ʻŪhā lāʻau he manu hanohano, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka ikaika a me ka paʻa. ʻO kahi waihoʻoluʻu nani o ka hulu, kahi nuku i hāpai ʻia, kahi huelo bushy like fan me ka makemake ʻole e mahalo iā ʻoe no nā manawa lōʻihi. ʻO kēia ka manu hanohano a nui loa hoʻi o nā ʻano ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻaukā wahie e kahi awkwardness kūikawā, ka hele wāwae kaumaha, ka makaʻu a me ka lele walaʻau. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele i kahi mamao. Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā kāne e ka nui o nā ʻōlani plumage kala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i kēia manu kupaianaha mai kēia ʻatikala.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Capercaillie
Ua hōʻike mua ʻia kēia ʻano e Linnaeus ma lalo o ka inoa binomial o kēia manawa no ka manu ma Systema naturae i ka makahiki 1758. I kēia manawa he wehewehe ākea hou aʻe kā mākou o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻauhau o ka ʻaukā lāʻau.
Eia kekahi mau papa inoa, i helu ʻia mai ke komohana a i ka hikina.
- cantabricus (Cantabrian mau kumu lāʻau maʻamau) - Castroviejo, 1967: i loaʻa ma Sepania komohana;
- aquitanicus - 1915: i loaʻa ma ka Pyrenees, Sepania a me Palani
- nui - 1831: i loaʻa ma Central Europe (Alps a me Estonia);
- rudolfi - 1912 : loaʻa ma ʻEulopa Hema (mai Bulgaria a i Ukraine);
- urogallus - 1758: loaʻa ma Scandinavia a me Skotlandia;
- karelicus - loaʻa ma Pinilana a me Karelia;
- lonnbergi - loaʻa ma ke Kola Peninsula;
- pleskei - loaʻa i ka Repubalika o Belarus, ma ka waena konu o Lūkia;
- obsoletus - loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻEulopa o Lūkia;
- volgensis - 1907: i loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hikina o ʻEulopa o Lūkia;
- uralensis - 1886: loaʻa i nā Urals a me Siberia Komohana;
- parvirostris - 1896: Pōhaku capercaillie.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā subspecies e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ke keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o nā kāne mai ke komohana a i ka hikina, ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele loa me nā kiko keʻokeʻo ma lalo o ke komohana a me waena o ʻEulopa a kokoke i keʻokeʻo ma Siberia, kahi i loaʻa ai ka capercaillie maʻamau. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka loli ʻana o nā wahine.
ʻO ka lāhui Sikotika ʻōiwi, i lilo i nalo ma waena o 1770 a me 1785, he ʻāpana ʻokoʻa paha ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia i wehewehe ʻano maʻamau ʻia. Hiki i ka mea like ke ʻōlelo ʻia no ka poʻe Kepani Irina i make.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: ʻAilau wahie manu
Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia nā Capercaillies i ka nui a me ke kala. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kāne ma mua o ka moa. ʻO ia kekahi o nā manu manu ola dimorphic hou aku, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui o nā ʻano bustard a me kekahi mau lālā o ka ʻohana pheasant.
Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o nā kāne 74 a 110 cm, e pili ana i nā subspecies, kahi ʻēheu o 90 a 1.4 m, kahi awelika o 4.1 kg - 6.7 kg. ʻO 7.5 kg ka nui o nā hōʻike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lawe pio ʻana. Hinahina ʻeleʻele nā hulu o ke kino i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, a ʻo nā hulu o ka umauma he ʻōmaʻomaʻo metallic ʻeleʻele me kahi aniani ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kino mai ka ʻeleʻele a i ke keʻokeʻo e pili ana i nā subspecies. He keʻokeʻo-poni ka pila, ʻulaʻula loa ka ʻili ʻōlohelohe kokoke i nā maka.
