma muli o ke kū ʻana o nā limu i kapa ʻia ʻo zoochlorella, e noho nei ma ke ʻano he symbionts i nā hunaola endodermal. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, keʻokeʻo pinepine lākou i ke kala. Lawe nā limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka photosynthesis a hana i nā kō i hoʻohana ʻia e ka hydra. I ka huli, hāʻawi ka papaʻai predatory a ka hydra i kahi kumu o nitrogen no nā limu. Liʻiliʻi nā hydras ʻōmaʻomaʻo, me nā tentacles ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka lōʻihi o ke kolamu;
- Hydra oligactis (brown hydra) - Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia ia mai kahi hydra ʻē aʻe e kāna mau tentacles lōʻihi loa, kahi e hoʻomaha ai, hiki i 5 cm a ʻoi paha. Pālahalaha keʻokeʻo ākea, 15 a 25 mm ka lōʻihi, ʻokoʻa ke kiko o ke kumu, e hana ana i kahi "koʻokoʻo".
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka hydra wai hou
Loaʻa i nā hydras wai ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kahi pālua ʻelua o nā haʻihaʻi lua, kahi kino tubular i puʻunaue ʻia e kahi papa non-cellular lahilahi i kapa ʻia ʻo mesoglea. Hoʻopuni ʻia kā lākou hui waha-anus ʻōpū (ʻōpū o ka maʻi ʻōpala) e nā tentacles protruding e paʻa ana nā hunaola (nematocysts). ʻO ke kumu o kēia, hoʻokahi wale nō puka o ko lākou kino, a ʻo ia ka waha, akā kōkua pū ia i ka hemo ʻana i ka ʻōpala. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o kahi hydra wai hou a hiki i 7 mm, akā hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā ʻeleleka a hiki i kahi lōʻihi o kekahi mau kenimika.
Mea leʻaleʻa: Loaʻa i ka Hydra wai hou kaʻiʻo akā nele i nā meaola. Aia i loko o kahi pahu e pili ana i 5 mm ka lōʻihi, i hana ʻia e nā papa epithelial ʻelua (endoderm a me ectoderm).
ʻO ka papa o loko (endoderm) e uhi ana i ka lua o ka gastro-vascular e hana i nā enzymes e hoʻowali i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka papa waho o nā hunaola (ectoderm) e hana i nā mea liʻiliʻi, stinging organelles i kapa ʻia ʻo nematocysts. ʻO ka tentacles kahi hoʻonui o nā papa o ke kino a hoʻopuni i ka hāmama o ka waha.
Ma muli o ke kūkulu maʻalahi ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke kolamu o ke kino a me nā tentacles. I ka wā o ka hahai holoholona, hoʻolaha ka hydra i kāna mau tentacles, neʻe mālie iā lākou a kali no ka launa ʻana me kahi pono pio pono. ʻO nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e kū nei i nā tentacles e lī ʻia e nā neurotoxins i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā nematocst stinging. Kūleʻa nā tentacles a puni ka mea e hakakā ana a huki iā ia i ka hamama o ka waha. Ke komo ka mea i loaʻa i ka lua o ke kino, hiki ke hoʻomaka ke digestion. Kipaku ʻia nā Cuticle a me nā ʻōpala i hoʻohemo ʻole ʻia ma hope o ka waha.
He poʻo kona, nona ka waha i hoʻopuni ʻia e ke apo o ka tentacles ma kekahi wēlau, a me kahi disikopa lāʻau, ka wāwae, ma ka wēlau ʻē aʻe. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā hunaola Multipotent ma waena o nā hunaola o nā papa epithelial, e hāʻawi ai i ʻehā mau ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā hunaola: nā gametes, nā aʻa, nā huna huna a me nā nematocytes - nā huna ʻōhua e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ke komo ʻana o nā hunaola.
Eia kekahi, ma muli o kā lākou hanana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono i ka wai i loko o nā kino. No laila, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolōʻihi a ʻaelike paha i ko lākou mau kino i kēlā me kēia manawa. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ona aʻa koʻikoʻi, pane ka hydra wai hou i ka mālam. ʻO ke ʻano o kahi hydra wai hou e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā loli i ka mahana, ka wai kemika, a me ka pā a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki ʻē aʻe. Hiki i nā kino nerve o ka holoholona ke pīhoihoi. ʻO kahi laʻana, inā ʻoe e hoʻopā iā ia me ka wēlau o ke kui kele, a laila e hoʻouna ʻia ka hōʻailona mai nā aʻa aʻa e manaʻo e hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻopā i nā koena, a mai nā aʻa aʻa a i ka epithelial-muscle.
Ma hea e noho ai ka wai wai hydra hou?
