Vesnyanka

Vesnyanka (Plecoptera) aia ma kahi o 3500 mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia, 514 o ia mau mea maʻamau i ʻEulopa. ʻO kēia nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kaʻina o nā ʻelala mai ka Polyneoptera clade me ka hoʻololi piha ʻole. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mākua i ka wā puna, no laila loaʻa ko lākou inoa - vesnanki. ʻAno ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana pōhaku āpau i ka hoʻohaumia wai a me ko lākou kū ʻana i kahi kahawai a i ʻole ke kū ʻana o ka wai he hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi o ka wai maikaʻi.

Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe

Kiʻi: Vesnyanka

Plecoptera (dragonflies) - kahi kaʻawale iki o nā pepeke exopterigoth. He lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kauoha, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mōʻaukala, mai ka wā Permian mua. Kū kaʻawale nā ​​ʻohana o kēia ao i waena o nā mea hoʻohālikelike mai ka amber Baltic, ka makahiki i pili nui ʻia i ka Miocene (38-54 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei). Ua wehewehe mua nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā ʻano 3,780 a ke ʻimi nei i nā ʻano hou a puni ka honua, 120 o lākou he fossil.

Video: Vesnyanka

Pili ʻo Vesnians i ka pūʻulu o nā kauoha mua morphologically o nā ʻelala, Polyneoptera. Ma loko o Polyneoptera, ua hoʻokau nā ʻepekema i nā kuhiakau like ʻole e pili ana i ka mahele ʻauhau o nā dragonflies, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻae i ka manaʻo like. ʻAʻole hiki i ka anamanaʻo Molecular ke hōʻike i ka pilina ma waena o nā hui like ʻole, kūpaʻa ʻole nā ​​hopena ma muli o ke ʻano noiʻi koho a me ka ʻauhau hoʻokolokolo.

ʻImi hoihoi: ʻO ka inoa "Plecoptera" ʻo ia hoʻi "nā ʻeheu i ulana ʻia", mai ka Greek Greek pleinein (πλέκειν, "i ka ulana ʻana") a me pterix (πτέρυξ, "ʻēheu"). Kuhi kēia i ka hoʻonohonoho koʻikoʻi o kā lāua mau ʻeheu ʻelua, i webbed a pelu pā ma ka hope. ʻO nā dragonflies, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole he pailaka ikaika, a ʻo kekahi ʻano laha ʻole ʻēheu

ʻO ka mea kuʻuna, protoperlaria i loaʻa i ka wā Carboniferous (Penn Pennsylvaniaian) i manaʻo ʻia he mau ʻelele no ke kauoha o nā butterflies. Wahi a nā noiʻi aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole pili lākou i nā butterflies. I ka 2011, ua wehewehe mua ʻia kahi pōhaku mōʻalihaku mai ka wā Carboniferous, kahi i kūlike i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina o kēia manawa.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā wehewehe ʻana o nā pōhaku fossil mai ka Eocene he ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻelima: Nemurids, Perlidae, Perlodidae, Taeniopterygidae, a me nā leuktrides. Ua loaʻa pū kekahi lālā o ka ʻohana Perlidae i ka amber Dominican liʻiliʻi, kahi mea kupaianaha loa no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā dragonflies i ka Antilles (ke kumu o ka amber Dominican).

ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka freckle

He palupalu ʻo Vesnians, ʻelima elongated me kahi kolo a i ʻole pālahalaha kino ʻia. ʻEleʻele lākou a waiwai ʻole ʻole i ka ʻokoʻa kala. Loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻohana kahi mauʻu a melemele paha i hui ʻia me nā kala ʻeleʻele; He kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo ko Chloroperlidae.

I loko wale nō o ka ʻohana (ʻole ʻEulopa) ʻo Eustheniidae e ʻike ʻia ai nā holoholona kala ʻula. Mālamalama a ʻeleʻele paha nā ʻeheu, kākaʻikahi me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. Moe lākou i luna o kekahi i kekahi ma kahi hoʻomaha i ko lākou kua, hāwili pinepine ʻia, ʻemi hapa ʻia a puni ke kino. I nā ʻano he nui, hoʻopōkole ʻia nā ʻeheu a hana ʻole (pinepine wale i nā kāne).

