Pāpaʻi lio manaʻo ʻia he mōʻalihaku ola. Hoʻohālike nā pāpale lio i nā crustacean, akā pili i kahi subtype ʻokoʻa o chelicerans, a pili loa i nā arachnids (e laʻa me nā spider a me nā scorpion). ʻAʻohe o lākou hemoglobin i loko o ko lākou koko, ma kahi o lākou e hoʻohana ai i ka hemocyanin e hāpai i ka oxygen, a ma muli o ke keleawe i loaʻa i ka hemocyanin, polū ko lākou koko.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: pāpaʻi lio
Ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki e waiho ana nā pāpaʻi lio ma mua o ka dinosaurs. Ua like lākou me nā pāpaʻi prehistoric, akā pili maoli nō i nā moʻo huelo ʻawa a me nā nananana. He exoskeleton ʻoʻoleʻa ka pāpaʻi lio a he 10 mau wāwae, e hoʻohana ai ia e hele ma ka kai.
Video: Pāpaʻi Lio
He koko polū nā pāpaʻi lio. Lawe ʻia ka oxygen i loko o ko lākou koko e kahi mole i loaʻa ka hemocyanin, i loaʻa ke keleawe a hoʻolilo i ke koko i polū ke hōʻike ʻia i ka ea. Hāpai ka hapanui o nā holoholona koko ʻoka i ka oxygen i loko o ka hemoglobin waiwai hao, e ʻulaʻula ana ke koko i ka pili ʻana me ka ea.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ke koko polū o nā pā pā lio ke waiwai nui i hiki ai i kahi lita ke kūʻai aku no $ 15,000. ʻO kēia no ka mea i loko ona kahi mole e koʻikoʻi i ke kaiāulu noiʻi olakino. I kēia lā naʻe, ua alakaʻi nā mea hou i nā synthetic substitutions i hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pā lio ma ko lākou koko.
Hāpai nā Vertebrates i nā hunaola keokeo i ko lākou kahe koko. Hāpai nā Invertebrates e like me nā pā lio i nā amoebosit. Ke hui aku kahi amoebositte me kahi pathogen, hoʻokuʻu ia i kahi kemikala e kumu i ke kō ʻana o ke koko kūloko, kahi a nā kānaka noiʻi i manaʻo ai ʻo ia ka hana no ka hūnā ʻana i nā meaola weliweli. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka paakiki o nā amoebocytes i loko o nā pā pā lio i ka wā e launa ai lākou me nā endotoxins, kahi huahana hoʻonui a hoʻomake ʻia i kekahi manawa e hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻōnaehana pale, i kekahi manawa e alakaʻi ana i ka fiva, nā pono ʻole o ka septic, a i ʻole ka septic shock.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka pāpaʻi lio
Māhele ʻia ke kino o ka pāpaʻi lio i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua ka prosoma, a i ʻole ke poʻo. ʻO ka inoa o ka pāpaʻi lio - hele mai ke ʻano o kona poʻo, no ka mea, e like me nā kāmaʻa lio ma nā mānoanoa o ka lio, poepoe ko lākou poʻo a ʻano U. ʻO ia ka ʻāpana nui loa o ke kino o ka pāpaʻi lio a loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā aʻa a me nā meaolaola.
Pākuʻi ʻia ka poʻo pāpale lio:
- lolo;
- he puʻuwai;
- waha;
- ʻōnaehana mānoanoa;
- glands - pale ʻia nā mea āpau e kahi pā nui.
Pale pū ke poʻo i ka maka nui o nā maka. ʻEiwa mau maka o nā pāpale lio o ka holo lio ma ke kino a me nā mea loaʻa māmā e pili ana i ka huelo. ʻO nā maka nui ʻelua he paʻakikī a pono hoʻi no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoa. ʻO nā maka ʻē aʻe a me nā mea loaʻa nā māmā e pono no ka ʻike ʻana i ka neʻe a me nā loli i ka mālamalama.
