Inā ma mua hina hina ua lawaiʻa ikaika ʻia, a laila mai ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala, ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ko lākou heluna kanaka, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻāina he nui e kau i nā kapu. Makemake ʻo Grayling e noho i loko o ka wai wikiwiki a anuanu hoʻi, no laila aia ma Rūsia ka hapa nui o lākou, a ʻike ʻia lākou i nā kahawai liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa lākou i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea āpau ke momona lākou ma hope o ka hoʻoilo.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Grayling
Ua ʻike ʻia nā iʻa Proto ma ka Honua i ka wā ma mua loa - ma mua o ka hapalua biliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, nā mea i uhi ʻia me ke kukui, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka hina ʻana, 420 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Akā ʻaʻole ʻano like kēlā mau iʻa me nā iʻa o kēia mau lā, a ʻo ka iʻa mua, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā kūpuna kokoke o ka hina ʻana, i ala mai i ka hoʻomaka o ka wā Cretaceous - ʻo ia nā ʻelele mua o ke kaʻina herring.
No lākou mai ka waenakonu o ka manawa like i ʻike ʻia ai nā salmonid, a ua lilo iā lākou ka hina. ʻOiai ʻo ka manawa o ka helehelena i hoʻokumu ʻia i kēia manawa wale nō (akā naʻe, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia e nā ʻike genetika) no ka mea ʻo nā mea i loaʻa i ka wā kahiko o kēia iʻa e pili ana i 55 miliona mau makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi, pili lākou i ka wā Eocene
Video: Grayling
I kēlā manawa, haʻahaʻa ka ʻano ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā salmonid; no nā makahiki he nui, ua nalo loa kā lākou mau mōʻalihaku. A laila hiki mai ka manawa o nā loli climatic, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka speci salmonids - ua hana kēia i 15-30 miliona mau makahiki i hala. A laila hoʻomaka ke ʻano o nā lā hou.
I kēia mau lā, ʻekolu mau ʻohana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma waena o nā salmonid, me ka hina ʻana. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kā lākou kaʻawale ʻana i ka manawa o ka wehewehe kikoʻī, a laila ua ulu ʻokoʻa ka hina. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hina hina hou ma hope, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka manawa kikoʻī. Ua wehewehe ʻia ma 1829 e J.L. ʻO de Cuvier, ka inoa i kapa ʻia ma ka inoa Latin Tymallus.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano hina
ʻO ka nui a me ke kaumaha o ka hina hina i kāna ʻano. No laila, ʻo ka ʻEulopa kekahi o nā mea nui loa, ulu ia a 40-50 cm, kekahi mau kānaka a hiki i 60. Hiki ke kaumaha i 3-4 kg, a i ʻole 6-6.7 kg. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia, a ʻo nā iʻa ʻelemakule 7-10 mau makahiki ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.5 kg.
ʻO ka mea mua, ke nānā aku i kēia iʻa, ʻumeʻume ʻia ka nānā e kāna finau dorsal nui, i hiki ke ʻō i ka ʻāpana caudal loa o nā kāne. Mahalo i kēia fin, paʻakikī loa e huikau i ka hina ʻana me kekahi iʻa ʻē aʻe. He mea hoihoi inā i loko o nā wahine e noho ana ma ke kiʻekiʻe like ma kona lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa, a i ʻole iho iki i lalo i ka hiʻu, a laila i nā kāne ke piʻi a ʻike ʻia kona kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻonani pinepine ʻia ka huelo me nā kiko a i ʻole nā ʻāpana: ʻulaʻula nā kiko, hiki i ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka nui, puni a indefinite paha. Hiki mai nā ʻāpana i nā ʻano kala like ʻole, pouli mau, lilac a i ʻole polū. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui ʻEulopa ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kīnā.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Grayling he iʻa nani. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻokoʻa ke kala o ke kino: aia kekahi mau kanaka hina me kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka polū, ʻeleʻele, lilac, aniani loa. I loko o ka wā spawning, lilo ke kala o ka iʻa i waiwai. ʻO ke kala e loaʻa i kahi iʻa i hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole wale e nā genes, akā i ke kino o ka wai kahi e ola ai. ʻIke ʻia kēia i ka laʻana o ka lā Siberian: ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala o kēlā me kēia kanaka e noho ana i nā kahawai nui, a ʻoi aku ka pouli ka poʻe makemake i nā muliwai liʻiliʻi iā lākou.