Mea leʻaleʻa: ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano he 3.5 a 30 mm ka lōʻihi. ʻO Diamphipnoa ka laha nui loa, me kahi lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 40 mm a me kahi ʻēheu o 110 mm.

Kipaku ʻia ke poʻo o ka freckle i mua, i kekahi manawa e kau iki ana, ākea pinepine i ka ākea. Ma ke poʻo, loaʻa nā antennae lōʻihi i nā kolo a hiki i ka hapalua o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Kūpilikiʻi nā maka, ʻo ka maʻamau me kahi puʻupuʻu nui a hemispherical. ʻO nā ribcages e like me ka nui, ka forechest (Prothorax) pālahalaha pinepine, i kekahi manawa dilated. ʻO nā wāwae he lahilahi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae hope ma mua o nā wāwae mua.

ʻEhā mau ʻēheu translucent. ʻO nā ʻēheu mua he elongate-oval, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka hope, akā ʻoi aku ka laulā. Hoʻomaopopo loa nā veins ma nā ʻeheu a, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻohana, ʻike ʻia e nā veins transverse i haʻi ʻia. Hoʻonui mau ʻia ka ʻōpū. Manuahi nā pā ʻōpū a me nā dorsal, hoʻohui ʻia i kekahi manawa me nā ʻaoʻao hope. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻāpana he ʻumi o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka hope o ka hope, keu hoʻi i nā kāne, ulu pinepine i loko o nā ʻōnaehana moena ʻike ʻia a paʻakikī hoʻi. ʻO kekahi mau filament huelo lōʻihi, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻohana, ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi, i kekahi manawa ua pōkole loa a ʻike ʻole ʻia.

Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻōpala?

Kiʻi: Freckle insect

Loaʻa ʻo Vesnjanki ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, koe wale no ʻo Antarctica. Noho lākou i nā hemispheres hema a ʻākau hoʻi. ʻOkoʻa ʻokoʻa ko lākou heluna kanaka, ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻike evolutionary e hōʻike nei ua hele paha kekahi mau laha i ka equator ma mua o ka hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia ʻana.

ʻO nā ʻano lele like ʻole, e like me Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly (Capnia lacustra) a i ʻole Baikaloperla, ʻo ia wale nō nā mea kolo i ʻike wale ʻia he wai wale nō mai ka hānau a hiki i ka make. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻeke wai maoli (Nepomorpha) ke piha i ka wai no ke ola, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke waiho i ka wai no ka huakaʻi.

ʻImi hoihoi: I nā larvae o nā stoneflies (Perla marginata) i ka makahiki 2004, ua loaʻa ka hemocyanin polū i ke koko. A hiki i kēlā manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka hanu ʻana o nā pōhaku pōhaku, e like me nā mea kolo āpau, ma muli wale nō o ke kaila tracheal. I nā noi hope, ua ʻike ʻia ka hemocyanin e ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā kolo. Ua loaʻa ka pigment o ke koko i loko o nā larvae pōhaku ʻē aʻe akā ʻike ʻia he hana ʻole biologically i nā ʻano he nui.

ʻIke nui ʻia nā larvae pōhaku ma lalo o nā pōhaku i nā kahawai anuanu ʻole i haumia. Hiki ke loaʻa kekahi mau ʻano ma nā kapakai pōhaku o nā loko anuanu, i loko o nā kahawai o nā lāʻau i hoʻopihapiha ʻia a me nā ʻōpala i hōʻiliʻili a puni nā pōhaku, nā lālā a me nā gratings o ka lawe wai. I ka hoʻoilo, pili pinepine ka larva i nā alahaka paʻa ma luna o nā kahawai, a loaʻa kekahi mau ʻano i ka hau a hoʻomaha paha ma nā pā i nā lā mahana o ka hoʻoilo.

I ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mākua e kau ana ma luna o nā pōhaku a me nā lāʻau i loko o ka wai, a i ʻole nā ​​lau a me nā kumu o nā lāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau kokoke i ka wai. Noho mau ka ʻohana ma luna o nā mea paakiki e like me nā pōhaku, nā ʻiliʻili a i ʻole ka lāʻau make. Noho kekahi mau loea loea i ka hohonu o ke one, pale lākou me nā hulu (no ka laʻana, ka genera Isoptena, Paraperla, Isocapnia). He ahonui ʻole nā ​​ʻano Plecoptera āpau i ka haumia o ka wai, a ʻo ko lākou kū ʻana i kahi kahawai a i ʻole ke kū ʻana o ka wai he hōʻailona ia no ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi o ka wai.

He aha ka ʻai a ka freckle?

Kiʻi: Mushka Vesnyanka

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ʻai nā laha liʻiliʻi i nā limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me diatoms + detritus. ʻO nā laha nui nā predators me nā poʻo nui, nā āwi niho a kuhikuhi ʻia i nā larva he 3-4 i kēlā me kēia lā a i ʻole nā ​​lele liʻiliʻi waena. Hiki paha i ke kanaka makua Perla larva ke maʻalahi a nahu i nā manamana lima ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana iā ia. Ma muli o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka momona i ke kino, hiki i nā holoholona ke ola no nā mahina me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai.

Hiki i ka papaʻai ke loli ma muli o ke kahua a me ka nohona. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā meaola ʻili liʻiliʻi a lahilahi hoʻi e like me ka mayfly a me ka mosquito larva.

ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka meaʻai no nā larvae pōhaku e komo pū me:

• larvae mosika;
• nā larvae o nā midges;
• larfly mayfly;
• invertebrates liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe;
• limu.

ʻAʻole hibernate ka larvae freckle a hiki i ka paʻa loa ʻana o ka wai. Hānai lākou i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa a ulu a hoʻoheheʻe mau. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ka larvae pōhaku nui i nā manawa he 33 i ka manawa o ka larval 2-3 makahiki. ʻO 18 mau molts wale nō i ka makahiki mua o ko lākou ola. ʻO ka pae larval no ka manu lele he mea nui ia e like me ka ulu ulu nui no ka puka ʻana a me ke koho ʻana i ka nohona.

ʻO nā freckles makua, ʻokoʻa ka larvae voracious, ʻaʻole he predators. ʻAʻole hānai iki kekahi ʻano o nā pōhaku pōhaku makua, akā, ʻo ka uhi ʻalemo ma ka ʻili, ka lāʻau decomposed, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i palupalu e lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea ulu lāʻau Hiki i kekahi mau laha ke pāpālua i ko lākou kaumaha ma hope o ka hatching ma mua o ke kau ʻana. ʻOiai i nā pūʻulu me nā ʻāpana waha i hoʻēmi nui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o kaʻai ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o nā pōhaku pōhaku mai kekahi mau lā a i kekahi mau pule.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona

Kiʻi: Vesnyanka

ʻO nā larvae pōhaku he mea aloha i ka wai, me ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau laha, kahi e noho ai nā ʻohana i nā wahi pulu i ka ʻāina. Hōʻike lākou i kahi kūleʻa i ke anuanu, maʻa mau ka wai waiwai oxygen, a noho ʻia nā kahawai e nā mea i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wai kū. No laila, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o lākou i nā laha ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka latitude ma mua o ka tropic.

I kekahi mau laha, hiki i nā lūlū ke hatch mai kahi hua manu i ka mahana o ka wai o 2 ° C. ʻO nā līlū kauwela e hoʻomohala i nā mahina kauwela e komo pinepine i ka diapuse i nā mahina kau wela.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o nā freckles i ka lele e kaupalena ʻia e ka holo lele haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa e lele. I hoʻokahi aʻo ʻana ma UK, 90% o nā mākua (me ka nānā ʻole i ka moekolohe) i noho ma lalo o 60 mau mika mai nā wai larval, inā he ululāʻau a hāmama paha ia wahi.

