Ma kahi o ka 750 mau ʻano momomo e hana ana i ka lāhui "russula". ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona he maʻa mau, akā nui a aniani nā waihoʻoluʻu, e hana ana i russula kekahi o nā lāhulu i ʻike nui ʻia i waena o nā mycologists a me nā ʻohiʻohi.
ʻO Russula - wehewehe
Nā ʻano kūpanaha o russula:
- nā pāpale waihoʻoluʻu mālamalama;
- paʻi spore mai keʻokeʻo a i ka melemele ʻeleʻele;
- palupalu, pili nāʻauʻau;
- ka wai ʻole o ka waiū waiū, kahi pale a i ʻole nā ʻāpana vulvar ma ke koʻokoʻo.
ʻO Mikrosopopika, ke ʻano o ka genus e amyloid hoʻonani ʻia i nā spores a me ka pulp (tram), me nā spherocst.
He ʻano kūpilikiʻi ko Russula, i hōʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o nā gills a me nā wāwae a hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻalā. ʻAʻohe o nā pale o ka pale e uhi iā lākou (ʻaʻohe apo a i ʻole nā koena o ka pale ma ka pāpale).
Māmā nā gills a hūnā ʻole i kahi mea waiū ma ka ʻoki i ʻoki ʻia, koe wale nō kekahi mau ʻano, a ʻaʻole hiki ke piʻo me ka haki ʻole.
ʻO ke kūʻana o nā pūnaewele spherical nui o nā spherocist i ka peduncle kahi ʻano nui e hoʻokaʻawale i nā russules mai nā fungi ʻē aʻe. Wawahi ke kumu o ka mushroom e like me ka ʻiʻo o ka ʻāpala, ʻoiai i ka hapanui o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ua ʻāpana ʻia i nā olonā. ʻO ke kala o ka pauka spore mai ke keʻokeʻo a i ka kirimalu a i ʻole ka ʻalani.
He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo i kahi mushroom e pili ana i nā ʻano russula. Akā kū aʻe nā pilikia i ka ʻike ʻana i kēlā me kēia moʻokūʻauhau. Pono kēia wana e nānā i nā ʻano microscopic a me nā ʻokoʻa ʻike subtle, e like me ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻono, ʻawaʻawa, a me nā ʻono pungent. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia nā pili pono o ka flogenetic o ka fungi i ka kaiāulu mycological ʻoihana, a kaukaʻi ʻia i ka hōʻuluʻulu DNA.
He mea nui kēia ʻano i ka ʻike ʻana i nā moʻokūʻauhau.
- ke kala kiko o ka pehu spore (keʻokeʻo / cream / ocher);
- ʻono (akahai / ʻawaʻawa / pungent);
- nā hoʻololi i ke kala o ka ʻiʻo;
- mamao mai ke kikowaena e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kiʻi pāpale (ka pākēneka o ka hulu ʻana);
- ke kala o ka pāpale (hoʻololi pinepine ʻia i loko o ka genus like);
- ka hopena o ka pulp i ka ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4), formalin, alkalis a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe;
- geometry o nā paio;
- nā ʻano microscopic ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiai nā paʻakikī i ka hoʻomaopopo pololei ʻana i nā hāpana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano mea ʻona e kahi ʻono pungent ʻoi loa. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻohe mea make make make i waena o russula, a ʻo kekahi ʻano me ke ʻono ʻawaʻawa iki e ʻai ʻia.
Pehea e launa pū ai ʻo russula me ke kaiapuni
Hoʻokumu nā ʻano russula āpau i kahi simbiosis ectomycorrhizal me nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe a me nā kumulāʻau, a ʻo kēlā me kēia genus o fungi he hoʻokahi a ʻokoʻa paha nā ʻano pae hoʻokipa. Hoʻopaʻa kekahi ʻano laha i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o nā hoʻokipa ma ko lākou wahi noho, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i kaupalena ʻia i kā lākou koho hoʻokipa, laulā, a i ʻole ʻelua paha.
Hāʻawi nā kino hua o russula i kahi kumu meaʻai no nā slugs, squirrels, a me nā dia.
Hōʻiliʻili kekahi russula i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā metala ʻawahia mai ke kaiapuni. ʻO kahi laʻana, hōʻiliʻili ka russula ʻeleʻele-poni i ka zinc ma muli o ke kū ʻana o nā peptides like metallothionein i ke kino o ka fungus. Hoʻopili ʻeleʻele podgruzdok kēpau a me ka mercury mai ka lepo. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau metala i ke kino o ka fungus he 5 mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kaiapuni.
