Manuahi e like me ka makani, kaohi ʻole, wikiwiki a nani hoʻi - ʻo kēia nā mustangs, nā lio hihiu o nā pā o ʻAkau ʻAmelika a me nā pampas ʻAmelika Hema.
Wehewehe Mustang
Ke hoʻi nei ka inoa o nā laha i nā dialect Spanish, kahi o nā huaʻōlelo "mesteño", "mestengo" a me "mostrenco" ke ʻano o "roving / feral livestock". Hoʻokaʻawale hewa ʻia ʻo Mustang ma ke ʻano he lāhui, e hoʻopoina nei i kēia huaʻōlelo e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano o nā ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hānau koho. ʻAʻohe a hiki ʻole i nā holoholona hihiu ke hoʻohua.
Helehelena
ʻO nā kūpuna o nā mustangs i manaʻo ʻia he mau lio a me nā lio o ka lāhui Andalusian (Iberian), i heʻe a hoʻokuʻu aku i nā pampas i ka 1537, i ka wā i haʻalele ai nā Sepania i ke kolone o Buenos Aires. ʻO ke aniau mehana i kōkua i ka hana hou wikiwiki ʻana o nā lio hele hewa a me kā lākou hoʻonui wikiwiki i ke ola manuahi... Akā ʻo ka helehelena o ka moʻolelo kaulana ʻo Mustang i hele mai ma hope loa aku, i ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ke koko o ka lāhui Andalusian me ke koko o nā lio hihiu a me nā lāhui ʻEulopa.
Keʻa hele wale
ʻO ka nani a me ka ikaika o nā mustangs i hoʻohuli ʻia e kahi cocktail pupule o nā gen, kahi i ulu ai nā ʻano hihiu (ka lio a me ka pā o Przewalski), nā ʻulaʻula Palani a me Sepania, nā lio lio Dutch a me nā lio hoʻi i hāʻawi.
Hoihoi ia! Manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻoilina ka Mustang i ka hapa nui o nā ʻano mai Sepania a me nā lāhui Palani, ʻoiai ʻo Sepania a me Palani i nā kenekulia 16th-17th e ʻimi ana i ka ʻāina ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o Pelekane Nui.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka moʻa wale o nā ʻano a me nā laha e ke koho kūlohelohe, kahi i nalowale ai nā genes o nā holoholona hoʻonaninani a huahana ʻole (e laʻa me nā ponie) he mea pono ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano mea adaptive kiʻekiʻe loa e nā lio e holo maʻalahi ana (e hōʻalo maʻalahi ana i ka alualu ʻana) - na lākou nō i hāʻawi i nā mustangs me kahi iwi iwi māmā, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki.
Waho o waho
ʻO nā lunamaka'āinana o nā lāhui like ʻole o nā mustangs he mea ʻokoʻa loa i ka helehelena, ʻoiai ke noho kaʻawale nei kēlā me kēia lāhui, me ka ʻole o ka intersecting a i ʻole ka hele iki ʻana o kekahi me kekahi. Eia kekahi, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā holoholona i loko o hoʻokahi heluna lehulehu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao waho o ka mustang e like me ka lio holo a loaʻa iā ia kahi denser (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano home) iwi iwi. ʻAʻole like ka nani a me ka lōʻihi o ka Mustang e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā puke - ʻaʻole ia e kiʻekiʻe ma mua o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mika a kaupaona ʻia 350-400 kg.
Hoihoi ia! Pīhoihoi ka poʻe ʻike maka i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana e hoʻomālamalama mau ke kino o ka mustang me he mea lā ua holoi ʻia i kekahi mau minuke i hala me ka shampoo a me kahi palaki. ʻO ka ʻili uila no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maoli o nā ʻano.
