Kaha ʻeleʻele ʻokoʻa kona ʻano keʻokeʻo, he manu huna loa ia. ʻOiai ke lawe mai nā ʻūlū keʻokeʻo i ka laki maikaʻi, nā keiki a me ka momona, uhi ʻia ke ola o nā stiger ʻeleʻele i ka mea pohihihi. ʻO ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā laha i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka nohona malū o kēia manu, a ma muli o ka pūnana ʻana i nā kihi mamao o nā ululāʻau i hoʻopā ʻole ʻia. Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike i kēia manu hanohano a aʻo i kāna ʻano a me kona nohona, heluhelu i kēia ʻatikala a hiki i ka hopena.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: ʻUkeo ʻeleʻele
ʻO ka ʻohana stork he mau genera i loko o ʻekolu mau pūʻulu nui: nā stork arboreal (Mycteria a me Anastomus), nā stiger nunui (Ephippiorhynchus, Jabiru a me Leptoptilos) a me nā "storm", Ciconia. ʻO nā stork maʻamau i ke kikonia keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻano ʻeono ʻē aʻe. Ma loko o ka genus Ciconia, nā ʻohana pili loa o ke kikonia ʻeleʻele he mau ʻano ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa + ka kikonia keʻokeʻo a me kāna mau lālā o mua, ʻo ka hū keʻokeʻo hikina ma ka hikina o ʻAsia me kahi nuku ʻeleʻele.
Pākuʻi: Black Stork
Ua wehewehe ka mea kamaʻāina Pelekane ʻo Francis Willugby i ke kikonia ʻeleʻele mua i ka kenekulia 17 ma hope o kona ʻike ʻana iā ia ma Frankfurt. Ua kapa ʻo ia i ka manu ʻo Ciconia nigra, mai nā huaʻōlelo Lākina ʻo "stork" a me "ʻeleʻele" i kēlā me kēia. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻano he nui i hōʻike mua ʻia e ka mea hulihonua Suedena ʻo Carl Linnaeus i ka pae ʻāina ʻo Systema Naturae, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka manu i ka inoa binomial ʻo Ardea nigra. I ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻohuli ka mea hulihonua Palani ʻo Jacques Brisson i ke kikonia ʻeleʻele i ka genus Ciconia hou.
He lālā ʻo ka ʻāleʻele ʻeleʻele i ka genus Ciconia, a i ʻole nā kūpaka maʻamau. He hui ia o ʻehiku mau laha ola e hōʻike ʻia e nā pila pololei a me nā plumage ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo ka hapanui. Ua manaʻo lōʻihi ʻia e pili kokoke ana ke kikonia ʻeleʻele i ke kikonia keʻokeʻo (C. ciconia). Eia naʻe, ʻo ka loiloi genetic e hoʻohana ana i ka hybridization o DNA a me mitochondrial DNA o cytochrome b, i lawe ʻia e Beth Slikas, ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻopili ʻia ka stork ʻeleʻele i ka genus Ciconia. Ua loaʻa mai nā koena fossil mai ka papa Miocene ma nā mokupuni ʻo Rusinga a me Maboko ma Kenia, kahi e ʻike ʻole ʻia ai mai nā ʻeke keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: ʻUkeo ʻeleʻele i Estonia
He manu nui ka ʻaka o ka ʻeleʻele, 95 a 100 knm ka lōʻihi me kahi ʻēheu o 143-153 cm a ke kaumaha nei ma kahi o 3 kg, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o ka manu i 102 knm. Ua liʻiliʻi iki ia ma mua o kona keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. E like me nā stiger, lōʻihi kona mau wāwae, a ʻāʻī elongated a me kahi nuku lōʻihi, pololei a kiki. ʻEleʻele ka plumage me kahi aniani purplish-ʻōmaʻomaʻo hinuhinu, koe wale no ka keʻokeʻo ma lalo o ka umauma, ʻōpū, nā lima lima a me nā lima lima.
