ʻO ka gudgeon maʻamau kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana carp. Ke ola kūleʻa nei ʻo Gudgeon i nā ʻano wahi like ʻole o nā wahi wai me nā kahakai a mahalo ʻia no kona ʻono maikaʻi. He lāhui aloha a hānai ia i nā invertebrates benthic. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka iʻa ma mua o ʻewalu a ʻumi mau makahiki.
ʻAuhau ʻauhau
| Kahua: | Eukaryotes |
| Aupuni: | Nā holoholona |
| ʻAno: | ʻO Chordates |
| Papa: | ʻO ka iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia |
| Hoʻokaʻaʻike: | Nā Carp |
| Ohana: | Carp |
| ʻIke: | Nā Minnows |
| Nānā: | ʻO Gudgeon |
Ka wehewehe o gudgeon
ʻO ka ʻohana carp, nona ka gudgeon, he mau kaukani mau ʻano, a he mau haneli paha. A ʻo ka mea hoihoi loa, ʻo ia nō nā gudgeons he ʻumi kenimika a me ʻekolu a ʻehā mau mika mīkini i komo i loko.
ʻOiai ka nui o ka nui, he predator ka iʻa a koi nui ʻia i waena o nā lawaiʻa. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia no ka kuke ʻana a i ʻole he meaʻai a maunu paha no nā iʻa predatory ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Helehelena
ʻO ka helehelena o ka gudgeon he hoihoi a pīhoihoi hoʻi ia, ʻoiai liʻiliʻi ka waihoʻoluʻu kala. He loloa kona kino, wīwī, fusiform, poepoe e ulu nei i ka lōʻihi i 12-15 kenimika. ʻO ka gudgeon iwakāluakūmākahi he mea hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa i waena o kona mau hoahānau a ʻano liʻiliʻi loa ia, a me nā kikoʻī, me kahi ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nui o kahi kanaka maʻamau i 80 mau gram wale nō.
Ma ke kino o ka gudgeon maʻamau, aia nā dorsal pōkole a me nā ʻino anal i loaʻa ʻole nā kukuna serrated. Uhi ʻia ka ʻili āpau me nā unahi nui.
Aia kekahi whisker labial i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēlā me kēia kihi o ka waha. ʻO ka waha o ka gudgeon he mau lālani ʻelua o nā niho pharyngeal conical, hāwili iki ʻia i ka piko. Pālahalaha a pālahalaha kona poʻo, me kahi muʻupuʻu kūpilikiʻi, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka iwi lalo ma mua o ka luna a he ʻano kakaka kona. Aia kekahi mau maka nunui a melemele i ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke poʻo.
ʻO ke kino o ka gudgeon maʻamau he kua ʻulaʻula ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻaoʻao ʻāhinahina. Ma nā ʻaoʻao melemele o ka iʻa, aia nā lālani o nā kiko ʻeleʻele, e hana pinepine ana i nā kaha. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, aia lākou mai ka ʻeono a i ka ʻumikūmālua, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nui a me ka makahiki o ka holoholona. Uhi ʻia ka ʻōpū a me ka hapa holoʻokoʻa i keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ke kālā, ʻoiai keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻōpū a me nā aniani anal me ke aniani brownish. He pala enaena ka dorsal a me nā lau caudal me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia me ka makahiki e loli ka iʻa i kona kala, e neʻe ana mai kahi aka māmā i kahi ʻeleʻele. Maliʻa paha, ʻo kēia ʻano hūnā e kōkua i nā holoholona ʻōpio e ola i nā kūlana o ka hoʻonui i ka ʻike mai nā iʻa predatory nui aʻe.