Pili ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa i ka nui o ka meaʻai e puni ana iā ia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana i nā kahawai nui i ke aniau, loaʻa iā 2-3 kg i ka makahiki ʻewalu a ʻumi paha o ke ola, a ʻoi aku paha. I nā latitude kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ulu maikaʻi lākou, a ʻo ka hopu ʻana i ka hina hina he 1.5 kg ke kūleʻa nui loa, pinepine pinepine lākou he liʻiliʻi. Aia ka nui o ka hina i kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, mai ka nui o ka mālamalama e loaʻa iā ia, he aha ka mahana o ka wai a me kona oxygen oxygen, a mai kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe. Inā maikaʻi ʻole ka nohona, hiki i ke oho hina ke kau ʻia ma 500-700 gram i ka makahiki 7-8.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I nā loko kuahiwi ʻo Siberian, ʻike ʻia ka hina hina, a hiki i ka hopena o ko lākou ola ke waiho nei lākou i ke kala like me ka fry - kā lākou iho a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Mālamalama loa lākou a he mau kaha ʻeleʻele i nā ʻaoʻao.
Ma hea e noho ai ka hina?
Kiʻi: Grayling i loko o ka wai
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hina hina o ʻEulopa i nā kahawai he nui ma nā kihi like ʻole o ʻEulopa, ʻoiai ua emi nui ka heluna kanaka, a ma kekahi mau kahawai kahi e noho ai, ua hala. ʻO ka palena komohana o kona hāʻawi ʻana aia ma Palani, a ʻo ka palena hikina i nā Urala.
Liʻiliʻi ka laulā o nā ʻano Mongolian, noho wale ia i nā loko ma Mongolia a ʻaʻole mamao mai kona palena ma Lūkia. Ma ka ʻākau o ia a ma ka hikina o ka ʻEulopa, ola ʻo Siberian hina. Hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā o kāna mau ʻāpana ma kahi o ka ʻĀpana holoʻokoʻa o Rūsia.
No laila, pālahalaha kēia iʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Eurasia, e noho ana ma kahi o ke aniau aniau, a loaʻa ia i loko o ka Arctic Circle. Aia kekahi hina ʻAmelika (kahi ʻāpana o Siberian): loaʻa lākou ma ʻAkau ʻAmelika, a me nā kahawai ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina loa o Eurasia.
Hiki i kēia iʻa ke noho ʻelua ma ka pālahalaha a me nā kahawai kuahiwi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka hope, ʻike pinepine ʻia ia i loko o nā kahawai nui - ʻo ka mea nui ke kahe a me ka wai anuanu i loko o lākou. A kahe wikiwiki aku ia: aloha ke oho hina i ka wai momona me ka wai a noho pinepine i kahi kokoke i nā haki.
ʻAʻole makemake lākou i ka wai mehana, no laila hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o nā loko - akā loaʻa pū kekahi iā lākou. Hiki iā lākou ke ola a 2,300 m; Hiki iā lākou ke noho ma ka maʻemaʻe wale nō, akā i ka wai brackish hoʻi: hopu ʻia lākou i nā delta o nā muliwai Siberian nui, akā mālama ʻia lākou ma ka papa, kahi kokoke ka wai i ka hou.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka hina. E nānā kāua i ka ʻai a kēia iʻa.
He aha ka ʻai a ka hina?
Kiʻi: iʻa hina
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka hina e like me ka salemona ʻē aʻe e noho ana i nā kahawai.
Loaʻa iā ia:
- nā mea kolo a me kā lākou larvae;
- ilo:
- pūpū;
- iʻa a kālua;
- kaviavi.
Inā noho nā lele caddis i kahi loko wai, a laila ke hilinaʻi nui nei ka hina iā lākou: hiki iā lākou ke hana i ʻekolu mau hapa o kāna papa kuhikuhi. Ma ke ʻano laulā, hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia iʻa he omnivorous, paʻakikī e loaʻa nā holoholona ʻawahia a liʻiliʻi hoʻi e hōʻole ai e ʻai.