ʻO ka hapa waena o ke kino ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a i ʻole opisthosoma. He mea like me ka huinakolu me nā kui ma nā ʻaoʻao a me kahi kualapa i waenakonu. Lawe nā wili a kōkua i ka pāpaʻi lio. Aia i loko o ka ʻōpū lalo nā mākala i hoʻohana ʻia no ka neʻe a me nā gills no ka hanu. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻekolu, ʻo ka huelo o nā pā pā lio, i kapa ʻia he telona. Lōʻihi a kihi hoʻi ia, a ʻoiai ke makaʻu, ʻaʻole makaʻu, ʻona, a ʻū paha. Hoʻohana nā pāpaʻi lio i ke telona e ʻōwili ai inā pau lākou i ko lākou mau kua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO nā wahine o nā pā pā lio ma kahi o ka hapakolu o ka nui o nā kāne. Hiki iā lākou ke ulu a 46-48 kenimika mai ke poʻo a i ka hiʻu, ʻoiai nā kāne ma kahi o 36 a 38 mau kenimika.
Hanu nā pāpale lio ma o 6 mau pā o nā pākuʻi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻōpū o lalo i kapa ʻia he puke gill. Pale ka pāpālua mua i nā paʻa ʻelima ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia nā ʻōnaehana hanu a wehe i nā pores o nā ʻōnaehana genital kahi e lawe ʻia ai nā hua a me ka sperm mai ke kino.
Ma hea e noho ai nā pāpaʻi lio?
Kiʻi: Pāpaʻi lio ma Lūkia
I kēia lā aia he 4 mau ʻano o nā pā pā lio ma ka honua. ʻO nā pāpaʻi lio ʻAkelanika wale nō nā ʻano i loaʻa ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika. Loaʻa nā mea ʻekolu i ka Hikina Hema Asia, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā hua manu o kekahi ʻano no ka meaʻai. Ma waho aʻe o kēia laha, loaʻa ma ke kapakai hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai Maine hema a hiki i ke awāwa ʻo Mekiko a i ka Yucatan Peninsula.
Aia kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe:
- tachypleus trident, maʻa mau i Malaysia, Indonesia a me ka hikina hikina o Kina;
- pilikua tachypleus, e noho ana ma ke kai kūʻono o Bengal, mai Indonesia a me Australia;
- carcinosorpius rotundicauda, ma Thailand a mai Vietnam a Indonesia.
ʻO nā ʻano o nā pāpaʻi lio i hānau ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (ʻo nā pā pāpale lio ʻAtelanika) i loaʻa i ka Moana ʻAkelanika ma ke kahakai o ʻAmelika Hema. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā pāpaʻi lio ma ke kapakai hikina o ke awāwa ʻo US o Mekiko a me Mekiko. Aia he ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā pāpaʻi lio ma ka honua, e kū nei ma ke Kai ʻInikia a ma ka Moana Pākīpika ma kahakai o ʻAsia.
Hoʻohana nā pāpaʻi lio i nā ʻano nohona like ʻole e pili ana i kā lākou pae o ka hoʻomohala. Hoʻomoe ʻia nā hua manu ma nā kahakai kahakai i ka hala ʻana o ka lau a me ke kauwela. Ma hope o ka hatch, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā pāpaʻi lio ʻōpio i ke kai ma ka papakū one o ka pāpū. ʻAi hohonu nā pāpaʻi lio o nā mākua i ke kai a hoʻi lākou i kahakai e hānau. Nui nā manu kai, nā manu neʻe, nā kuhukukū a me nā iʻa e hoʻohana i nā hua pā pā lio ma kahi ʻano nui o kā lākou papaʻai. He ʻano kī nui lākou i ke kaiaolaola ʻo Delaware Bay.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai ka pāpaʻi lio. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka ʻai a nā pāpaʻi lio?