Video: ʻO Capercaillie
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wahine, kaupaona ʻia ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā hen mai ka nuku a i ka huelo ma kahi o 54–64 cm, ʻo ka ʻūheu he 70 knm, a ʻo ke kaupaona he 1.5-2.5 kg, me ka awelika o 1.8 kg. ʻO nā hulu ma nā ʻaoʻao luna ʻeleʻele me kahi kaula ʻeleʻele a me ke kālā; ma kaʻaoʻao lalo, ʻoi aku ka māmā o lākou a me ka melemeleʻoi aku. Pono ke kala like i ka wahine e hūnā iā ia iho e like me ka hiki i ka wā o ka pūnana.
Mea hoihoi: Ua loaʻa i nā kāne ʻelua nā wāwae webbedt e hāʻawi i ka pale i ke kau anuanu. Loaʻa iā lākou nā lālani o nā manamana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi elongated e hāʻawi i kahi hopena snowshoe. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka inoa inoa Kelemania "Rauhfußhühner", ʻo ia ka mea i unuhi maoli ʻia i "nā moa wāwae wawae." ʻO kēia mau lāʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo "koʻokoʻo" e hana i kahi ala maopopo i ka hau. Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ka moekolohe o ka manu e ka nui o nā ala.
ʻO nā moa liʻiliʻi me ko lākou ʻano pohihihi e like me ka wahine; ʻo kēia waihoʻoluʻu kahi pale pale ʻole i nā mea ʻino. I ka makahiki o ʻekolu mau mahina paha, i ka pau ʻana o ke kauwela, molt malie lākou, loaʻa nā plumage a nā moa a me nā moa. ʻO nā hua manu o nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa e like me ka nui a me ke ʻano, he ʻano ʻokoʻa ko lākou me nā kiko ʻalani.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻālehu lāʻau?
Kiʻi: ʻAilau wahie wahine
ʻO Capercaillie kahi manu manu kūmau e ʻūnana i nā ʻākau ʻākau o ʻEulopa a me Komohana a me ʻAkia Waena i loko o nā ululāʻau coniferous makua me nā ʻano laha like ʻole a me kahi ʻano hāmama, a me ka ʻūlū mālie.
I hoʻokahi manawa, hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻauʻau lāʻau ma nā ululāʻau āpau āpau o ka ʻākau a me ka ʻākau hikina o Eurasia i nā latitude anuanu a me ke kāʻei ulu lāʻau coniferous ma nā pae mauna o nā wela mehana ʻo ʻEulopa. Ma Pelekane Nui, ua hoʻokokoke nā helu i ka ʻole, akā ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia e nā poʻe i lawe ʻia mai Suède mai. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau manu ma nā Alps Swiss, ma ka Jura, ma nā Alps Austrian a me ʻItalia. Pau loa ka laha i Pelekiuma. Ma ʻIlani ua pālahalaha ʻia a hiki i ke kenekulia 17, akā ua make i ka 18th kenekulia.
Hoʻolahalaha ka laha a no nā wahi ulu lāʻau he manu maʻamau ia i nā ʻāina like ʻole:
- Nolewai;
- Kuekene;
- Pinilana;
- Lukia;
- Romānia.
Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa ka lāʻau grouse ma Sepania, ʻAsia Minor, nā Carpathians, Helene. Mai ka 18th-20 mau kenekulia, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka helu a me ke ʻano o nā ʻaukā lāʻau. I ka wā Soviet, ua hoʻokuʻi ʻia ke kua o ka capercaillie heluna kokoke i ka ʻākau me ka wao nahele, a ma kekahi mau wahi hema ua nalo loa.
Ma Siberia e ola nei - he capercaillie pōhaku, kahi e ʻike ʻia e ka ʻānō a me ke kala. Kūlike kona laulā me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka larch taiga. Hele kēia mau palena ma waho o ka Arctic Circle, a hōʻea i Indigirka a me Kolyma. Ma ka hikina, piʻi ka capercaillie pōhaku i ke kapakai o ke kai hikina loa; i ka hema, holo ka palena ma nā mauna ʻo Sikhote-Alin. ʻO ka hapanui o nā pae i ke komohana e holo ana ma Lake Baikal a me Nizhnyaya Tunguska.