He wāwae wāwae ʻo Mustang, kahi e kōkua iā ia e hōʻemi iki i ka ʻeha a kū i nā hoʻololi lōʻihi... Hoʻololi pū ʻia nā Hoove ʻike ʻole i nā kāmaʻa lio i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi a hiki ke kū i kekahi ʻano o nā ʻilikai kūlohelohe. Hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻomanawanui Phenomenal e ka wikiwiki maikaʻi loa e hāʻawi ʻia ka mustang e kāna kumukānāwai kupaianaha.
Nā Suits
Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā mustangs e ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula (me kahi ānuenue), ʻo ke koena o nā lio he bay (kokoleka), piebald (me nā kī keʻokeʻo), hina a keʻokeʻo paha. Kākaʻikahi loa nā mustangs ʻeleʻele, akā nānā nani loa kēia hoʻopiʻi a manaʻo ʻia he nani loa. Loaʻa nā manaʻo kūikawā i nā India no nā mustangs, kiʻi mua i nā lio no ka ʻiʻo, a laila hopu a hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou ma ke ʻano he mauna a ʻūlū holoholona. ʻO ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mustangs me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ko lākou kūlohelohe.
Hoihoi ia! Weliweli ka poʻe India i nā musteb piebald (keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo), ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea nona nā kiko (pezhins) i hoʻonani i ka lae a i ʻole ka umauma. ʻO kēlā lio, e like me ka ʻōlelo a nā Indians, he laʻa ia, e hāʻawi ana i ka mea hoʻoholo i nā kaua i loko o nā kaua.
Ua kiʻi ʻia nā mustady keʻokeʻo hau ma lalo o nā piebald (ma muli o ka hoʻomana o ke keʻokeʻo ma waena o nā North American Indians). Hāʻawi ke Kōmike iā lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻao, a hiki i ka make ʻole, ke kāhea nei i nā mustangs keʻokeʻo i nā ʻuhane o nā kula a me nā ʻuhane o nā pā.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
A puni nā mustang, nui nā fiksi e lele nei, ʻo kekahi o ia mea ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻumi a he mau haneli lio hoʻi i loko o nā pūʻā nui. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o nā holoholona ma mua o 20 poʻo.
ʻO ke ola me ke kāne ʻole
ʻO kēia (hoʻololi i ka noho ʻana i ka lewa ākea me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana o ka poʻe) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka mustang mai ka lio home ʻano maʻamau. Kūpono ʻole ka ikaika o nā mustangs o kēia au, ikaika, paʻakikī a loaʻa kahi palekana kūlohelohe maoli. Hānai ka hānai i ka hapa nui o ka lā a ʻimi paha i nā wahi hānai kūpono. Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Mustangs e hele me ka ʻole o ka hānai / wai no kekahi mau lā.
Mea nui! ʻO ka manawa paʻakikī ka hoʻoilo, i ka wā e liʻiliʻi ai ka lako o ka meaʻai, a hui pū nā holoholona i mea e mahana ai. Aia i ka hoʻoilo ka lilo ʻana o nā lio ʻelemakule, nāwaliwali a maʻi hoʻi i ko lākou wikiwiki maoli a lilo i mea maʻalahi no nā mea ʻaihue lepo.
ʻAʻole maopopo i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka poli o ka mustang me ko lākou aloha i ka ʻauʻauʻau. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi puddle mud voluminous, moe nā holoholona ma laila, hoʻomaka e ʻolokaʻa mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kēia ʻaoʻao - ʻo kēia ke ala ʻoi loa loa e kāpae aku ai i nā parasite huhū. ʻO nā mustangs o kēia lā, e like me ko lākou mau kūpuna hihiu, noho i nā wahi kūloko o 15-20 mau kānaka (ʻoi aku kekahi mau manawa). Noho ka ʻohana i kāna ʻāina ponoʻī, kahi e kipaku ʻia ai nā mea hoʻokūkū.