Lōʻihi a hulu nā hulu pectoral, e hana ana i kahi ʻano palaki. Kūlike ke ʻano o nā kāne ʻelua i ka helehelena, koe wale nō ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. ʻAʻohe o ke kala ʻeleʻele ʻōpio i ko lākou hulu, akā maopopo ke ʻano o kēia mau kala e hoʻokahi makahiki.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: ʻO nā ʻōpio ke hoʻohālikelike me nā manu makua i ka plumage, akā ʻo nā wahi e pili ana i nā hulu ʻeleʻele o kahi mākua ʻeleʻele a ʻemi iki hoʻi. ʻO nā ʻeheu a me nā hulu o ka huelo luna, he wēlau mae. ʻO nā wāwae, nuku a me ka ʻili hune e hoʻopuni ana i nā maka he ʻōmaʻomaʻo hina. Hiki iā ia ke huikau me kahi stork ʻōpio, akā ʻo ka hope he mau ʻēheu māmā a me ka ʻahu, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi a me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
Hele mālie a mālie ka manu i ka honua. E like me nā stiger, lele ia me kahi ʻāʻī lōʻihi. ʻUlaʻula ka ʻili kapa ʻole ma kahi o nā maka, e like me ka nuku a me nā wāwae. I nā mahina hoʻoilo, brownish ka nuku a me nā wāwae. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā stork ʻeleʻele e ola i 18 mau makahiki i ka nāhelehele a ma luna o 31 mau makahiki i ka noho pio ʻana.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻūtūʻeleʻele?
Kiʻi: ʻUkeo ʻeleʻele i ka lele ʻana
Loaʻa i nā manu kahi ākea ākea o ka hāʻawi. I ka wā o ka pūnana, loaʻa lākou ma ka ʻāina ʻo Eurasia, mai Sepania a Kina. I ke kauwela, neʻe aku nā kānaka C. nigra i ka hema i ʻApelika Hema a me India no ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻomaka ka laulā kauwela o ka stork ʻeleʻele ma Asia Hikina (Siberia a me ka ʻākau o Kina) a hōʻea i Central Europe, a hiki i Estonia ma ka ʻākau, Polani, Lower Sakona a me Bavaria ma Kelemania, Czech Republic, Hungary, ʻItalia a me Greece ma ka hema, me nā poʻe mamao ma ke kikowaena. -pana ʻāina komohana o ka Iberian Peninsula.
ʻO ka stork ʻeleʻele kahi manu neʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻoilo ma ʻApelika (Lebanona, Sudan, ʻAitiopa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻOiai he sedentary kekahi mau heluna o nā stiger ʻeleʻele, aia kekahi heluna kanaka kaʻawale ma ʻApelika Hema, kahi i ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia laha ma ka hikina, ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Mozambique, a ma Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Botswana, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma Namibia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma Rūsia, aia ka manu mai ka Moana Baletika a hiki i nā Ural, ma o Siberia Hema a hiki i ka Hikina Hikina a me Sakhalin. Aia ma kahi o nā Kurile a me Kamchatka. ʻO ka heluna kaawale ma ka hema, ma Stavropol, Chechnya, Dagestan. Noho ka heluna nui loa o ka ʻāina ʻo Srednyaya Pripyat, aia ma Belarus.
Noho ka ʻūhā ʻeleʻele i nā wahi ulu lāʻau mālie kokoke i ka wai. Kūkulu lākou i nā pūnana kiʻekiʻe i nā kumulāʻau a hānai i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā wahi puʻu, mauna inā lawa ka wai ma kahi kokoke e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai. ʻAʻoleʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ko lākou wahi hoʻoilo, akā manaʻo ʻia kēia mau wahi i nā wai pulu kahi e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai.
He aha ka mea a ka ʻaka o ka ʻeleʻele e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: ʻUkeo ʻeleʻele mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
ʻIke kēia mau manu manu i ka meaʻai ma ke kū ʻana i ka wai me ka hohola ʻana o ko lākou mau ʻeheu. Hele lākou me ka nānā ʻole ʻia me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia o ko lākou mau poʻo e ʻike i kā lākou mea pio. Ke nānā ka ʻaka o ka ʻeleʻele i ka meaʻai, hoʻolei ʻo ia i kona poʻo i mua, lālau iā ia me kona nuku lōʻihi. Inā loaʻa iki kahi mea pio, mālama nā ʻūhā ʻeleʻele i kā lākou iho. Kūpono nā hui e hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai momona waiwai.