I kēia manawa maopopo iā ʻoe kahi o ka wahie e noho ai. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka meaʻai a ka grouse wahie e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Capercaillie i ka hoʻoilo
ʻO Capercaillie kahi mea ulu lāʻau lapaʻau i hānai hānai ʻia ma kahi o nā lau blueberry a me nā hua me kekahi mau mea kanu a me nā lālā sedge hou i ke kauwela. Pili nā keiki ʻōpio i nā pule mua i ka meaʻai momona i ka protein, a no laila mea ʻai nui i nā mea kolo a me nā nananana. Hoʻoikaika nui ʻia ka helu o nā kolo e ke anilā - nā ʻano maloʻo a mehana i makemake i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā moa, a ʻo ke anuanu a me ka ua e alakaʻi i ka make kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka lāʻau grouse nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole, me:
- ʻōpuʻu lāʻau;
- lau;
- hua hua nahele;
- ʻōpuʻu;
- pua;
- na anoano;
- nā mea kolo;
- mea kanu.
I ka hāʻule, ʻai nā ʻaukā wahie i nā nila nila larch. I ka hoʻoilo, ke pale ka uhi kiʻekiʻe o ka hau i ke komo ʻana i nā lau nahele o ka honua, noho ka manu ma kahi o ka lā a me ka pō i loko o nā kumulāʻau, e ʻai ana i nā nila spruce a me nā paina, a me nā nīnū a me nā pua lehu mauna.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi: I ka hapa nui o ka makahiki, paʻa paʻa ka droppings o capercaillie, akā ma hope o ka oʻo ʻana o nā blueberry, a lilo ia i mea nui i ka papaʻai, lilo nā feces i helehelena a ʻeleʻele uliuli.
I ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka meaʻai o ka hoʻoilo, pono i nā manu i nā ʻiliʻili: nā gastrolith liʻiliʻi, a nā manu e ʻimi nei a ale nei. He ʻōpū puʻupuʻu nā Capercaillies, no laila hana nā pōhaku e like me ka wili a haki i nā nila a me nā puʻupaʻa i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohui ʻia, kōkua pū kekahi koʻohune simbiotic i ka digestion o nā mea kanu. I nā lā hoʻoilo pōkole, ʻai mau ka capercaillie i ka manawa mau.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Capercaillie i ka nahele
Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Capercaillie i kāna mau wahi noho - nā ululāʻau coniferous kahiko me kahi ʻano kūloko o loko a me nā mea kanu terrestrial. ʻIke lākou i kahi e pale ai i nā kalaunu o nā lāʻau ʻōpio a hoʻohana i nā wahi ākea i ka wā e lele ana. ʻAʻole hiki i nā Capercaillies ke pailaka hiki ke kūpono ma muli o ko lākou kino kaumaha a me nā ʻeheu pōkole, pōʻai. I ka lele ʻana, hana lākou i kahi walaulu kuli e makaʻu ai i nā mea ʻino. Ma muli o ka nui o ko lākou kino a me nā ʻēheu, pale lākou i nā ululāʻau ʻōpio a paʻa hoʻi i ka wā lele. I ka wā o ka lele, hoʻomaha pinepine lākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pae lele pulu. Hoʻokani ke kani o kā lākou hulu.
ʻO nā wahine, ʻo nā moa hoʻi me nā moa ʻōpio, pono i nā kumuwaiwai: nā mea kanu meaʻai, nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi no nā keiki i uhi ʻia me nā lāʻau ʻōpio a i ʻole nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe, nā lāʻau kahiko me nā lālā ākea no ka hiamoe. Kūpono kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike i nā kū nahele kahiko me ka spruce a me ka pine. Noho maʻa mau nā manu, akā hiki iā lākou ke neʻe mai nā kuahiwi a i nā awāwa, e neʻe ana i nā kau o ka wā.