Hoʻolālā mālie ka larvae. Pili ka helu o nā molts i nā kūlana ola. Ma Central Europe, ʻo ka manawa o ka hanauna he hoʻokahi makahiki ia, ʻo kekahi mau ʻano nui he nui i mau makahiki e hoʻomohala. Koho pinepine nā ʻano hoʻoilo i nā ʻāha i hana ʻia ma hope o ka paʻa ʻana o ka hau i lalo o ka hau, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele i kēia wahi anuanu a haʻalele mau i ke kahakai. Makemake nā ʻano he nui e hūnā i nā hale semi-pouli: ma lalo o nā alahaka, ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o nā lālā a me nā lau, i nā māwae i ka ʻili lāʻau. ʻO kekahi poʻe i haʻi ʻia he holoholona diurnal e lele i ka mālamalama mālamalama a me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou

Kiʻi: He mau kaikamahine puna

ʻAʻole like me nā wahine, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kāne hou i hiki ke copulate. Lōʻihi lākou i kahi manawa e oʻo piha ai, keu hoʻi a hiki i ka papa o ko lākou mau kino a paʻakikī ke kino. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻohana hānau kāne mai kekahi ʻano a i kekahi. Hana ʻia ka male ma ka honua, i hiki i nā papahele ke loaʻa a hoʻomaopopo iā lākou iho i ka leo substrate. ʻO ke kāne "pahu" ma ka ʻōpū me kahi ritmo kikoʻī, a pane ka wahine iā ia. Lawe ke ʻōwili pahu i kekona kekona a hana hou ʻia i nā wā maʻamau i kēlā me kēia 5-10 kekona.

Hoʻonoho ʻia nā hua manu ma ke ʻano he hua manu paʻa ma luna o ka wai i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka moʻo ʻana a ma hope paha o kekahi manawa o ka oʻo ʻana, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻano. Hoʻolahalaha nui ka hua moa i ka wai. I kekahi mau ʻano (ʻo kahi laʻana, ka ʻohana Capniidae), hatch ka larvae ma hope koke o ke kau ʻana. ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi loa e hoʻohua i parthenogenetically. Hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻomoe i hoʻokahi tausani hua. E lele ʻo ia ma luna o ka wai a hoʻolei i nā hua i loko o ka wai. Hiki iā Vesnianka ke kau mai kahi pōhaku a lālā paha a hoʻomoe i nā hua manu.

ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻa: mau ke kope ʻana i kekahi mau minuke a hana hou ʻia i mau manawa. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomomona ʻia nā hua manu āpau i ka wā o ka hānau mua ʻana, no laila ʻaʻohe waiwai o nā ʻōpū ʻē aʻe.

Uhi ʻia nā hua i ka lālau paʻa e ʻae iā lākou e pili i nā pōhaku i ʻole lākou e neʻe me ke kahawai neʻe. ʻElua a ʻekolu mau pule paha ka hatch ʻana o nā hua, akā hemo kekahi i nā laha, me ka waiho mau ʻana o nā hua i ka wā maloʻo a oʻo wale nō ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono.

Noho mau nā ʻino i loko o kā lākou ʻano larval no hoʻokahi a ʻehā mau makahiki, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka laha, a komo i ka 12 a i ka 36 molts ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ke kahua makua, e puka ana a lilo i mau ʻenekia terrestrial mākua. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine nā kāne ma mua o ka wahine, akā kau pinepine nā manawa. Ma mua o ka ulu ʻana, haʻalele ka naimā i ka wai, hoʻopili i kahi papa kū, a hoʻoheheʻe i ka manawa hope loa.

Ola wale nā ​​mākua no kekahi mau pule a ʻike wale ʻia i kekahi mau manawa o ka makahiki ke maikaʻi ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai. ʻAʻole lele ikaika nā poʻe mākua a noho mau ma kahi o ke kahawai a i ʻole ke loko mai kahi a lākou e pae ai. Ma hope o ka male ʻana, nalo koke ka ikaika ola o nā pōhaku. Noho nā kāne ma kahi o 1-2 mau pule. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa lele o nā wahine - 3-4 mau pule; akā make pū lākou ma hope koke o ke kau ʻana.

ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā pōhaku

Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka freckle

Ma muli o ka hilinaʻi ʻana o nā freckles i ka wai ʻoluʻolu, oxygenated maikaʻi no ka ulu ʻana o ka larval, maʻalahi lākou i ka hoʻokuʻu wai i nā kahawai. ʻO nā effluent e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻike oxygen o ka wai e luku koke iā ia. ʻOiai nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi o ka haumia, e like me ka hoʻokahe ʻana i ka wai i kahi mahiʻai, hiki ke luku i nā dragonflies i nā kahawai kokoke. Eia hou, hiki i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai i ke kauwela ke hoʻopau i nā dragonflies mai ko lākou wahi noho.

ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o nā larva o nā pōhaku he iʻa + manu manu. ʻAi nā iʻa Omnivorous i nā larva i nā nui he nui, a hiki i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi ke ʻai i nā hua manu dragonfly. ʻO Larvae kahi ipu punahele no nā manu e noho ana ma nā ʻae one i hoʻonui ʻia me nā ʻohe a me nā mea kanu wai ʻē aʻe.

Pākuʻi ʻia kēia mau mea:

• nā mea ukana;
• ʻona;
• terns;
• ʻalalā;
• nā kaʻa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo;
• ʻeleʻele swift;
• nā mea ʻai piʻo gula;
• mea hihiu ʻike kiko, a pēlā aku.

ʻImi nā ʻāpana o nā huna wai a me nā nalo ʻauʻau i ka larva o nā lūlū pōhaku. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā larvae liʻiliʻi e nā hydras wai hou. Hiki i nā freckles makua ke komo i loko o ka pūnaewele o nā spider ulana orb, spider spider, tetragnatid spider, i ulana ʻia ma kahi o nā kino wai. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā freckles mākua e nā lele ktyri. ʻAʻohe ʻenemi o nā puʻupuʻu pōhaku i waena o nā mea kolo a me nā mea hānai manu.

Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano

Kiʻi: Freckle insect

ʻAʻole paha i hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano pōhaku i loko o ka papa inoa Red Book me he mea lā e ʻaneʻane pau ana i ka hopena. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kumu o kēia ke aʻo ʻana i ka mahele a me ka nui o ka nui o nā hui like ʻole he hana paʻakikī loa. Hoʻohui, ʻaʻole maopopo a mahalo ʻole ka hapanui o ka poʻe i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi i nā kaiaolaola wai hou.

ʻAʻohe mea kānalua i kekahi ʻano lūlū pōhaku ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia a aia paha ma ka ʻane o ka make. ʻO ka hapanui paha, he ʻano laha kēia me nā koi koiola liʻiliʻi a e noho nei i nā wahi kū hoʻokahi ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā hana a ke kanaka. Ua hoʻolei nā mea kanu ʻōpala overloaded i nā ʻōpala mai nā hana a kānaka, nāna e hoʻopau i nā oxygen āpau i ka palaho.

Hoʻemi nui ʻia ka helu o nā freckles ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻona, ʻo ia hoʻi:

• nā hoʻokuʻu mai nā hale hana a me nā mines;
• ʻōpala mahiʻai;
• hoʻokele ulu lāʻau;
• hoʻomohala kūlanakauhale.

Vesnyanka alo i ka hoʻoweliweli o ka haumia mai nā kumu i hana ʻole ʻia. Kū aʻe kēia pilikia mai ka nui loa o nā meaʻai a me ka ua e komo i nā kahawai, nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā loko mai nā ʻano kumuwaiwai paʻakikī e hiki ke ʻimi. Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻano freckles he nui no ka mea ʻo ka nui o nā meaola a me ka sediment e uhi i nā papa kahi e peʻe ai kā lākou larva. I kēia lā i ka honua he hakakā koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kēia mau hoʻokuʻu a ke emi nei lākou.

Lā paʻi: 01/30/2020

Lā hou: 08.10.2019 ma 20:24