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā stiger ʻeleʻele ka nui o:
- rana;
- huehue;
- nā salamanders;
- nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi;
- iʻa.
I ka wā hānau, ʻo ka iʻa ka hapa nui o ka papaʻai. Hiki iā ia ke hānai i nā amphibians, nā pāpaʻi, i kekahi manawa me nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi a me nā manu, a me nā invertebrates e like me nā nīnū, ʻenuhe, mollusks, a me nā mea kolo e like me nā nalo wai a me kā lākou larvae.
Hana nui ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i loko o ka wai hou, ʻoiai ʻimi paha ka ʻaka o ka ʻeleʻele i ka meaʻai ma ka ʻāina i kekahi manawa. Hele a hoʻomanawanui me ka hoʻomanawanui a lohi hoʻi i ka wai pāpaʻu, e hoʻāʻo ana e hoʻomalu i ka wai me kona mau ʻeheu. I India, hānai pinepine kēia mau manu i nā pua o nā ʻano mea i hui ʻia me ke kikonia keʻokeʻo (C. ciconia), ke kikonia keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo (C. episcopus), ka demoiselle crane (G. virgo) a me ke kuahiwi kuahiwi (A. petunjuk). Hahai pū nō hoʻi ka stork ʻeleʻele i nā māmela nui e like me dia a me nā holoholona, manaʻo paha e hānai i nā invertebrates a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: manu hulu ʻeleʻele manu
ʻIke ʻia no ko lākou ʻano mālie a me ka hūnā malū, he manu wary loa ʻo C. nigra e noho mamao aku ana mai nā wahi kanaka a me nā hana a ke kanaka āpau. ʻO nā stiger ʻeleʻele wale nō ma waho o ka wā hānau. He manu neʻekau e hana i ka lā.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: neʻe nā ʻeleʻele i ka honua i kahi wikiwiki like. Noho mau lākou a kū pololei, ma ka wāwae hoʻokahi. ʻO kēia mau manu he "pailaka" maikaʻi loa e lele kiʻekiʻe ana i nā kahe mahana. I ka lewa, hoʻopaʻa lākou i ko lākou poʻo ma lalo o ka laina o ke kino, e hohola ana i ko lākou ʻāʻī i mua. Ma waho o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole lele ʻo C. nigra i nā hipa.
Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, kū hoʻokahi a i ʻole pālua ʻia, a i ʻole nā ʻohana hipa a hoʻokahi haneli mau manu i ka wā o ka neʻe a i ka hoʻoilo paha. Loaʻa i ka stork ʻeleʻele ka laulā o nā hōʻailona leo ma mua o ke kikonia keʻokeʻo. ʻO kāna kani nui e hana ai e like me ka hanu nui. He kani hihi kēia ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a hoʻoweliweli paha. Hōʻike nā kāne i kahi mau lōʻihi o ke kani ʻana o nā leo e hoʻonui i ka leo a laila e emi ana ke kani kani. Hiki i nā mākua ke kuʻi i ko lākou nuku ma ke ʻano he mahele o ka moena a i ʻole ka huhū.