Pilikia
Mālama ʻia ka ʻohana e ke kāne alpha, a inā hana ʻo ia me kekahi mea - ka wahine wahine alpha. Hoʻonohonoho ke alakaʻi i ke ala o ka pipi, hoʻonohonoho i ka pale pale i nā hoʻouka kaua mai waho, a uhi pū kekahi i nā lio i loko o ka pipi. Ua koi ʻia ka lio lio e hōʻoiaʻiʻo mau i kona kiʻekiʻe ma o ke komo ʻana i nā duela me nā kāne makua: ua hōʻeha i ka lanakila, ua hoʻolohe lākou me ka ʻole o ka mea ikaika. Eia hou, ke kiaʻi nei ke alakaʻi i kāna ʻohana - ʻike pono ʻo ia ʻaʻole e hakakā nā mākia, a i ʻole hiki iā lākou ke uhi ʻia e nā malihini. ʻO ka mea hope, ma ke ala, e hoʻāʻo pinepine e haʻalele i nā lepo ma nā ʻāina ʻē, a laila hoʻokau ke alakaʻi iā ia iho ma luna o ka puʻu haole, e hōʻike ana i kona alo.
Lawe ka wahine wahine nui i nā kuleana alakaʻi (e like me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka pūʻā) ke hana ka kāne alfa me nā lio lio a i ʻole nā mea ʻaihue. Loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o ka wahine alpha ʻaʻole ma muli o kona ikaika a me kāna ʻike, akā no kāna momona. Hoʻolohe nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka alpha mare. ʻO ke alakaʻi (ʻokoʻa ka lio) pono kahi hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi loa a me ka ʻike nui, no ka mea, pono iā ia ke alakaʻi hewa ʻole i kāna poʻe huakaʻi i nā waihona wai a me nā wahi hānai. ʻO kēia kekahi kumu no ke kūpono ʻole o nā lio lio ʻōpio no ke kūlana alakaʻi.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o ka mustang
ʻO ke ola o kēia mau lio hihiu ma ka awelika 30 mau makahiki.... Wahi a ka moʻolelo, ʻo ka mustang e makemake e mōhai i kona ola iho ma mua o ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kānaka āpau ke hoʻolana i ka lio paʻakikī, akā i ka manawa i waiho ʻia i kahi kanaka, noho kūpaʻa ka mustang iā ia a hiki i kona hanu hope loa.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Noho nā mustangs o kēia ao i nā steppe o ʻAmelika Hema a me nā papu o ʻAmelika Hema. Ua ʻike ʻo Paleogenetics ma ʻAmelika a ma mua o ka Mustang he mau lio hihiu, akā ua make lākou (no nā kumu ʻike ʻole ʻia) ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ke ʻano o kahi holoholona hou o nā lio hānai i kūlike, a i ʻole, ua lilo i hopena o ka ulu ʻana o ʻAmelika. Ua makemake ka poʻe Paniolo e pīpī, e hōʻike ana i mua o nā Indians e holo ana i nā lio Iberia: ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻōiwi i ka mea holo me he akua lā.
Ua hele pū me ka noho kolone ʻana me nā hakakā me nā poʻe kūloko, a ʻo ka hopena o nā lio, ua lilo ko lākou mea holo, a holo akula i ke ala kapakai. Ua hui pū ʻia lākou e nā lio e waiho ana i nā bivouac pō a me nā wahi hānai. Hoʻopili koke nā holoholona auwana a hoʻomāhuahua, a laila ua piʻi aʻe ka lehulehu o ka lio hihiu mai Paraguay (hema) a Kanada (ʻākau). I kēia manawa nā mustangs (inā kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa) noho i nā wahi hānai i ke komohana o ka ʻāina - nā mokuʻāina e like me Idaho, Kaleponi, Montana, Nevada, Utah, North Dakota, Wyoming, Oregon, Arizona a me New Mexico. Aia nā heluna o nā lio hihiu ma kahakai ʻAkelanika, ma nā mokupuni ʻo Sable a me Cumberland.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO Mustangs, nona nā kūpuna he 2 mau hānau (Andalusian a me Sorraya), ua ola ma Sepania ponoʻī. Eia kekahi, he kaʻawale ka heluna kanaka o nā lio hihiu, i kapa ʻia ʻo Don mustangs, noho ma Vodny Island (Rostov Region).