Ka nui o ka iʻa
ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kahi mākua, ʻelemakule maʻamau gudgeon hiki i 12 kenimika, emi pinepine - 15. ʻO ka inoa maʻamau o kahi gudgeon hiki ke kuhikuhi i nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe. Aia nā spines dorsal mai ka 2 a i ka 3 centimita.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Holo ka gudgeon ma loko o ka wai pāpaʻu i ka hapa nui o kona ola, e ʻauʻau nui ana ma luna o ka one a me nā ʻōpala gravelly. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia i nā kahawai mauna liʻiliʻi, nā kahawai pālahalaha nui a me nā loko nui. Noho kēia iʻa i nā kahawai wikiwiki me ka one a i lalo paha. Noho ʻo Gudgeon kokoke i nā manawa āpau i kahi like i hānau ʻia ai. ʻOiai ke aloha nui i ka wai pāpaʻu, i ka wā o ke kau e hele i loko o nā wahi hohonu a lepo no ka hoʻoilo. ʻO Gudgeon kahi hōʻailona o ka maʻemaʻe o ka waihona wai, no ka mea, repulse ka wai haumia i ka hapa nui o nā mea āpau. Ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka hau hau o nā kahawai a me nā loko iʻa, ʻākoakoa pinepine nā minnows i nā hipa e kokoke ana i nā punawai ninini. Aloha pū ka iʻa i nā isthmus manu ʻole i kēia manawa, kahi e piha mau ai ka wai i ka oxygen.
ʻAi ka iʻa i ka meaʻai holoholona liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻai o ka mea kanu kahi ʻāpana o kāna papaʻai, akā, e like me ka mea ʻaihue maoli, ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ka waiwai pio no ka gudgeon. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papa ʻaina i nā ilo, nā iʻa wai, nā ʻupena, nā mollusks liʻiliʻi, ka caviar o nā iʻa haole a me kāna ʻai. ʻEleu ka ʻiʻo manō ma ka lā holoʻokoʻa, ke prowling nei e ʻimi i nā mea pio. I ka pō, hana mālie ia, e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa kahi pae wāwae me kāna mau wili ma lalo o ke one i ʻole e lawe ʻia e kēia au. Akā he ʻokoʻa i loko o ke aupuni, keu hoʻi ke hana nā mea nui nui i ka waihona i ke ao. I kēia kūlana o nā hihia, ke kali nei ka minnow no ka hopu holoholona no kekahi manawa ma hope o ka lā.
Ua hōʻoia ʻepekema ʻia hiki i nā minnows maʻamau ke hana i nā leo kolo, e lawelawe iā lākou ma ke ʻano he kamaʻilio ma waena o nā kānaka. Kūlike ke kani i ke ʻano o ka hana o ka holoholona a me ka mahana o ka wai, akā ʻaʻole pili i kekahi ʻano i ka wā hānau.
ʻO ka pūnana iʻa i loko o ka wai pāpaʻu, ma nā wahi o luna o nā pōhaku, ke one a me nā mea kanu ma kahakai. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā hua ma luna o ka substrate, a ma hope iho e heʻe ana me ke au, e poho a pili ana i ka lepo o lalo. ʻIke ʻia nā hua a me nā hua ʻai i lalo a makemake i ka detritus, nā wahi one e piha i ka meaʻai me nā kahe kūpono a nāwaliwali paha.
Noho nā minnow maʻamau i nā hipa, nā kānaka o nā makahiki like ʻole a me nā kāne. ʻAe kēlā ʻahahui i kahi mea e ola pono ai i kahi kaiāulu predatory, ʻoiai aia ka makaʻu e ʻai ʻia e kahi iʻa nui aku.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi minnow
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka gudgeon maʻamau i ʻewalu a i ʻumi mau makahiki. Akā pinepine pinepine e hoʻopau ʻia ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi iʻa i ka makahiki o 3-5 mau makahiki, ke hāʻawi ʻia ka fry kōkua ʻole e hele i ka laina o 1 makahiki. I ka manawa like, hiki ke mālama i nā iʻa i hopu ʻia mai kahi waihona kūlohelohe i nā ʻano aquarium, e ola ana i loko o lākou mai 2 a 3 mau makahiki.
Kahi noho, wahi noho
Noho ka gudgeon maʻamau i nā ʻōnaehana wai hou e kahe i loko o ka Moana ʻAkelanika hikina, ke Kai ʻĀkau, a me nā ipu wai Baltic Sea. ʻO kēia mau kahawai e komo pū me nā Loire a me nā kahawai hikina e neʻe aku ana, ʻo UK a me Rhone, ʻo ka Danube kiʻekiʻe a me ka waena a me luna o Dniester, a me nā kahawai ʻo Bugai Dnieper i ke kai ʻEleʻele. ʻO ke kumu o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka iʻa nunui ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia, akā ʻike mau ʻia ia i nā loko, nā kahawai a me nā kahawai o nā nui āpau, i loaʻa i lalo a me nā ʻiliʻili a me nā wai maʻemaʻe.
