Ma waena o ka nui o nā manu e noho ana i ko mākou Honua, ʻaʻole hiki ke alo ʻole i kahi kanaka aliʻi maoli - kahi manu kupaianaha a kupaianaha hoʻi. lapalapa... Ke haʻi koke mākou i kēia inoa, ʻike ʻia kahi kiʻi ola i mua o kā mākou maka, kahi hōʻailona o ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka lokomaikaʻi. Akā ʻo ka mea nui a mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana i kēia mau mea ola ke kala ʻokoʻa o kā lākou plumage. I ka poʻe mākua, loli ke kaukaʻi ʻana i ka laha - mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻulaʻula.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Flamingo
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ke kumu o kēia mau lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻāina terrestrial aia ma mua o 30 miliona mau makahiki. ʻO ka homeland o nā kūpuna o nā flamingos o kēia manawa i manaʻo ʻia he mau wahi mehana a wela hoʻi - ʻo Asia a me ʻApelika. Eia nō naʻe, uhi ka papa ʻāina o kā lākou mōʻalihaku i nā wahi o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAkau ʻĀkau a me ʻEulopa.
Ma muli o ko lākou nani maoli, ka lokomaikaʻi a me ke kala kupaianaha, mahalo nui ʻia nā flamingo e nā poʻe, lilo i poʻe koa o nā kaʻao a hāʻawi ʻia me nā waiwai kupua. Ua mahalo ka poʻe ʻAigupita kahiko i kēia mau manu ma ke ʻano he manu laʻa, hoʻomana iā lākou, lawe mai i nā makana a moeʻuhane i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā makemake, ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ko lākou mana kupaianaha. A, ma ke ala, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he "manu o ka wanaʻao", a ʻaʻole loa he "napoʻo ʻana o ka lā", ʻoiai ke mele ʻia nei i ke mele kaulana.
Video: Flamingo
ʻO ka inoa "flamingo" i loaʻa mai ka huaʻōlelo Latina "flamma", ʻo ia hoʻi "ahi". Ua ʻae kēia consonance i ka poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo i ka manu phoenix manu kaʻao, e ʻaʻā ana a hānau hou ʻia mai ka lehu, i loaʻa i kona ʻano maoli i kahi lunamaka haʻaheo o ka ʻohana hulu me nā ʻāpana "ahi".
Eia naʻe, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā prosaic i nā mea āpau. I ka helehelena, like nā flamingo me nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae - nā crane a me nā herona, akā ʻaʻole pili pili iā lākou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo nā ʻohana kokoke loa o flamingos nā geese.
ʻAe pololei. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā meaola holoholona lōlani i nā flamingo i ke kaʻina o anseriformes a hiki i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ai nā loea i kahi kaʻawale kūikawā no lākou - flamingos.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu Flamingo
Hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o kekahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka honua holoholona, ma ke ʻano he rula, e nā mea ʻano ʻē o ka nohona a me ka nohona. ʻAʻohe o Flamingos.
Ua hāʻawi ke kūlohelohe i kēia mau manu me nā mea āpau e pono ai no kahi noho maikaʻi i nā kūlana kamaʻāina.
- Nā wāwae ikaika lōʻihi e hoʻokele i ka wai papau;
- ʻO ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi no ka ʻimi maʻalahi o ka meaʻai;
- Nā paws pūnaewele ʻaʻole e paʻa i ka lalo lepo o nā kino wai;
- Nuku nuku meli me nā kihi serrated e kānana i ka meaʻai;
- Nā ʻēheu no ka lele ʻana i nā wahi mehana a i nā wahi meaʻai.
ʻO Flamingo kahi kamaʻāina wai wai. Kaupaona ia he awelika o 3.5-4.5 kg, akā aia he nui a ʻuʻuku hoʻi nā kānaka. ʻO ka ulu - ma kahi o 90-120 knm. Ua poepoe ke kino, e pau ana i kahi huelo pōkole. Hāpai ia i ke poʻo inoa kūpono o ka manu ʻūlū lōʻihi a lōʻihi hoʻi ma ka honua (e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino).
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: ʻo ka ʻāʻī o ka lapalapa e wili maʻamau, akā inā e hoʻonui ʻia i kahi laina pololei, e like ia me ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae.