Meaʻai Mustang
ʻAno kupanaha, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia nā lio hihiu he mauhelehele: inā aia nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i ka meaʻai holoholona. No ka lawa ʻana, pono i kahi mustang makua e ʻai mai ka 2.27 a i ka 2.72 kg o ka hānai mea kanu i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻO kaʻai Mustang maʻamau:
- mauʻu a me ka mauʻu;
- lau mai nā lālā;
- wana ʻōpio;
- nāhelehele haʻahaʻa;
- ʻili lāʻau.
I nā kenekulia i hala aku nei, i ka wā ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala piha ʻia ka ʻāina, noho nui nā mustangs. I kēia manawa ua kipaku ʻia nā ʻāhiu hihiu i nā ʻāina palena ʻole me nā lau nahele liʻiliʻi, kahi kakaikahi nā waihona wai kūlohelohe.
Hoihoi ia! I ke kauwela, inu nā mustang i 60 mau lita o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā, i ka hoʻoilo - hapalua (a hiki i 30 liters). Hele pinepine lākou i nā wahi hoʻoinu i nā kahawai, nā punawai a i ʻole nā loko i ʻelua mau lā i ka lā. E māʻona i ke kino me nā minelala, ke ʻimi nei lākou i nā waihona paʻakai maoli.
ʻO ka pinepine i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka mauʻu e holo ka pipi i nā haneli mau kilomita. I ka hoʻoilo, hana ikaika nā lio me kā lākou mau hooves, haki i ka pā i mea e loaʻa ai nā mea kanu a loaʻa ka hau, kahi e pani ai i ka wai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Mustang rush i ka pūnāwai a hoʻomau a hiki i ke kauwela mua. Hoʻowalewale nā mākeke i nā suitors ma ke kau ʻana i kā lākou huelo i mua o lākou. Akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hele ʻana i ka mares - komo nā lio i nā hakakā paʻakikī, kahi o ka mea lanakila wale nō ke kuleana e hoa. Ma muli o ka lanakila ikaika loa i nā hakakā, hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻia ka loko wai o nā laha.
He 11 mau mahina ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana, a ma ka puna aʻe e hānau ʻia kahi keiki kāne (manaʻo ʻia nā māhoe he deviation mai ka maʻamau). I ka lā hānau, haʻalele ka wahine wahine i ka pipi, e ʻimi ana i kahi noho mālie. ʻO ka paʻakikī mua no kahi hānau hou ke kū i luna i mea e hina ai i ka umauma o ka makuahine. Ma hope o kekahi mau hola, ke hele nei ka keiki kāne maikaʻi a holoholo hoʻi, a ma hope o 2 mau lā e lawe ka lio iā ia i ka pā.
Inu nā puʻupaʻa i ka waiū o ka waiū ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki, a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ai ke keiki bipi hou, no ka mea ua mākaukau nā mākeke e hāpai kokoke koke ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. I nā mahina ʻeono, hoʻohui ʻia ka pā i ka waiū o ka makuahine. ʻO nā lio lio ʻōpio i kēlā me kēia manawa, a ʻoiai e pāʻani ana, ana i ko lākou ikaika.
Hoihoi ia! Hōʻalo ke alakaʻi i nā mea hoʻokūkū e ulu ana ke huli lākou i 3 mau makahiki. He koho ko ka makuahine - e hāhai i ke keiki makua a i ʻole noho.