Kiʻi: Hydra wai hou i ka wai
I ke kūlohelohe, noho nā hydras wai hou i ka wai hou. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i nā loko wai hou a me nā kahawai mālie, kahi e hoʻopili mau ai lākou i nā mea kanu i kahe ʻia a i ʻole nā pōhaku. Noho ka limu i loko o kahi wai wai hydra hou mai kahi palekana palekana a loaʻa ka meaʻai e nā huahana mai ka hydra. Pōmaikaʻi pū ka hydra wai hou i nā meaʻai algal.
Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā hydras i ka mālamalama akā maikaʻi ʻole ka pōloli ma mua o nā hydras me ka ʻole o nā limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o lākou. Hiki iā lākou ke ola i ka wai me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen no ka mea hāʻawi ka limu iā lākou me ka oxygen. ʻO kēia oxygen kahi huahana by photosynthesis e algae. Hāʻalo nā hydras ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka limu mai kahi hanauna a i kekahi hanauna i nā hua.
Holo ʻo Hydras i ko lākou mau kino i ka wai ʻoiai lākou e pili ana, e hoʻonui ana a me ka ʻaelike ma lalo o kahi hui o ka neʻe a me ka wai (neʻe) kaomi. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kaomi uila i loko o kā lākou lua digestive.
ʻAʻole pili mau ʻo Hydras i ka substrate a hiki ke neʻe mai kahi wahi a kahi ʻē aʻe ma ke kahe ʻana ma ka pā basal a i ʻole ke hina ʻana i mua. I ka wā o somersaults, hoʻokaʻawale lākou i ka disc basal, a laila kūlou a kau i nā tentacles ma ka substrate. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia e ka hoʻopili hou ʻana o ka disc basal ma mua o ka hana hou ʻana i ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻauʻau i lalo i ka wai. Ke ʻauʻau lākou, no ka hana ʻana o ka basal disc i kahi huʻa o ke kinoea e lawe i ka holoholona i ka papa o ka wai.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai ka Hydra wai hou. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka hidra wai hou?
Kiʻi: Polypra wai wai hou
He predatory a voracious nā hydras wai hou.
ʻO kā lākou huahana huahana:
- ilo:
- larva ʻelima;
- nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi;
- iʻa larval;
- nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe e like me daphnia a me cyclops.
ʻAʻole ʻo Hydra he mea ʻimi ʻimi ʻumeʻume. ʻO kēia nā mea hoʻohālua hoʻohālua kūlaha e noho a kali i kā lākou mea pio e hoʻokokoke loa e hahau. I ka manawa kokoke loa ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, mākaukau ka hydra e hoʻoheheʻe i ka hopena o nā hunaola keu. He pane instincive kēia. A laila hoʻomaka nā tentacles e wili a hoʻokokoke i ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia, e huki ana i ka waha ma ke kumu o ke kumu o nā pahu. Inā liʻiliʻi ia, e ʻai ka hydra iā ia. Inā nui ka nui e hoʻopau ʻia, e hoʻolei ʻia ia, a ʻike ʻia paha e ka aquarist pohihihi, me ke kumu ʻole o ka make.
Inā lawa ʻole ka mea pio, hiki iā lākou ke kiʻi i kahi meaʻai ma ke komo pololei ʻana i nā moleolaolaola ma o ka ʻili o ko lākou kino. Ke loaʻa ʻole ka meaʻai, kū ka hidra wai hou i ka hoʻonui ʻana a hoʻomaka i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau pūnaewele ponoʻī no ka ikehu. A ʻo kahi hopena, e hāliʻiliʻi ia i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka make ʻana.
Hoʻopili ka Hydra wai hou i nā mea pio me nā neurotoxins, kahi e hūnā ai ia mai nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻōniʻoniʻo nā organelles i kapa ʻia ʻo nematocysts. ʻO nā ʻāpana kahi ʻāpana o nā hunaola ectodermal o ke kolamu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā tentacles, kahi i piha ai lākou i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēlā me kēia nematocyst kahi capsule i loaʻa i kahi filament lōʻihi a hollow. Ke hoʻoulu ʻia ka hydra e nā kemika a i ʻole nā hōʻailona mīkini, hoʻonui ka permeability o nā nematocysts. ʻO nā mea nui loa o kēia (nā penetrants) loaʻa nā neurotoxins i injra wai hou i loko o kāna mea pio ma o ka filament hollow. ʻO nā māiʻuʻu uuku, mau pipili, wili wale i ka pili ʻana me ka mea pio. Lawe ʻia ma lalo o 0.3 kekona e ʻū ai i kahi mea ʻeha.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: hydras wai wai
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka symbiosis ma waena o nā hydras wai hou a me nā limu i mea maʻamau. Ma o kēia ʻano hui, loaʻa ke kōkua i kēlā me kēia meaola. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma muli o kona pilina simbiotic me nā limu chlorella, hiki i ka hydra ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke synthesize i kāna meaʻai ponoʻī.