Hiki iā Grayling ke hānai i nā mea crustacea liʻiliʻi loa, a ʻai ʻia lākou e kā lākou mau ʻai a me nā kānaka nui, a me kahi iʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o lākou iho. He mau mea hoʻoweliweli weliweli kēia, ma kahi kokoke i nā iʻa e nāwaliwali ai i ko lākou kiaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻauʻau koke ʻana - hiki i ka hina ke hoʻouka kaua ʻole.
Mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka hina hina, aia kekahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka poʻe koʻekoʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻau i kekahi kahawai liʻiliʻi a i ʻole kahi kahawai, a i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana e hana pinepine lākou i kēia. No laila, hiki ke hopu ʻia kēia mau iʻa me ka iole: ʻoki maikaʻi loa lākou i nā koʻokoʻo.
Mea hoihoi: E like me nā salmonid ʻē aʻe, neʻe lākou - i ka pūnāwai lākou e piʻi i uka, i kekahi manawa ʻauʻau i nā lawaiʻa, kahi momona a hua aʻe, i ka hāʻule paheʻe lākou i lalo. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano o ia neʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole uhi ka hina ʻana i kahi mamao loa: ʻau pinepine lākou ma mua o kekahi mau ʻumi mau mile.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Grayling i ke kauwela
Makemake lākou e noho kaʻawale, a ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa inā ʻaʻole kokoke i nā iʻa a pau e mālama i nā hipa, a laila noho ʻōpio kekahi i kekahi. Aia kekahi mau hoʻokoe: i kekahi manawa kuʻi ʻia kēia iʻa i loko o nā hui o 6-12 mau kānaka, akā hiki wale kēia i nā hihia ke lawa ʻole nā wahi maikaʻi ma nā ʻāpana no nā mea āpau.
No laila, i nā kahawai e noho nui ʻia me ka hina, hiki i kēlā mau hipa ke piʻi i mau kakini a i ʻole mau haneli mau kānaka: ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia, ma kahi laʻana, ma Vishera. Eia nō naʻe, inā e noho ka hina hina i kahi hui, ʻaʻohe pili kūikawā i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko ona, noho kokoke lākou kekahi i kekahi. Alualu lākou i ke ahiahi a i ke kakahiaka, aloha lākou i kahi manawa o ka lā ke ʻole ka lā wela, akā ʻaʻole pouli loa. Manaʻo ʻia kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, keu hoʻi i ke ahiahi, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka iʻa i luna e hānai i nā mea kolo e lele ana i ka wai i ke ahiahi.
I ka hopena o ka puna, ʻauʻau lākou i ka spawn, a piʻi aʻe nā ʻōpio i ka muliwai e hānai. Ma hope o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, hoʻomaka ka poʻe āpau e momona i ka momona, no laila hiki mai kahi manawa maikaʻi loa no ka lawaiʻa ʻana no ka hina hina ʻana, a mau ia a hiki i ke kau waena o ke kau: i nā mahina i hala iho nei, ʻono loa ka iʻa, mākaukau no ka hoʻoilo. Ke hoʻomaka ka hoʻoilo o ke kauwela, hoʻi ia i kona ala i hope, e paheʻe ana i lalo i kahi haʻahaʻa, kahi e hibernates ai. I ke anuanu neʻe iki, akā hoʻomau e hānai, no laila hiki ke hopu ʻia i ka hoʻoilo. Akahele ka maka, he maka maikaʻi a ʻano maikaʻi hoʻi, no laila ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hopu ʻana iā ia.
Akā aia kekahi pākuʻi i kēia: ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e noho ma kahi wahi no ka manawa lōʻihi a kali no kahi hopena. Inā kokoke ka hina, ʻike lākou i kā lākou mea pio a, inā ʻaʻohe mea e huikau iā lākou, pono ka wikiwiki e ukali. Inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia ma laila, a laila ʻaʻohe iʻa, a i ʻole makemake ʻo ia i kekahi mea. Nānā ʻo Grayling, no laila, ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā maunu hoʻopunipuni, he mea nui ia e hoʻonoho i nā mea e hoʻohālike i nā ʻelala e lele ana i kēia manawa o ka makahiki a i kēia mau hola, a i ʻole ka pua ʻana e noho kokoke ana. Inā ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hilinaʻi i ka kūleʻa o ka lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole e lawe ka iʻa kānalua i ka maunu.