ʻElua mau makahiki hou aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hānau lio ʻōpio: e ʻohiʻohi ʻo ia i kāna wahine ponoʻī a i ʻole e kuʻi i ka mākaukau mai ke alakaʻi.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka ʻenemi weliweli loa o nā mustangs ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kāne nāna e hoʻopau iā lākou no ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo. I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻia nā kupapaʻu lio i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai pipi. Hānau ʻia ʻo Mustangs me kahi wikiwiki e hiki ai iā lākou ke haʻalele i nā mea hoʻoweliweli kūpilikiʻi, a me ke ahonui i loaʻa mai nā ʻano hana kaumaha. Akā ʻaʻole kēia mau ʻano kūlohelohe e kōkua mau i nā lio hihiu.
Aia ka papa inoa o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe:
- cougar (puma);
- bea;
- ʻīlio hae;
- coyote;
- lynx
He ʻano hana pale pale ko Mustangs e kōkua ai i ka pale ʻana i nā hoʻouka kaua mai nā mea hoʻomake honua. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pūʻulu i kahi ʻano o ka pūʻali koa pūʻali, ke hele nā mares me nā keiki kāne i waenakonu, a ma ke anapuni he mau lio lio, huli i mua o ka ʻenemi me kā lākou croup. I kēia kūlana, hoʻohana nā lio i ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao hope ikaika e kaua aku i kā lākou poʻe hoʻouka kaua.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻOiai i ke kenekulia ma mua o ka hope, ua like ka maka o nā mustangs - nui loa ko lākou heluna kanaka. I nā steppe o ʻAmelika Hema, nā holoholona me ka huina nui o 2 miliona e holoholo ana. I loko o kēia manawa, ua luku ʻia nā lio hihiu me ke kanalua ʻole, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo, a hiki i ka wā e maopopo ai ka pili ʻole o ka hana hou me ka luku ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mahi ʻana o ka ʻāina a me ka puka ʻana o nā wahi pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā pipi mahiʻai i hoʻohuli i ka emi nui o ka heluna kanaka..
Hoihoi ia! Ua ʻeha pū ka heluna mustang mai ka "mobilization" o nā holoholona e nā ʻAmelika i ka mua o ke kenekulia 20. Ua hopu lākou i mau lio hihiu he nui e noho i ka American-Spanish a me World War I.
ʻO ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1930, ua heleleʻi ka nui o nā mustangs i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 50-150 tausani lio, a i nā makahiki 1950 - a i 25,000. ʻO nā luna o ʻAmelika, hopohopo e pili ana i ka luku ʻia o nā laha, hoʻoholo i kekahi mau kānāwai ma 1959 i kaupalena ʻia a laila pāpā loa i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā lio hihiu. ʻOiai ka momona o nā mustangs, hiki ke pāpālua i ka nui o nā holoholona i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻehā, i kēia manawa ko lākou helu maʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada i helu ʻia ma 35,000 mau poʻo wale nō. Hōʻike ʻia nā helu haʻahaʻa e nā hana kūikawā i hoʻolālā ʻia e kaupalena i ka ulu ʻana o nā lio.
Manaʻo ʻia lākou e hōʻeha i nā lau nahele uhi uhi ʻia, e ʻeha ai nā flora a me nā holoholona kūloko. No ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike kaiaola, pono e ʻeli ʻia nā mustangs (me ka ʻae o nā hui kaiapuni) ma aneʻi no ke kūʻai hou ʻana a i ka luku ʻana no ka ʻiʻo. ʻOiaʻiʻo, kūʻē ka poʻe ʻōiwi o nā papu i ka luku ʻia o nā lio hihiu, e hana ana i kā lākou mau manaʻo ponoʻī no ka pale ʻana i kēia mau lio kipi a nani hoʻi. No nā lāhui o ʻAmelika, nā mustangs a noho mau ka hōʻailona o kahi indomitable e ʻimi nei no ke kūʻokoʻa a me ke ola manuahi. Ua hala ka moʻolelo mai ka waha a ka waha e holo ʻole kahi mustang mai kahi kau bipi aku iā ia e lassoed, ʻoi aku ka makemake e hoʻolei iā ia iho i kahi pali.