ʻO ka Moana ʻAkelanika, nā ipu o ka ʻAkau ʻĀkau a me Baletika, mai ke kahawai ʻo Loire a hiki i ka Hikina, East Great Britain, nā kahawai ʻo Rhone a me Volga, nā Danube kiʻekiʻe a me nā Dniesters waena a me luna a me nā kahawai Dnieper, i kahi kekelē a i ʻole, ua hoʻopiha maoli ʻia me kēia predator liʻiliʻi. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia i ka Hikina a me ka ʻĀkau o ʻItalia, ʻIlani, Wales a me Skotlandia. ʻAʻole maopopo ka palena hikina a me ka hema o ka pae. ʻO ka heluna kanaka mai ka Iberian Peninsula a me ke Basin Adour ma ka hema o Farani no ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Lozanoi. Hiki i nā lehulehu o ka ipu Caspian ke hōʻike i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka gudgeon maʻamau
ʻO ke kumu, hānai nā minnows maʻamau i nā mea āpau i hiki ke kiʻi ʻia mai ka lalo o ka waihona. Hiki ke ʻai i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Akā no ka mea he predator ka iʻa, hana nui nā mea liʻiliʻi o ka honua holoholona i ka papa kuhikuhi. Pākuʻi ʻia ka papa ʻaina me nā larvae mosquito, invertebrates benthic, nā ilo liʻiliʻi, daphnia, cyclops a me nā mea kolo. I loko o ka wā spawning - i ka wā puna, hiki i ka predator ke pāʻina ma ka caviar o nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe. Ke ʻimi nei ka minnow i ka meaʻai ma waena o nā pōhaku a me nā hua o ke one, e hoʻohana ana i nā antennae, e hana nei ma ke ʻano he vibrissae, e ʻimi ai.
I nā wahi me ka lawa kūpono, hoʻohālua kēia iʻa maʻalea. Ke hūnā nei i kahi kaumaha liʻiliʻi, hiki i ka gudgeon ke kali maʻalahi no kahi crustacean liʻiliʻi a i ʻole keʻauʻau ʻana, hopu iā ia a ʻai ia.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Ma o 3-4 mau makahiki o ke ola, ua oʻo iʻa ka iʻa gudgeon. Ke ʻākoakoa nei i nā hipa, hele kekahi i ka wai pāpaʻu no ka hānai ʻana. Hele ka minnow maʻamau i ka manawa wale nō i ka makahiki. Hoʻokuʻu i nā hua ma luna o ka substrate, e ʻauheʻe nei me ke kahawai o ka wai, e komo i lalo a pili i ka mea ma lalo o ka pūpū paʻa. I hoʻokahi manawa, hoʻopuka ka wahine mai 10 a 12 tausani mau hua. He bluish tint kā ka spark iā ia iho, he pūpū kōpaʻa kāna. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano one he nui iā ia, e hana pū ana i kahi hana pale a camouflaging no nā keiki e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hua ʻai, ua huhū ʻia mai nā hua manu, e hoʻomau ma ka lalo no kekahi mau manawa, makemake i nā one a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa i kēia manawa i waiwai i ka meaʻai. Hānai nā pēpē i pāpale ʻia i ka detritus o lalo.
Waiho ʻia nā hua moa mai ʻApelila a ʻAukake, ke piʻi ka mahana o ka wai ma luna o 7-13 ° C, akā ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻikepili. Ma nā latitude waena o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, hoʻomaka ka gudgeon e huki i Mei. He lōʻihi ka manawa o ka spawning a mai ka 45 a 60 mau lā. Hele pū ka wā hānau i loko o ka wai pāpaʻu e nā poha kani; i ka hohonu, ʻaʻole kū iʻa ka iʻa mai lalo o ka wai, a no laila ʻaʻole puka.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Minamina, i ka nahelehele, hoʻonohonoho ʻia ia e ʻai ka predator ʻoi aku ka nui i ka mea nāwaliwali a liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka gudgeon ka waiwai pio o nā mea ʻai nui iʻa e like me ka Eurasian otter, carp, pike a i ʻole kingfisher maʻamau. ʻOiai ʻo ka hiki ʻole o kahi iʻa liʻiliʻi ke hoʻomāʻona i nā pono kūpono o kahi predator nui, hana ia i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ola no nā minnows, ʻo ia hoʻi kā lākou neʻe kula ʻana. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka alualu ʻana iā lākou, ʻoiai inā ʻoe e lawe i ka wikiwiki kūpono, hiki iā ʻoe ke haki i loko o ka ʻohana, lālau i kekahi mau kānaka i ka manawa hoʻokahi. ʻIke ʻia ua aneane pūʻiwa kekahi mau mea hou aʻe me kahi huelo maneuvering, a ma hope e hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomau me ka mālie i ka pāʻina me ka wikiwiki ʻole, e ʻohi wale i nā mea i hāʻule. Ma Central Europe, ma nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, ua hana ʻo gudgeon i 45% o ka papaʻai o kēia mea noho wai. I nā wahi ʻē aʻe, mai 25-35% kēia helu.