Hoaʻo nā manu e launa pū me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka laha ma o ka neʻe ʻana i ko lākou mau kino. Hoʻonoho ka ʻūhū i kona kino a moe koke i kona poʻo i luna a i lalo, a ma kahi o 30 °, a hoʻi hou, e kahakaha nei i nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo o kāna plumage, a hana hou ʻia kēia i nā manawa he nui. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia neʻe ʻana ma ke ʻano he aloha i waena o nā manu a - me ka ikaika hou aku - ma ke ʻano he hoʻoweliweli. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano mehameha o nā laha ke ʻano he laha ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana o kahi hoʻoweliweli.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻO nā moa hulu ʻeleʻele
Hoʻopuka hou ʻo Ciconia nigra i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka hopena o ʻApelila a Mei paha. Hoʻomoe nā wahine wahine i 3 a 5 mau hua ʻōvalena keʻokeʻo no ka paʻa i nā pūnana lāʻau a me ka lepo nui. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau pūnana i nā kau he nui. Mālama mālama ʻole nā mākua i kekahi manawa mai nā manu mai nā pūnana ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻaeto ʻai ʻōpio (Ictinaetus malayensis), a pēlā aku. Hoʻonohonoho mele ʻia nā pālua, hoʻopuehu ʻia nā pālua ma ka ʻāina i kahi mamao o 1 km. Hiki i kēia laha ke noho i nā pūnana o nā manu manu ʻē aʻe e like me ka ʻaeto kaffir a i ʻole ka hammerhead a hoʻohana hou i nā pūnana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
I ka wā i hoʻokipa ʻia ai, hōʻike nā kūkaʻa ʻeleʻele i nā lele lewa e like me ke kū hoʻokahi i waena o nā stiger. Lawe nā manu moe i ka like, ma luna o ka pūnana i ke kakahiaka nui a i ke awakea paha. Hoʻolahalaha kekahi o nā manu i kāna huelo haʻahaʻa keʻokeʻo a kāhea aku ka lua i kekahi i kekahi. He paʻakikī kēia lele ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe e ʻike ma muli o ka nahele mānoanoa o ka nahele kahi a lākou e pūnana ai. Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4-25 m. Makemake ka ʻūhā ʻeleʻele e kūkulu i kāna pūnana ma luna o nā kumulāʻau ululāʻau me nā kalaunu nui, e waiho ana iā ia mai kahi kumu nui.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: lawe i kahi stork ʻeleʻele mai 32 a 38 mau lā e paina i nā hua a hiki i ka 71 mau lā ma mua o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio. Ma hope o ka ʻauheʻe ʻana, pili mau ka moa i ko lākou mau mākua no kekahi mau pule. Hiki i nā manu ke oʻo makua ke 3 a 5 mau makahiki ko lākou.
Māhele like nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka mālama o ka hanauna ʻōpio a kūkulu pū i nā pūnana. Nānā pono nā kāne i kahi o ka pūnana e ʻohiʻohi i nā lāʻau, ka lepo a me ka mauʻu. Kūkulu nā wahine i ka pūnana. ʻO nā kāne a me nā wahine ke kuleana no ka incubation, ʻoiai ʻo nā wahine ka mea hoʻoulu mua. Ke piʻi a kiʻekiʻe ka mahana i ka pūnana, lawe nā mākua i kēlā manawa kēia manawa i ka wai i ko lākou nuku a pīpī ma luna o nā hua a i ʻole nā moa e hoʻomaʻalili ai. Hānai nā mākua ʻelua i ka ʻōpio. Kī ʻia aku ka meaʻai i ka papa o ka pūnana a ʻai nā ʻūlū ʻōpio ʻeleʻele i ka lalo o ka pūnana.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā stiger ʻeleʻele
Kiʻi: manu hulu ʻeleʻele manu
ʻAʻohe mea kūmau kūpilikiʻi kūlohelohe o ka stork ʻeleʻele (C. nigra). ʻO nā kānaka wale nō ka mea i ʻike maka ʻia e hoʻoweliweli i nā ʻeke ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia hoʻoweliweli mai ka luku ʻana i ka nohona a me ka hopu holoholona.
ʻO ka hika ʻeleʻele ka mea liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka keʻokeʻo. Ua iho nui ko lākou helu mai ka waenakonu o 19 kenekulia ma muli o ka hopu holoholona, ʻohi ʻana i ka hua manu, ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nahele, ka lilo ʻana o nā kumulāʻau, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā ululāʻau scrub a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau, nā haunaele ma Horstplatz, nā hoʻokuʻi me nā laina uila. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻomaka ka heluna o ka helu ma Central a me Western Europe. Eia naʻe, ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia nei kēia ʻano.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema he nui aʻe ma mua o 12 mau ʻano o nā helminths i ke kikonia ʻeleʻele. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Hian Cathaemasia a me Dicheilonema ciconiae ka mea nui. Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano helminth e noho nei i nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, akā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi i nā moa ma mua o ka poʻe mākua.