ʻO ka gruse wahie kahi manu akahele me ka lohe maikaʻi a me ka maka. Hiki iā ia ke kolohe ke ʻike ʻo ia i kahi holoholona kamaʻāina ʻole ma kahi kokoke. ʻAno loli ʻole nā wahi hōʻuluʻulu manu. Makemake nui ʻia ka noho kaʻawale, ʻaʻole na nā manu o nā manu na lākou. I ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, ua ala lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Hoʻomaha lākou i nā kumulāʻau i ke ao. I ka hoʻoilo, i ke anuanu loa, hiki i ka grouse wahie ke hūnā i ka hau mai ka hau a noho ma laila no kekahi mau lā ʻelua.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻAilau wahie maikaʻi
ʻO ka wā hānau no ka ʻauʻau lāʻau ka mea kau i ka wā kau, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu, akā hoʻomaka kēia manawa mai Malaki a ʻApelila a hiki i Mei a Iune paha. Akā hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke kanikau i ke kauwela, i ke kau a i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka Courtship he ʻekolu hapahā o ke kau hānau - he hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū wale nō ia ma waena o nā kāne kokoke.
Nānā ke kāne iā ia iho me ka hulu o ka huelo i hāpai a pehu hoʻi, ka ʻāʻī pololei, nuku e kuhikuhi ana i luna, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā ʻeheu a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, a hoʻomaka i kāna ʻano aria e hoʻopūʻiwa i nā wahine. ʻO ke kīloi he pūʻulu ia o nā kaomi pālua, e like me ka pōpō ping-pong e hāʻule ana, a hoʻonui iki aʻe i kahi kani popping e like me kahi cork hue champagne, a ukali ʻia e nā kani manamana.
I ka hopena o ke kau aloha, hōʻea nā wahine i ka pūnaewele. Hoʻomau ka mow i nā kāne ma ka honua: ʻo kēia ka wā aloha nui. Lele ke kāne i kahi ākea kokoke a hoʻomau i kāna hōʻike. Kūlou ka wahine i lalo a hana i kahi leo o ka mākaukau no ka male ʻana. ʻO nā capercaillies he mau manu polygamous a i ke alo o kahi mea hoʻokūkū ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi, lanakila ka alpha male, ka mea i moekolohe me nā wahine.
Ma kahi o ʻekolu mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wahine e hoʻomoe i nā hua. Ma hope o 10 mau lā, hoʻopihapiha ka masonry. ʻEwalu mau hua manu ka awelika paʻa, akā hiki i ka 12. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana he 26–28 mau lā ka lōʻihi ma muli o ke aniau a me ke kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā brooding, maʻalahi ka wahine i ka walaʻau a haʻalele koke i ka pūnana. Ma mua o ka hatching, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kā lākou hana a noho i kahi me ka makaʻu ʻole, kūlou i kā lākou pūnana, e peʻe ma lalo o nā lālā haʻahaʻa o kahi kumulāʻau ʻōpio.
Hoʻopili nā hua manu āpau i ka manawa like, a laila haʻalele ka wahine a me nā keiki i ka pūnana, kahi e nāwaliwali loa ai lākou. Hoʻopili piha ʻia nā moa me nā hulu i lalo i ka hatching, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama i kahi mahana o ke kino o 41 ° C. I ke anuanu a me ka ua, hoʻomehana ʻia nā pīpī e ka wahine i kēlā me kēia minuke a i ka pō.
ʻImi ʻo Chicks i ka meaʻai ma kā lākou iho a ʻimi holoholona nui. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei lākou a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ikehu i hoʻopau ʻia e loli ʻia i muso. I ka makahiki o 3-4 mau pule, hana nā moa i kā lākou mokulele pōkole mua. Mai kēlā manawa mai, hoʻomaka lākou e hiamoe i nā kumulāʻau.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻaukā lāʻau
Kiʻi: ʻAilau wahie manu
ʻO nā predators i ʻike ʻia no capercaillie ka lynx maʻamau (L. lynx) a me ka ʻīlio hae hina (Canis lupus). Makemake lākou i kahi mea pio nui aku. Hoʻohui ʻia, aia kekahi mau predators makemake e lawe i nā hua a me nā moa o ka lāʻau grouse, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouka i nā mākua inā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonohonoho i kahi hoʻohālua kūleʻa i nā manu makaʻala.