Kiʻi: Pāpaʻi lio ma ka ʻāina
ʻAʻole ʻokiʻohi nā pāpaʻi lio, ʻai lākou i nā mea āpau. ʻAi lākou i nā mollusc liʻiliʻi, nā crustacea a me nā ilo, akā hiki nō iā lākou ke ʻai i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe a me nā limu pū kekahi. Pēlā, ʻai nā pāpaʻi lio i nā ilo, nā mollusc liʻiliʻi, nā iʻa make, a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻohe o ka iwi a me nā niho o nā pāpale lio, akā he waha nō ko lākou. Aia ka waha ma waenakonu, i hoʻopuni ʻia e 10 mau paʻa wāwae. Hānai lākou ma o ka waha, aia ma ke kumu o nā wāwae, i uhi ʻia me nā hulu mānoanoa (gnatobases) e kuhikuhi ana i loko, hoʻohana i ka ʻai i ka wā e hele ai ka holoholona. A laila kaomi ʻia ka meaʻai i loko o ka waha e kahi chelicera, a laila komo i loko o ka esophagus, kahi i haki hou ʻia a komo i loko o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū. Hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻōpala ma o ka anus ma ka ʻaoʻao ventral i mua o ka telson (tail).
ʻO nā gnatobases ʻoi loa, nā pā prickly aia ma nā ʻāpana waena o nā kīʻaha wāwae a i ʻole nā wāwae wāwae wāwae. ʻO nā huluhulu liʻiliʻi ma nā gnatobases e ʻae i nā pā pā lio e honi i ka meaʻai. ʻO ke kākalaioa e kū ana i loko e haehae a wili i ka meaʻai, ke hele nei i waena o nā wāwae i ka hele ʻana E neʻe paha lākou e nau i ka meaʻai.
ʻO Chelicerae he mau pākuʻi mua i mua o nā wāwae. Hele nā pāpaʻi lio ma ke one o ka wai pāpaʻu e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai me kā lākou chelicerae. ʻO Chilaria kekahi o nā wāwae hope liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana ma hope o nā wāwae o ka holoholona. Hāʻalo ʻo Chelicerae lāua ʻo Chilaria i nā meaʻai i wāwahi ʻia i ka waha o nā pā lio.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: pāpaʻi lio
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā pāpaʻi lio e hui pū i nā hui nui a i ʻole nā hui ma nā kahakai, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā moku ʻo ʻAkelanika Waena e like me Delaware, New Jersey a me Maryland, i ka puna a me ke kauwela, kahi o ko lākou lehulehu nui aku. Hiki i nā pāpaʻi lio ke pūnana i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa ma Florida, me nā pupu o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i ka puna a me ka hāʻule.
ʻO nā pāpaʻi lio he holoholona maʻamau i ka pō e puka mai nā aka mai ka pouli e ʻimi no ka meaʻai. Ma ke ʻano he holoholona karnivorous, ʻai wale lākou i ka ʻiʻo, me nā ilo o ke kai, nā mollusc liʻiliʻi a me nā crustacean.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he mau holoholona weliweli nā pāpaʻi lio no ka mea he huelo ʻoi ko lākou, akā ʻaʻole pōʻino loa lākou. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, palaha wale nā pāpale lio, a hoʻohana lākou i ko lākou huelo e ʻōwili ai ke ʻō ʻia lākou e kahi nalu. Akā he mau koʻi kā lākou ma ka lihi o kā lākou pū, no laila inā pono ʻoe e lawelawe iā lākou, e akahele a ʻohi iā lākou ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pūpū, ʻaʻole ma ka huelo.
Hoʻokiʻoki pinepine ʻia nā pāpaʻi lio e nā nalu ikaika i ka wā e ʻōnaʻi ana a ʻaʻole paha e hoʻi hou iā lākou iho. Alakaʻi pinepine kēia i ka make ʻana o ka holoholona (hiki iā ʻoe ke kōkua iā lākou ma ka hāpai mālie ʻana iā lākou ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka pūpū a hoʻokuʻu hou iā lākou i loko o ka wai).