ʻO nā stiger ʻeleʻele lākou i nā mea ʻai i nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi i nā kaiaolaola a lākou e noho ai. Lilo mua lākou i nā holoholona wai e like me ka iʻa a me nā amphibians. ʻO ka mahana o ka digestive tract o ka stork ʻeleʻele e ʻae i ka trematode e hoʻopau i kāna pōʻaiapuni ola. Loaʻa ka trematode i kāna mea hoʻokipa nui, kahi ʻano iʻa, akā lawe ʻia e C. nigra i ka wā e hānai ana. A laila hāʻawi ʻia i nā moa ma ka hānai ʻana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: manu hulu ʻeleʻele manu
Ke emi nei ka nui o nā stiger ʻeleʻele i nā makahiki he nui ma ʻEulopa Komohana. Ua hoʻopau mua ʻia kēia ʻano ma Scandinavia. ʻO ka heluna kanaka o India - kahi nui o ka hoʻoilo - ke emi nei. Ma mua, ua kipa pinepine ka manu i nā kahawai ʻo Mai Po, akā i kēia manawa ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia ma laila, a ma ka laulā, ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ma nā wahi āpau o Kina.
Ke hoʻololi wikiwiki nei kona wahi i ka nui o ka Hikina ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui i kēia laha ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nohona. ʻO ka wahi o kahi kūpono kūpono e loaʻa ai no ka hānau ʻana ke emi nei i Rukia a me ʻEulopa Hikina ma o ka ululāʻau ʻana a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā kumulāʻau pūnana kuʻuna nui.
Hoʻoweliweli nā Hunters i ka stork ʻeleʻele i kekahi mau ʻāina hema o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia e like me Pakistan. Hiki ke luku ʻia nā lehulehu hānau ma laila. Ua nalowale ke kikonia ʻeleʻele mai ke awāwa ʻo Ticino ma ka ʻākau o ʻItalia. I ka makahiki 2005, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻūlū ʻeleʻele i ka paka ʻo Lombardo del Ticino i ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻihoʻi i ka lehulehu.
Eia kekahi, hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka lehulehu e:
- ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me ka mahiʻai;
- kūkulu hale wai;
- ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pono hana no ka wai a me ka hana hydropower.
Hoʻoweliweli hou ʻia nā wahi hoʻoulu ʻāina ʻo ʻApelika e ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka mahiʻai a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, neoneo a me nā haumia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā pesticides a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe. Pepehi ʻia kēia mau manu e nā hoʻokuʻi me nā laina uila a me nā kaula o luna.
Ka pale ʻana i nā stork ʻeleʻele
Kiʻi: ʻUkeo ʻeleʻele mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Mai ka 1998, ua helu ʻia ka stork ʻeleʻele ʻaʻole i aneane e pau i ka make me ka Endangered Species Red List (IUCN). Pili kēia i ka nui o ka radius o ka mahele o ka manu - ʻoi aku ma mua o 20,000 km² - a no ka mea, e like me ka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻia kāna helu e 30% i nā makahiki he ʻumi a i ʻole ʻekolu mau hanauna manu. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he emi wikiwiki e loaʻa ai ke kūlana nawaliwali.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ka mokuʻāina a me ka helu o nā heluna lehulehu, a ʻoiai ua pālahalaha nui ʻia ka lāhui, ua kaupalena ʻia kona helu ma kekahi mau wahi. I Rūsia, ua emi nui ka heluna kanaka, no laila aia ia i ka Red Book o ka ʻāina. Ua helu ʻia nō hoʻi i ka Buke ʻIkepili Ulaula o nā moku Volgograd, Saratov, ʻIvovoovo, Khabarovsk Territories a me Sakhalin. Hoʻohui ʻia, pale ʻia ka lāhui: Tajikistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.
Pono nā hana mālama āpau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea ulu a me ka nui o ka heluna kanaka e uhi i nā wahi nui o ka ululāʻau ulu nui a pono e kau i ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka muliwai, ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi hānai, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai i ka hana ʻana i nā waihona wai pāpaʻu ma nā wahi mauʻu a i ʻole. nā kahawai.
ʻIke hoihoi: Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma Estonia i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā kumulāʻau nui i ka wā o ka mālama ululāʻau mea nui e hōʻoia i nā wahi hānau no nā laha.
Kaha ʻeleʻele pale ʻia e ka ʻaelike no ka mālama ʻana i nā Manu Migratory Eurasian (AEWA) a me ka Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna (CITES).
Lā paʻi: 18.06.2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 20:25