He mau ʻeheu liʻiliʻi ka flamingo. E kū i ka lewa, pono ʻo ia e holo i kahi holo lōʻihi, a e holo i kona kino i ka lele, pinepine ʻo ia i nā ʻēheu e lele pinepine. I ka lele ʻana, ʻaʻole kūlou ka manu i kona ʻāʻī a me kona mau wāwae, akā kikoo iā ia i hoʻokahi laina. Lele wikiwiki, maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi.
Ke keʻokeʻo o nā flamingos keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, hānau keʻokeʻo nā lālā o kēia ʻano. ʻO ka momona o ke kala o ka hulu ke hilinaʻi ʻia i ka papaʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka nui o carotene i loko o ka meaʻai i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ka nui o ia, ʻo ka hana nui o ke kino o ka flamingo e hana i ka pigment astaxanthin, a ʻo ka mālamalama o kona kala.
He mea hoihoi: ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā lunamaka hulu o ka ʻāina terestrial, nā wahine a me nā kāne o ka flamingo i kala like.
Hoʻopili ka mea hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano flamingo:
- Poni (maʻamau);
- ʻUlaʻula (Caribbean);
- Flamingo James;
- Kiliana;
- Andean;
- Liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka laha ka flamingo a pink (maʻamau). ʻOi aku kona kaumaha ma mua o 4 kg, a piʻi kona kiʻekiʻe i 140 knm. A ʻo ka flamingo liʻiliʻi ka mea liʻiliʻi o ke kauoha o flamingos. Kaupaona ia aneane hapalua o ka nui o kona ʻāpana poni (maʻamau) a paʻakikī e piʻi ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 90 cm.
Ma hea e noho ai nā flamingo?
Kiʻi: Pink Flamingo
ʻAʻole noho wale ʻo Flamingos. Akoakoa lākou i nā hui nui, kapa ʻia nā kolone, a noho i nā panalāʻau kūpono ma ke kahakai o nā kino wai papau a i ʻole nā lagoons. Thermophilic lākou a makemake e noho i kēlā mau wahi kahi lawa ka meaʻai a ʻaʻohe pono e holo lōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻoi aku kekahi o nā kolone ʻo flamingo ma mua o 100 tausani mau kānaka.
ʻO ka manaʻo nui o kēia mau manu i kēia manawa, e like me miliona o nā makahiki i hala aku nei, i ʻike ʻia ma ka hema-Hikina a me nā kikowaena o ʻAsia a me ʻApelika. Eia nō naʻe, ua wae ʻia nā flamingo a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he nui, kūpono i ko lākou noho ʻoluʻolu.
ʻO kahi laʻana, pūnana ka flamingos poni (maʻamau) i nā wahi hema o Sepania a me Palani, ma India a me Kazakhstan. ʻO kēia wale nō nā lāhui e hoʻolōʻihi ana i nā lele, a i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana hiki iā ia ke haʻalele i ke ala nui, a pau i nā ʻĀkau ʻākau - kokoke iā St. Petersburg a i ʻole Lake Baikal.
ʻAno like loa me ka flamingo maʻamau - nā ʻano Chile - noho i nā latitude tropika a me subtropical o ka South American Andes. A ma nā mokupuni o nā kolone o ke Kai Caribbean kahi nani loa, ʻālohilohi i ke kala, ʻulaʻula (Caribbean) pūnana flamingos.
Kiʻekiʻena i nā kuahiwi, i kahi o nā wai alkaline a me nā loko paʻakai, aia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4 tausani mau mika ma luna o ke kai, e ola ana ka Andean flamingo. A ʻo kona kaikaina alpine, ʻo James 'flamingo, a hiki i kēia manawa i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano make, a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia i hala ua ʻike ʻia kāna mau wahi pūnana laha ʻole ma Bolivia, ma Lake Colorado. I kēia manawa ua koho ʻo ia i nā panalāʻau o ka mauna mauna Andes ma Peru, Bolivia, Chile a me Argentina, akā ʻo ia nō nā ʻano flameo ʻoi loa.