Aia kēia mahele o nā mea hōkai:
- pine martens (M. martes);
- pōhaku martens (M. foina);
- bear bear (Ursus arctos);
- puaʻa ʻāhiu (Sus scrofa);
- ʻalopeke ʻulaʻula (Vulpes vulpes).
I Suedena, ʻo nā ʻauʻau kai komohana ka mea waiwai nui no ka ʻaeto gula (Aquila chrysaetos). Eia hou, hoʻouka pinepine ʻia nā ʻauʻau wahie e ka goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). Hoʻouka pinepine ia i nā moa, akā hiki i nā mākua ke lilo i poʻe ʻino. ʻO ka pueo aeto (Bubo bubo) i kekahi manawa e hopu i ka ʻaukā wahie o nā makahiki a me ka nui. Makemake ka ʻaeto huelo keʻokeʻo (H. albicilla) e alualu i ka moa wai, akā hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i nāʻauʻau kai kokoke i ke Kai Keʻokeʻo.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka predator nui no ka grouse wahie a noho mau ke kāne. He manu pāʻani maʻamau ia i ʻimi a ʻimi ʻia me nā pū a me nā ʻīlio ma waena o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia i ka ʻimi haʻuki a me ka ʻimi holoholona. I Lūkia (a hiki i 1917) lawe ʻia nā ʻauʻau wahie i nā mākeke nui i nā helu he nui, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i hoʻopau ʻia i ka wahi. Ma muli o ka palena o ka ʻimi holoholona i nā ʻāina he nui, ua lilo ka ʻimi haʻuki i mea waiwai mākaʻikaʻi, keu hoʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Wood grouse
Hoʻolahalaha ka lehulehu o ka lāʻau grouse a ʻaʻole ia kahi hopohopo nui i ke kūlana mālama. Aia kekahi mau hōʻike o ka hōʻole ʻana ma nā wahi he nui, akā ʻaʻole manaʻo ʻia ka ʻano kokoke i ka paepae IUCN o 30% a ʻoi ka heluna kānaka i nā makahiki he ʻumi a ʻekolu paha hanauna. No laila, ua helu ʻia ʻo ia me ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻoweliweli.
Mea leʻaleʻa: Ma Sikotona, ua emi nui ka heluna kanaka mai ka makahiki 1960 ma muli o nā dia dia, predation a me ka nele o kahi kūpono kūpono (Caledonian Forest). Ua hōʻole ka heluna kanaka mai 10,000 mau pālua i nā makahiki 1960 a emi iho ma mua o 1000 mau manu i ka makahiki 1999. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi manu e make paha ma UK ma 2015.
I nā wahi ski mauna, hāʻawi nā kaula kaula hāpai ʻole i ka make. Hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia ko lākou hopena e ka kala pono, ka ʻike ʻana, a me nā hoʻoponopono kiʻekiʻe. Ua pāpā ʻia ʻo Grouse mai ka hopu holoholona ʻana ma Sekotia a me Kelemania no 30 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ka laha ke ʻano degradation o ka nohona, i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano o nā ululāʻau kūloko i nā kū nahele, pinepine o nā ʻano like, a me ka hoʻoneoneo nui loa. Eia kekahi ʻūhā lāʻau hoʻoweliweli ke kuʻi ʻia me nā pā i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e mālama i ka reindeer mai nā māla ʻōpio. Hoʻohui ʻia, aia ka māhuahua o ka nui o nā predators liʻiliʻi e ʻimi i ka grouse lāʻau (ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻalopeke ʻulaʻula) ma muli o ka nalo ʻana o nā mea ʻai nui e kāohi ana i nā mea ʻānai liʻiliʻi (wolf hina, bear brown).
Lā paʻi: 11.06.2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 0:01