Hōʻike kēia i kahi pono nui no nā hydras wai hou, hāʻawi ʻia hiki iā lākou ke synthesize i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī ke loli ke ʻano o ke kaiapuni (ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻai). ʻO ka hopena, he maikaʻi maikaʻi loa ka hydra ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma mua o ka hydra brown, i nele i ka chlorophyll i koi ʻia no ka photosynthesis.
Hiki wale nō kēia inā hōʻike ka hydra ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka lā. ʻOiai ʻoiai he carnivores, hiki i nā hydras ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke ola no 3 mau mahina e hoʻohana ana i nā kō mai ka photosynthesis. ʻAe kēia i ke kino e hoʻomanawanui i ka hoʻokē ʻai (i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka mea pio).
ʻOiai hoʻokau pinepine lākou i ko lākou mau wāwae a noho ma kahi hoʻokahi, hiki i nā hydras wai hou ke locomotion. ʻO kā lākou hana wale nō e hoʻokuʻu i ko lākou wāwae a lana i kahi hou, a neʻe mālie paha i mua, hoʻopili a hoʻokuʻu i kā lākou mau tentacles a me nā wāwae i kahi ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou hiki i ka hānau ʻana, ko lākou hiki ke neʻe a puni ke makemake lākou, a ʻai i ka mea ʻai i nā manawa he nui i ko lākou nui, ua akāka no ke aha e hoʻokipa ʻole ʻia ai ka Hydra wai hou i kahi aquarium.
ʻO ke kūkulu pūnaewele o ka hydra wai hou e ʻae i kēia holoholona liʻiliʻi e ulu hou. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā pūnaewele waena ma luna o ka ʻili i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe. Inā pilikia kekahi i ke kino, hoʻomaka nā pūnaewele waena e hoʻokaʻawale wikiwiki loa, ulu a hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana i nalo, a hoʻōla ka ʻeha. ʻO ka hiki ke ola hou o ka wai wai Hydra kiʻekiʻe loa ke ʻoki ʻia i ka hapalua, ulu kahi ʻāpana i nā tentacles hou a me ka waha, ʻoiai ulu kekahi i kahi lāʻau a me ka wāwae.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Hydra wai hou i ka wai
Hana ka Hydra wai hou i ʻelua mau ʻano hānau hānau like: i nā mehana mahana (18-22 ° C), hānau kolohe lākou i ka maka ma ka ʻōpuʻu ʻana. Hana pinepine ʻia ka hana hou i nā hydras wai hou asexually, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻōpuʻu. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka pēpē e like me ka ulu o ke kino o ka "makua" wai wai Hydra a laila lilo i kanaka hou e kaʻawale mai ka makua.
Ke paʻakikī nā kūlana a i ka wā lawa ʻole ka meaʻai, hiki i nā hydras wai hou ke hoʻohua i ka moekolohe. Hiki i hoʻokahi kanaka ke hoʻohua i nā keikikāne kāne a wahine paha, i komo i ka wai kahi e hoʻomomona ai. Hoʻokumu ka hua i loko o ka larva, i uhi ʻia i nā hale liʻiliʻi, e like me ka lauoho i ʻike ʻia ʻo cilia. Hiki i ka larva ke hoʻonohonoho koke a lilo i hidra, a i ʻole hopena i kahi papa waho kūwaho e ʻae iā ia e ola i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi (he unpretentious loa ia), hiki i kahi Hydra wai hou ke "hana" a 15 mau hydras liʻiliʻi i kēlā me kēia mahina. ʻO kēia ka mea i kēlā me kēia 2-3 lā hana ʻo ia i kope nona iho. Hoʻokahi Hydra wai hou i 3 mau mahina wale nō i hiki ke hana i 4000 mau hydras hou (e noʻonoʻo ana e lawe pū nā "keiki" i nā 15 hydras i kēlā me kēia mahina).
I ke kau, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, make nā hydras āpau. Hoʻopau ka mea kino makuahine, akā noho mau ka hua a me nā hibernates. I ka puna, hoʻomaka ia e hoʻokaʻawale ikaika, hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hunaola i ʻelua papa. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā mahana, haki kahi hydra liʻiliʻi i loko o ka pūpū hua a hoʻomaka i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka hydras wai hou
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka hydra wai hou
I ko lākou wahi maoli, he mau ʻenemi ko ka wai wai wai hou. ʻO kekahi o ko lākou mau ʻenemi ka trichodina ciliate, ka mea hiki ke hoʻouka iā ia. Hiki i kekahi ʻano o nā ʻutu kai ke noho i kona kino. ʻAi ka papa papahola planarian noho manuahi i ka wai wai hou. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i kēia mau holoholona e hakakā i ka hydra i loko o kahi aquarium: ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻo nā trichodines a me ka planaria nā mea kūʻē like iʻa no ka iʻa e like me ka Hydra wai hou.