Akā ʻaʻole wale ka iʻa a me nā otters e hōʻole i ka pāʻina ʻana ma gudgeon. Hiki i nā hōʻino hōʻino ke hōʻeha i ka heluna kanaka, luku i ka ʻōpio, ʻike maka ʻole, no kekahi manawa ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, e ʻū ana i lalo.
Hiki ke lurk ka hoʻoweliweli i ka lani, a ma kahakai hoʻi. Makemake nui ʻia nā mākua nunui i nā mea ʻai manu lele a me nā mea ʻaihue ʻili ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kahi waiwai kūʻai liʻiliʻi, hopu ʻia ka gudgeon ma nā lou e nā lawaiʻa. Ma kahi koʻokoʻo lawaiʻa maʻamau me kahi maunu i ke ʻano o ka ilo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hopu i hoʻokahi haneli mau kānaka i ka 1 noho ʻana. I mea e loaʻa ai ka gudgeon, pono ʻoe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka lou i lalo loa, a e pane koke ia i ka meaʻai e ʻike ʻia ma ka pae.
Waiwai kālepa
ʻAʻohe waiwai nui o ka gudgeon. ʻOiai kona ʻono ʻoluʻolu a me ka maʻalahi o ka hopu ʻana, hoʻohana iki ʻia ia no ka kuke ʻana a ke kanaka. ʻAʻole kūpono kāna ʻiʻo no ke kūʻai aku, no ka mea, he liʻiliʻi ka iʻa a he iwi kaʻiʻo. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kuke mai ia mea, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke pale i ka pīhoihoi. ʻAʻole kūpono kēia iʻa no ka hoʻoulu hānai no nā kumu like. ʻO ka pinepine, lilo ka gudgeon i mea o ka hopu holoholona haʻuki a i ʻole hopu ʻia no ka hana maunu no ka iʻa waiwai nui, predatory nui, no ka laʻana, pike, carp, carp a i ʻole iʻa iʻa. Eia kekahi, hiki ke mālama ʻia kēia iʻa kupaianaha i ka pio. Makemake lākou i ka wai maʻamau maʻamau a me ka nui o nā meaʻai. ʻO Minnows i loko o kahi aquarium e hana me ka unpretentious, hoʻololi koke, ʻoiai inā i ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka makahiki e hopu ʻia lākou mai ka nāhelehele.
ʻOiai ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka iʻa no ka meaʻai, pono nō e haʻi ʻia i kāna mau waiwai maikaʻi. Waiwai ʻo Gudgeon i nā minelala a me nā meaola. Loaʻa iā ia nā huaora A a me D, calcium, selenium, phosphorus a me fluoride. Eia kekahi, ua lawa kaʻiʻo minnow iodine a me ka omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Ke hoʻomoʻa ʻia, loaʻa i ka iʻa kahi ʻono momona, a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana hiki ke loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi i ke olakino o ka puʻuwai a me nā kīʻaha koko, ke kūlana o ka ʻike, ka ʻili, nā iwi a me nā niho. He hopena maikaʻi ka iodine i loko o ka iʻa i ke ʻano o ka gland thyroid. ʻAʻole pono kaʻiʻo, ʻoiai he momona momona ka mea, a lilo ia i kumu waiwai maikaʻi loa o nā mea waiwai ʻoiai e ukali nei i ka papaʻai no ka pohō kaumaha a i ʻole ke kau hou ʻana ma hope o ka maʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻIke nui ka iʻa gudgeon i ka haumia o ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, he ākea kona ākea a nui i nā wahi he nui. ʻAʻole alo ia i nā ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli i hōʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai ʻo IUCN ma ke ʻano he 'Least Concern'.