ʻO ka pinepine, hiki iā ʻoe ke hui me ka hina i nā wahi aʻe:
- ma nā kahawai
- ma ka lepa;
- kokoke i nā pale kūlohelohe;
- ma lalo, waiwai i nā lua;
- ma nā kahawai kokoke i ka mokulele nui.
ʻO nā mea i makemake nui ʻia no lākou nā haʻalulu me ke au wikiwiki, no ka mea ʻo ka wai ma laila ka maikaʻi a maʻemaʻe hoʻi. ʻAʻole ʻoe e nānā i kēia iʻa i loko o nā kahawai hohonu i ka wā mahana, koe wale nō i ka hoʻoilo. I nā waihona wai liʻiliʻi, ʻike ʻia ka hina ʻana ma kahakai, i nā mea nui a lākou e ʻau wale ai i ka wā huli holoholona wale nō.
Pono e loaʻa nā hale pale ma kahi kokoke i kahi hoʻomoana hina: hiki i ka lāʻau drift a i ʻole nā pōhaku ma ka muliwai, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea like. Akā pono i kahi kikoo kokoke i ka puʻuhonua: kahi ākea ʻike ʻia kahi e nānā ai ka hina i ka mea pio.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pālua hina
Koe i ka wā o ka spawning manawa, ʻaʻohe kamaʻilio ma waena o ka iʻa, noho lākou a ʻimi kaʻawale. Ua oʻo kolohe nā wahine i ka makahiki o ʻelua, a ʻo nā kāne ma ka makahiki ʻekolu wale nō.
Hele ka iʻa e hānai i ka wā e mahana ai ka wai a ma ka liʻiliʻi he 7-8 kekelē ma ka ʻākau a hiki i ka 9-11 kekelē ma ka hema. Hana ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o ʻApelila a i ʻole Mei i nā latitude hema, a ma Iune wale nō i nā latitu ʻākau. Hana ʻia ka spawning i loko o ka wai papau: ma loko o 30-70 knm ka hohonu, ʻoiai e hoʻāʻo nei ka iʻa e loaʻa kahi one o lalo.
ʻAʻole i nui ka nui o nā hua moa a ka wahine i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe: i ke kaʻina mai 3 a 35,000 mau hua. Hāʻawi ʻia i kahi pakeneka liʻiliʻi o lākou e ola nei, ʻaʻole hānau pono ka hina, no laila e kāohi paʻa ʻia kā lākou hopu.
Wahi a nā kānaka noiʻi, pono ka fin dorsal nui o ke kāne ʻaʻole wale e huki i ka maka o nā wahine, ʻoiai e hana pū i kēia hana: kōkua pū ia i ka iʻa e hana i kahi kahawai, mahalo i ka lawe ʻole o kēia au i ka waiū no ka manawa lōʻihi a hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā hua.
Ke pau ka hanau ʻana a ka wahine, poholo nā hua i lalo, a kāpīpī ke kāne me ke one, ma lalo o ia, inā laki ʻo ia, noho no nā lā he 15-20 e hiki mai ana. ʻO ia kahi puʻuhonua hiki ke hiki me ke kumu nui e lana ai ka manaʻo i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻopā iā ia ma mua inā e ʻau manuahi ʻo ia, akā ʻoiai pinepine ka loaʻa ʻana o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe iā ia a ʻai.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka hina
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano hina
He iʻa nui ʻo Grayling, a no laila ʻaʻohe mea ʻino i nā kahawai e ʻāpono ʻōnaehana iā ia, eia nō naʻe, aia paha i ka makaʻu ʻo ia mai nā mea ʻaihue nui ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea mua, he pike a taimen kēia - hiki i kēia iʻa ke hemo maʻalahi i kahi hina makua a ʻai ʻia.
I loko o nā waihona kahi i noho ʻole ai lākou, lilo ka hina hina iā lākou i poʻo o ke kaulahao meaʻai, a ʻo nā mea ʻaihue wale nō e noho ana ma waho o ka wai e hoʻoweliweli iā lākou. ʻO ka mea mua, he kanaka kēia, no ka mea, mahalo nui ʻia ka hina ʻana, a lawaiʻa ikaika ʻia lākou no ka wahi i ʻae ʻia - a ma kahi e pāpā ʻia ai, nui nō nā mea ʻai holoholona.