I kekahi manawa kuhi hewa nā mea nānā kahakai i nā pā pā lio no nā pāpaʻi make. E like me nā arthropods āpau (e like me nā crustacean a me nā ʻelala), he exoskeleton (shell) paʻakikī nā pāpaʻi lio ma waho o ke kino. E ulu, pono i kahi holoholona e hoʻokahe i kāna exoskeleton kahiko a hana i kahi hou, ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻAʻole like me nā pāpaʻi maoli, e puka mai ana mai kā lākou exoskeletons kahiko, neʻe nā pā lio i mua, a waiho ka molt ma hope o lākou.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pāpaʻi lio ma ka wai
I ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ke kauwela mua, holo nā pāpale lio lio makua mai nā wai kai hohonu a kahakai ma ka Hikina a me ke Kai Kūʻono e hānau. Hiki mua nā kāne a kali i nā wahine. Ke hele mai nā wahine i uka, hoʻokuʻu lākou i nā kemikino kūlohelohe i kapa ʻia ʻo pheromones, kahi e ʻumeʻume i nā kāne a hoʻouna i kahi hōʻailona ua hiki i ka manawa e hoa.
Makemake nā pāpaʻi lio i ka pō i ke au kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahina piha hou. Hoʻopili nā kāne i nā wahine a poʻo i ke kahakai. Ma ke kahakai, ʻeli nā wahine i nā pūnana liʻiliʻi a hoʻomoe i nā hua, a laila hoʻomomona nā hua manu i nā kāne. Hiki ke hana hou i ke kaʻina i nā manawa he nui me nā ʻumi tausani hua manu.
ʻO nā hua pāpaʻi lio ka waiwai ʻai o nā manu, nā mea kolo a me nā iʻa. ʻAʻole hiki ka hapa nui o nā pāpaʻi lio i ke kahua larval ma mua o ka ʻai ʻia ʻana. Inā ola ka hua, e kū mai ka larva mai ka hua manu ma kahi o ʻelua pule a ʻoi paha. ʻO ka larva e like me kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi o nā pā pā lio, akā ʻaʻohe huelo. Komo ka larva i ke kai a noho ma ke one o lalo o ka pāpū no hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻoi paha. I ko lākou ulu ʻana, neʻe lākou i loko o ka wai hohonu a hoʻomaka e ʻai i nā meaʻai a nā mākua.
I loko o nā makahiki he 10 e hiki mai ana, e hoʻoheheʻe a ulu nā ʻōpae lio ʻōpio. Pono ke kaʻina molting i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā exoskeletons liʻiliʻi i pānaʻi no nā pū ʻoi aku ka nui. Holo nā pāpale lio ma 16 a i ʻole 17 molts i ko lākou ulu ʻana. Ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki, hiki lākou i ke oʻo a mākaukau e hoʻomaka i ka hānau ʻana, a i ka puna e neʻe ai lākou i nā kahakai kahakai.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā pā pā lio
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka pāpaʻi lio
I kēia lā, 4 wale nō ʻano o nā pā pā lio i ola, a ʻo 3 mau ʻano e hiki ke loaʻa ma ka moku ʻo Hikina Hema Asia. ʻO ka ʻaukū paʻakikī o ka pāpaʻi lio e pale aku i nā mea ʻaihue kūpono ʻole mai ke komo ʻana i kēia ʻōpū o ka momona. Heʻuʻuku ko lākou ʻenemi kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe o nā kānaka. ʻO ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i nā mahana wela a me ka salinity ke manaʻo ʻia he mea kōkua i ke ola o kēia mau ʻano. Lohi a paʻa hoʻi, he mau meʻe maoli lākou i ola i nā manawa he nui.