Edified
Hōʻiliʻili ka poʻe i kekahi ʻano russula. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻōlelo ʻia ka akahele i ka wā e ʻai ana i kekahi ʻano russula. ʻOi aku ka ʻoluʻolu o nā mea ʻeke mushroom ʻEulopa i kēia laha a me ka papa inoa o nā russula e ʻai i nā mea ʻona ʻEulopa. ʻAi ʻia ʻo Russula ma Mekiko, Madagascar, ʻAsia a me nā Pae ʻĀina Pakipika.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka russula
ʻO Russula e ʻai nei me ka makaʻu ʻole:
Keʻokeʻo ʻo Podgruzdok
ʻO kekahi o nā mushroom russula nui loa. Kū mai kahi ulu keʻokeʻo waiū mai ka lepo e hoʻokuʻi ana i nā nila kui, nā peat a i nā lau i hāʻule, no laila he haumia a hoʻopōʻino ka pāpale keʻokeʻo nui keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka podgruzdok keʻokeʻo maʻamau i nā ulu lāʻau me nā lāʻau laulā, loaʻa i nā wahi me ka alkaline a i ʻole ka lepo kūlike ʻole.
Pāpale
Hoʻonui nui ia i ka manawa e puka mai ai ka fungus mai ka lepo, a ʻohiʻohi i ka lepo a me nā lau i hāʻule. Convex, me ka lihi wili a hiki i ka oʻo piha ʻana, lilo koke ka pāpale i ʻano like me ke ʻano funnel, a ʻeleʻele a ʻālohilohi keʻokeʻo me ka makahiki. Māmā a maloʻo ka ʻili.
Pulp
Keʻokeʻo a ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i ke kala ke ʻoki ʻia.
Ka wāwae
Cylindrical, pōkole, laumania, ʻaʻohe apo nui.
Honi / ʻono
ʻIke nāwaliwali a iʻa paha, ʻawaʻawa a pungent i loko o nā gills, akā akahai i ka pāpale a me ke koʻokoʻo.
Lena melemele
Noho i nā wahi mehana ma Birch a me nā ululāʻau aspen ma waena o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpana kahi pāpale melemele, nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me nā wāwae, huli hina i nā wahi o ka pōʻino. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻono ʻoluʻolu a manaʻo ʻia he maikaʻi e ʻai.
Pāpale
Melemele, pelu iki ka pulu, lau a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe e pili iā ia. Kuhi ʻia kahi kaumaha liʻiliʻi i waenakonu o nā mākua makua, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka lihi.
Ka wāwae
Keʻokeʻo, kūpaʻa paʻa, poloke.
ʻO Insewela
ʻAlekeke pale.
Huli hina nā ʻāpana āpau ke ʻelemakule a ʻino paha. Hua ka ʻaʻala.
ʻO Russula tuberous azure
ʻO ka maroon a poni paha i ka mea momona e ulu ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā conifers i ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule. Loaʻa ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻAkau.
Pāpale
Poni-ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, me kahi pouli, i kekahi manawa aneane ʻeleʻele ke kikowaena. I ka mua, convex a aneane paha e like me ka bele, akā ma hope ua hoʻomālielie ʻia. ʻAneʻane paʻa mau ia i kahi ākea ākea, wānana ʻia i waenakonu, kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o kēia ʻano. Hili ʻia ka ʻili e 2/3, he lihi uka.
Ka wāwae
Paʻa, keʻokeʻo, ākea a ākea hoʻi e like me ka lāʻau. ʻO Gills pale pale, nā spores o ke kala like. I ka mua, pili kawa i nā gills. Keʻokeʻo ka ʻiʻo a ʻono iki kona ʻono, akā ʻawaʻawa ka ʻili o ka pāpale ma ke alelo.
ʻŌmaʻomaʻo Russula
Hoʻolahalaha ka mea ʻai i ʻai ma nā wahi akau temperate, i loaʻa ma lalo o ka birch i nā ululāʻau paina.
Pāpale
Pālahalaha, ʻano like me ke ʻano funnel a onionio iki, paopao a hinuhinu hoʻi, mai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, i ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻoliva pinepine.
ʻO Insewela
Hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, pale kalima pale i ka wā ʻōpio, a laila melemele ke kukui inā makua.
