ʻAʻole monolithic ka papa o kā mākou honua; pili ia i nā palaka paʻa i kapa ʻia nā papa. ʻO nā loli endogenous āpau - nā ōlaʻi, nā luaʻi pele, ke kai ʻana a me ka hāpai ʻana i nā wahi o kēlā me kēia ʻāina - kū ma muli o nā tectonics - ka neʻe ʻana o nā pā lithospheric.
ʻO Alfred Wegener ka mea mua e waiho i mua i ke kumumanaʻo o ka heʻe ʻana o nā ʻāina kaʻawale e pili ana kekahi i kekahi ma 1930 o ke kenekulia i hala. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia ma muli o ka hana mau ʻana o nā ʻāpana nui o ka lithosfer, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāina ma ka Honua. Ua loaʻa ka ʻepekema i ka hōʻoia o kāna mau huaʻōlelo wale nō i ka makahiki 1960, ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana o ka papakū, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai kēlā ʻano hoʻololi o ka papakū e nā mea kālai kai a me nā kālaihonua.
Tectonics o kēia au
I kēia manawa i ka manawa, ua mahele ʻia ka ʻili o ka honua i 8 mau papa lithospheric nui a me nā kakini liʻiliʻi he ʻumi. Ke loli nā wahi nui o ka lithosfer i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, huki ʻia nā mea o ka papakū o ka honua i loko o ka māwae, hoʻoluʻu i lalo, e hana ana i ka lalo o ka Honua Honua, a hoʻomau i ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā āinapuniʻole.
Inā kūʻē nā pā i kekahi i kekahi, kū mai nā cataclysms o ka honua, me ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻāpana o ka poloka lalo i ka ʻahu. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻo ka papa kai kai lalo, nona nā mea i hoʻoilina ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a lilo i ʻāpana o ka ʻahu. I ka manawa like, hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻāpana māmā o nā mea i nā puka o nā lua pele, e kau nā mea kaumaha, e piholo ana i lalo o ka lole ahi o ka honua, e ʻumeʻume ʻia ana i kāna kumu.
Ke kuʻi nā papa ʻaina ʻāinapuniʻole, hoʻokumu ʻia nā pā mauna. Hiki i kekahi ke nānā i kahi hanana like me ka ʻauhe hau, ke lele nā pali nui o ka wai paʻa i luna o kekahi i kekahi, e haki a haki. ʻO kēia kahi kokoke i nā kuahiwi āpau o ka honua i hoʻokumu ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻo Himalayas a me nā kuahiwi, nā Pamir a me nā Andes.
Ua helu ka ʻepekema o kēia ao i ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāina e pili ana kekahi i kekahi.
- Ke hoʻi nei ʻo ʻEulopa mai ʻAmelika Hema i ka helu o 5 mau kenimika i kēlā me kēia makahiki;
- "Holo" ʻo Australia mai ka Pole Hema e 15 kenimika i kēlā me kēia 12 mahina.
ʻO nā papa lithospheric kai neʻe wikiwiki loa, i mua o nā ʻāina ʻehā e 7 mau manawa.
Mahalo i ka noiʻi ʻana o ka ʻepekema, ua kū mai kahi wānana no ka neʻe ʻana o nā papa lithospheric, e like me ka mea e nalowale ana ke Kai Kaiwaenahonua, e hoʻopau ʻia ke kai kūʻono o Biscay, a e lilo ʻo Australia i ʻāpana o ka ʻāina ʻo Eurasia.