ʻO kekahi ʻenemi o ka wai wai wai hou ka nīʻau nui. Akā ʻaʻole pono ia e mālama ʻia i loko o ka aquarium, no ka mea, hāpai i nā maʻi iʻa a hiki ke hānai i nā mea kanu aquarium lahilahi.
Hoʻokomo kekahi poʻe aquarist i ka gourami ʻōpio pōloli i loko o kahi pahu wai Hydra wai hou. Kaua kekahi iā ia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike o kāna hana: ʻike lākou ua makemake ka hydra i nā wahi kukui maikaʻi. Hoʻalulu lākou i nā ʻaoʻao āpau o ka aquarium a waiho i ke aniani mai loko o kēlā pā. Ma waena o 2-3 mau lā, ʻaneʻane e ʻākoakoa nā hydra wai hou ma laila. Wehe a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ke aniani.
ʻO kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi maʻalahi i nā ions keleawe i ka wai. No laila, ʻo kahi hana ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e hakakā iā lākou e lawe i ka uea keleawe, e hemo i ka uhi uhi a hoʻoponopono i ka pūʻolo ma luna o ka paila ea. Ke make nā hydras āpau, hemo ka uea.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Hydra wai hou
ʻIke ʻia nā hydras wai wai no ko lākou hiki ke ola hou. ʻO nā hapa nui o ko lākou mau hunaola nā hunaula. Hiki i kēia mau ʻāpana ke mahele mau a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hunaola o kēlā me kēia ʻano i ke kino. I nā kānaka, aia wale nō nā pūnaewele "totipotent" i nā lā mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic. ʻO Hydra, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, e hoʻohou mau i kona mau kino me nā hunaola hou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: hōʻike ʻole ka Hydra wai hou i nā ʻōuli o ke ʻelemakule a nānā ʻole make. ʻO kekahi mau gen e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana, no laila hoʻomau hou lākou i ke kino. Hana kēia mau genes i ka hydra ʻōpio mau a hiki ke hoʻomoe i ke kumu no ka noiʻi olakino e hiki mai ana.
I ka 1998, ua paʻi ʻia kahi noiʻi e wehewehe ana i ka hōʻike ʻole ʻana o nā hydras makua i nā ʻōuli o ka ʻelemakule i nā makahiki ʻehā. No ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻelemakule, nānā ka poʻe noiʻi i ka ʻelemakule, ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka make a hoʻemi i ka momona me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia noi 1998 ke hoʻoholo inā hōʻole ka hānau ʻana o ka hydra me ka makahiki. Ua komo ka noiʻi hou i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o paradaiso no 2,256 hydras wai hou. Ua makemake nā mea noiʻi e hana i nā kūlana kūpono no nā holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hāʻawi i kēlā me kēia i kahi kīʻaha wai ʻekolu mau manawa i ka pule, a me nā ipu ʻōpala hou.
No ʻewalu mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā kānaka noiʻi nā hōʻailona o ka ʻelemakule i kā lākou hydra emaciated. Mālama ʻia ka make ma ka pae like ma 167 hydras i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou mau makahiki (ʻo nā holoholona "kahiko" i aʻo ʻia he clones o hydras, ma kahi o 41 mau makahiki - ʻoiai ua aʻo ʻia nā kānaka no ʻewalu mau makahiki wale nō, ua ʻelemakule kekahi o kā lākou biologically no ka mea he genetical lākou. kālani).Pēlā nō, hoʻomau ka momona no 80% o nā hydras i ka manawa. Ua piʻi a iho i lalo ka 20% i koe, malia paha ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hale hana. No laila, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ka nui o ka lehulehu o nā hydras wai hou.
Hydra wai wai houKuhi ʻia i kekahi manawa he polyp wai hou, he mea liʻiliʻi ia, e like me nā jellyfish. Hiki i kēia mau mea ʻino liʻiliʻi ke pepehi a ʻai i ka iʻa iʻa a me nā iʻa makua liʻiliʻi. Hoʻonui pū lākou me ka wikiwiki, e hana ana i nā ʻōpuʻu e ulu a lilo i hydras hou e haki a nalo ma o lākou iho.
Ka lā paʻi: 19.12.2019
Lā hou: 09/10/2019 ma 20:19