ʻO nā kānaka ka mea weliweli loa no ka hina hina, ka nui o nā iʻa makua e ʻehaʻeha ma muli o lākou. Akā ʻimi ʻia nō ia e nā manu, no ka laʻana, nā mea ʻūpā a me nā kahu manu, nā mea hānai wai nui e like me nā beaver a i ʻole nā otters - hopu ʻia ka nui o nā iʻa ʻōpio iā lākou, huli nui ka makua no lākou.
Hiki i nā Lynxes, nā ʻalopeke arctic, nā bear ke hopu i ka hina hina piha, akā hana pinepine lākou ia mea, ʻo ka hānai nui ʻana i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka iʻa. No laila, no ka poʻe mākua i ke kūlohelohe, aia nā mea weliweli liʻiliʻi loa, no nā holoholona ʻōpio ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻoweliweli, akā ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa ka ʻai ʻana.
Nui nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā manu e ʻimi iā lākou, a ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale iā lākou iho. Eia hou, i nā pule mua ʻelua, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai pū kekahi i kekahi. A ʻo kahi hopena, koe wale nō kahi ʻāpana o ka palai a hiki i ka makahiki o 3 mau mahina, a ma hope e hoʻoliʻiliʻi a hoʻemi ʻia nā hoʻoweliweli iā lākou.
Mea hoihoi: I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole kali ʻo hina i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mea pio i loko o ka wai e ia wale nō, akā lele i hope ma hope o ke kiʻekiʻe o 50 cm - ʻo ka maʻamau kēia pehea lākou e hopu ai i nā makika e lele haʻahaʻa ana i ka wai. No laila, i ke ahiahi he maʻalahi loa ke ʻike ma hea kahi o lākou a hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka palekana i ka lawaiʻa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: iʻa hina
ʻO ke kenekulia i hala i ʻike i ka emi mau o ka heluna kānaka. ʻOiai ua lawa ia, a ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka hina ʻana i kahi ʻano make, ua pale ʻia kekahi o kāna ʻano ma kekahi mau ʻāina. No laila, he iʻa pale ʻia ka hina hina ʻEulopa ma Kelemania, Ukraine, Belarus a me kekahi mau wahi o Lūkia.
Ua heleleʻi ka nui o kēia iʻa i ʻEulopa ma mua o ke kenekulia i hala, ma muli o ka hana kanaka. ʻO ka lawaiʻa pololei ka hewa no kēia, a ʻoi aku - ka hoʻohaumia o nā wai o ka wai. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomaka ka paʻa o ka heluna kanaka hina i nā kahawai o ʻEulopa, a ua hana ka hana no kāna pale ʻana.
Ua heleleʻi nui ka heluna kanaka o Siberian greyling ma mua o ke kenekulia i hala. Ua like nā kumu, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole i haʻi iki ʻia. I mea e pale aku ai i ka hōʻemi hou ʻana o ka iʻa, i nā ʻāina kahi e lawe ʻia ai i lalo o ka pale, ke hana ʻia nei nā ana like ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Rūsia nā wahi i pale ʻia kahi e pale ʻia ai ka iʻa me ke akahele loa - no ka laʻana, aia kahi mālama ma Vishera, kahi e nui ai ka hina hina. Akā paʻakikī loa e pale aku i nā iʻa i loko o kahi ākea nui, a no laila ke hoʻomau nei nā mea lawehala i nā mea hōʻino nui i ka lehulehu.
No ka mālama ʻana iā ia, he mea nui ka hana hoʻopunipuni, i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa. I Lūkia, ua hānai ʻia ʻo Baikal, Sayan, Mongolian hina, i kēia ala, a ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka ʻāina, ua lawe ʻia ka hānau ma Lake Ladoga.
ʻO Grayling Ua aneane pau i ka muliwai ʻEulopa, ua like ka hopena ma kekahi mau wahi Lūkia. No ka hoʻōki ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana, pono e hana i nā hana e mālama ai i kona heluna kanaka a me ka hoʻouluulu hānai - kōkua ia e mālama a ulu i kahi nui o nā pā palai ma mua o nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
Lā o ka paʻi ʻia: 09/21/2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:17