ʻO nā pāpale lio ka mea nui o ka kaolaola o nā kaiāulu kahakai. ʻO kā lākou mau hua ke kumu nui o nā meaʻai no nā manu e neʻe aku ana i ka ʻākau, e like me ka sandpiper Icelandic, aia ma ka makaʻu pekelala. Ua ulu kēia mau manu kai e kūlike i ka hana kiwi kiwi o nā pā pā lio, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā wahi ʻo Delaware a me Chesapeake Bay. Hoʻohana lākou i kēia mau kahakai ma ke ʻano he wahi ʻenekini e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wahie a hoʻomau i kā lākou huakaʻi.
ʻAi ʻia nā ʻano iʻa he nui e like me nā manu i nā hua pā lio ma Florida. Lawe nā pāpaʻi lio makua i nā kuhukukū, nā alligators, nā nīna lio Florida a me nā manō.
He mea nui ka hanaolaola i nā pāpaʻi lio. Hāʻawi ko lākou pūpū laulā, ākea i kahi substrate kūpono no nā ola kai ʻē aʻe he nui. I kona holo ʻana ma ka papakū, hiki i nā pāpaʻi lio ke halihali i nā pākeke, nā pūpū, nā ilo kohu, ka saladi kai, nā ʻanepele, a me nā ʻōtio hoʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: pāpaʻi lio
Ke emi nei nā pā holo lio ma luna o ka hapa nui o ko lākou pae. I ka makahiki 1998, ua hoʻomohala ke Kōmike ʻAi Lawaiʻa Moana o ʻAkelanika i kahi Papa Hoʻolālā no nā pāpaʻi lio, kahi e koi ai i nā moku ʻAkelanika āpau e ʻike i nā kahakai kahi o kēia mau holoholona e pūnana ai. I kēia manawa, me ke kōkua lehulehu, nā mea biologists mai ka Fish and Wildlife Research Institute e kākau nei i nā pūnaewele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pā lio ma loko o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Florida.
ʻOiai ua hōʻole ka nui o nā pāpaʻi lio i nā makahiki 1990, ke hoʻi nei ka lehulehu i kēia manawa no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hana i nā mokuʻāina ma o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Moana ʻAmelika. ʻO Delaware Bay ka heluna nui loa o nā pāpaʻi lio ma ka honua, a ke kōkua nei nā ʻepekema mai ka National Research System of Conservation Areas e alakaʻi i ka noiʻi makahiki e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā pā lio, kahi hana nui ma ka Del Bay Bay. Eia nō naʻe, nalowale ka nohona a me ke koi kiʻekiʻe no lākou ma ke ʻano he maunu ʻoihana i mea hopohopo no nā pāpaʻi lio a me nā manu kū moku.
Ua ola kūleʻa nā pāpale lio i mau miliona mau makahiki. Pili ko lākou wā e hiki mai ana i ka hoʻomaopopo a me ka mahalo o ka poʻe i kā lākou mea nui i nā holoholona laka ʻē aʻe a me nā kānaka, a me nā ʻano i lawe ʻia no kā lākou mālama ʻana.
Pāpaʻi lio - nā mea ola aloha. ʻO lākou kekahi o nā holoholona i ʻaihue ʻole nā holoholona, ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā kānaka, i hopu i nā pāpaʻi lio no ka maunu. Hoʻohana ʻia ka protein i loko o ke koko o kēia mau holoholona e ʻike i nā impurities i nā hoʻomākaukau intravenous. ʻO nā pāpale lio ponoʻī iā lākou iho, me he mea lā, ʻaʻole e ʻehaʻeha i ka wā o ka laʻana koko. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pāpaʻi lio ma ka noiʻi e mālama i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ʻike i ka leukemia, a ʻike i nā hemahema o ka wikamina B12.
Lā paʻi: 08/16/2019
Lā hou: 16.08.2019 ma 21:21