Ka wāwae
Keʻokeʻo, i kekahi manawa me nā kiko lepo ma ke kumu, kahi pōkole me nā ʻūlū longitudinal.
Pulp
Keʻokeʻo, palapū, ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala, me kahi ʻono ʻoluʻolu.
Russula meaʻai
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ia ma nā wahi āpau kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻoka a me nā beech ma ʻEulopa. Lilo a lilo ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻili o ka wāwae i somon-kala ke ʻānai ʻia me nā paʻakai hao (FeSO4) a i ʻole bluish mai ka guaiac tincture. ʻO kēia nā hoʻokolohua kūpono no ka mea, ʻo ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā pāpale a me nā gills ʻāpana pinkish, he loli loa ia no ka palena o ka diagnostic waiwai.
Papale
ʻOkoʻa ke kala, mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻulaʻula aniani, i kekahi manawa me ka brown, ʻoliva a me nā tints ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ke kala o ka "ham kahiko" e wehewehe pono ana i ka pāpale o ka russula edible.
Pālei ka pāpale, spherical mua, convex, i kekahi manawa me kahi kaumaha o ke kikowaena pāpaʻu. ʻAʻole hiki i ka cuticle o nā mākua makua i ka lihi, ʻike ʻia ka ʻiʻo o ka pāpale a me nā kihi o nā gills mai luna.
ʻO Insewela
Pākuʻi keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha, kokoke kokoke, ʻākiki, forked kokoke i ke kumu.
Ka wāwae
Keʻokeʻo ka papa a me ka ʻiʻo.
Honi / ʻono
ʻAno ʻono momona, ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala ʻaʻano.
Russula Forked
Kakaʻikahi nā pulupulu i nā pāpale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no laila ʻaʻole pilikia kahi ʻike. He pāpale ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau ka Forked Russula, i kekahi manawa me kahi melemele melemele, i loaʻa ma waena o ʻAmelika a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua, e like me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
Pāpale
ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo a mae keʻokeʻo paha e hoʻohālikelike i ka mauʻu, hele a paler i ka lihi, lele i ka hapalua o ke kikowaena. Convex, me kahi kaumaha liʻiliʻi i waenakonu. Slimy ke pulu, ʻeleu ke kihi, ʻaʻole haki ka ʻili.
ʻO Insewela
Keʻokeʻo, huli melemele me ka makahiki.
Ka wāwae
Keʻokeʻo, ʻoi aku a ʻoi aku paha o nā paukūʻolokaʻa, i kekahi manawa e leki ana ma ke kumu.
Pulp
Huli mālie i ka poni i ka hopena o nā paʻakai hao (FeSO4).
Honi / ʻono
ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale.
Russula Swamp
Maʻalahi e kuhi hewa iā ia no kahi russula ʻona, ʻūlū, ulu nā ʻano ʻelua i ka wahi like - kahi nahele coniferous. Hōʻike ka huaʻōlelo kikoʻī ʻo "marsh" i ka pilina me ka ʻāina pohō, a ʻike pinepine ʻia ka fungus ma lalo o nā conifers (ʻo ia hoʻi nā pine) i nā peat, nā wahi pohopoho o nā ululāʻau limu, akā ʻaʻole wale.
Pāpale
ʻO ka ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ʻōniʻoniʻo, i kekahi manawa me nā kiko keʻokeʻo, peel 1/2 i ke kikowaena. ʻĀpala ka ʻiʻo ma lalo pono o ka cuticle. Hemispherical, a laila convex, lilo i pālahalaha me ke kikowaena waena; kaha onionio.
ʻO Insewela
Pāʻalima a ʻaila māmā paha, pinepine.
Ka wāwae
White, paukūʻolokaʻa, hoʻonui ʻia i kekahi manawa i waenakonu a i ʻole me ke kumu tuberous liʻiliʻi.
Honi / ʻono
ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale.
Russula wahaheʻe
ʻAʻohe russula ʻona. ʻAʻole make nā kānaka ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i kahi russula wahaheʻe. ʻAʻole hōʻiliʻili nā mea ʻohi Mushroom i nā mea ʻoniʻoni e ʻaʻala maikaʻi, akā loaʻa kahi pungent, ʻono pungent.
Russula ʻawahia a ʻawahia hoʻi. Nā hōʻailona ʻona
ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hoʻowahāwahā i ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā ʻano russula ka pīhoihoi o ka gastrointestinal i kēlā me kēia kanaka nāna i ʻai i nā pūlehu pungent, maka a ʻai ʻole paha.
Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana o kekahi kanaka i kahi russula wahaheʻe, hoʻonāukiuki nā membrane mucous o ke kino, me ka waha a me ka ʻōpū. Hōʻailona ka russula wahaheʻe i nā kino hua o nā mea ʻai i ʻai, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā lau nahele ʻino e:
- aniani ke aniani uila;
- pepa kini a i ka lepa i ka wāwae;
- pulp nui ʻole i hōʻino ʻia e nā pepeke a me nā ilo;
- ʻulaʻula o ka lalo o ka wāwae;
- nā kakā coarser;
- pulp, hoʻololi i ke kala i ke kuke ʻana.
Russula ʻai ʻole:
Ākala
Birch
ulaʻula
Kele
Fragile
Pākuʻi ʻia
Bilious
ʻO Russula - nā pono
Loaʻa ka momona i ka lecithin, nā minelala, nā wikamina, i loaʻa ka nui o nā meaʻai dietary, nā haʻuki kūmaka maʻalahi, nā waikawa momona, akā haʻahaʻa ka nui o nā calories. ʻAi ka poʻe i ka russula ke makemake lākou e:
- lilo kaupaona;
- hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka aʻa digestive;
- hoʻonā i nā pilikia digestive.
ʻO ka enzyme mai russula curdles waiū, hoʻohui ʻia ka mushroom i nā ʻohana i ka wā e hana ana i nā paʻi a me ka tī.
Hoʻopilikia ʻo Russula
ʻO ka poʻe me ka gastritis, ulcer a me nā maʻi puʻuwai pono e hōʻole i nā pā russula. ʻAʻole hiki ke mimiki maʻalahi ʻia nā kamalā e ke kino. ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻe me ka ʻole o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e ʻoi aku ka pōʻino ma mua o ka maikaʻi inā ʻai lākou i nā russula he nui i hoʻokahi pāʻina.
ʻO ka mahele maʻamau o nā pulupulu no nā mākua ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 gram i ka manawa, ʻoiai ʻo kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe loa i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā wahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kaolaola. ʻO nā keiki ma lalo o ka makahiki ʻehiku, ʻo nā wahine hāpai a me nā ʻelemākule e haʻalele pū i nā kīʻaha i loaʻa i ka russula.
Pehea e kuke pono ai i ka russula
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka culinary, hoʻohana ākea ʻia nā fungus. Ma mua o ka kuke ʻana, ninini ʻia ʻo russula me ka wai no kekahi mau hola. Hoʻopau ʻia ka wai, hoʻolapalapa ʻia i ka wai hou no 5 mau minuke e hemo ai ka ʻawaʻawa.
ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka russula i nā papa mua, no ka mea, ʻawaʻawa ka meaʻai. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā ʻalalā a lawelawe ʻia i loko o kahi ʻono e like me ka kirīmiʻawa. ʻO Fuss russula kahi ipu ʻokoʻa a i ʻole hoʻohui i, mea, uala.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā pāpale Russula me ka ʻiʻo i loko o nā cutlets a i ʻole i palai ʻia i ka palaoa a me nā ʻāpana berena. Hoʻohui ʻia nā hāmele me nā mea ʻai i kālua ʻia a i palai ʻia.
Hoʻomaʻakai ʻia ka russula, pickled a lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea ʻono. E hoʻonui ka ʻono o ka hake i ka kālika, ʻaka, ka pepa a me nā mea ʻala ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka lā aʻe e hiki ke ʻai i nā russules.
Loaʻa nā kīʻaha maʻamau ʻole a ʻono hoʻi ke hoʻohui ʻia nā russules i nā lau nahele, nā mea kanu, nā ʻaka, a me nā mea ʻono.
Kahi e ulu ai ka russula
He simbiotic kēia mau ʻalalā me nā kumulāʻau he nui, no laila ʻaʻole hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka russula ma lalo o nā birch wale nō e like me boletus a i ʻole aʻe ma ka beech ma ke ʻano he chanterelles.
Ulu ʻo Russula ma nā wahi āpau. He ʻano ola kupaianaha kēia e aloha i ka pulu a me ka ʻūlū no ka ulu ikaika. E nānā no russula ma hope o ka ua. Hāpai lākou i nā hua ma nā wahi like i kēlā me kēia makahiki. E ʻike i ka mycelium i hoʻokahi manawa a mālama i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