A ma nā loko kai paʻakai ʻApelika, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i nā kolone he nui o ka ʻuʻuku o nā manu "ahi" - ka flamingo liʻiliʻi.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka flamingo?
Kiʻi: nani flamingo
ʻO ka meaʻai kahi mea nui i ke ola o ka lapalapa. ʻAʻole wale no ka mea hāʻawi ka meaʻai i ka ikehu e pono ai no ka hana ola piha. ʻO kā lākou pono nui ke hilinaʻi ʻia i kona ʻano - ka ʻōlinolino o ka plumage. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka papaʻai o flamingos.
No ka hapanui, hana ʻia e nā poʻe o ka wai papau.
- ʻO nā crustacea liʻiliʻi;
- Kai limu;
- ʻ larpala lāpala;
- Nā ilo;
- ʻFishhuhu.
He manu nui ka flamingo, ʻo ia hoʻi he nui ka meaʻai e pono ai. Nui nā meaola planktonic i nā loko paʻakai, koe wale nō e hoʻohana i nā hiki kūlohelohe. Lawe ʻia ka hopu ʻana i ka meaʻai me ke kōkua o kahi nuku nui a ikaika. I mea e paʻa ai ka meaʻai, wili ka flamingo i kona ʻāʻī a ʻo ka piko o kona nuku ma lalo. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka wai a pani i ka nuku, pahu ka flamingo i ka wai i waho, me he mea lā "e kānana" ana iā ia ma o nā niho e waiho ana ma nā kihi o ka nuku, a ale ka ʻai i koe i ka waha.
No ka nīnau o ka hopena o ka papaʻai i ke kala o flamingos, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka canthaxanthin pigment ponoʻī, ka mea e hāʻawi i ko lākou hulu i kahi kala ʻulaʻula, loaʻa i nā nui i ka limu-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā algae diatom i ʻānai ʻia e nā manu, a laila, pono ia e pale aku i nā mea ʻālohilohi. mālamalama lā. ʻAi nā limu like i nā crustacean liʻiliʻi o ka shrine brine, a loaʻa pū kekahi kala ʻalani a laila laila, ke hele nei i ka ʻaina awakea me nā flamingo, e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka pigment i loko o ko lākou kino.
Kūleʻa ʻo Flamingos. I ka lā, ʻai kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka nui o nā meaʻai e like me ka hapahā o kona kaumaha ponoʻī. A ʻoiai ua lawa ka nui o nā kolone manu, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i kā lākou mau hana i kahi kikowaena maoli no ka hana a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wai.
Mea hoihoi: manaʻo ʻia hiki i hoʻokahi awelika heluna kānaka o ka flamingo a pink ke hoʻopau i kahi o 145 mau ton o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻAno ʻokoʻa nā ʻano flamingo. Pili wale ia i ke ʻano o ka nuku. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke ʻano o ka nuku o Chilean a i ʻole flamingos maʻamau e ʻae iā ʻoe e mālama i kou waha i nā mea nui, i nā crustacea. A ʻo nā flamingo liʻiliʻi e noho ana i ʻApelika he nuku liʻiliʻi me kahi "kānana" lahilahi hiki ke kānana i nā limu unicellular kekahi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: holoholona Flamingo
ʻO nā ʻano flamingo āpau, ʻo nā flamingo a pink (maʻamau) a me nā kolone ponoʻī o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e noho ana i nā ʻāina ʻākau. ʻAʻole pono ka poʻe e noho ana i ka hema e lele no ka hoʻoilo. Ma kahi kūpono o kahi e waiho ai kā lākou pūnana, lawa ka mehana a me ka meaʻai.
Koho ʻia nā waihona wai Flamingo me ka wai paʻakai. Kūpono - inā ʻaʻohe iʻa iki, akā nui nā meaola planktonic.
ʻO nā loko paʻakai a me nā alkaline kahi ʻano hakakā. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma muli o ke kū ʻana i ka wai o kahi nui o ka lepo manu, hoʻomohala nā meaola i loko ona, kahi e hiki ai ke hana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ke ahi. Akā ʻo ka ʻili ma nā wāwae o ka lapalapa ahi paʻa loa a pale iā lākou mai nā hopena ʻino.
He mea hoihoi: nānā ʻo flamingos i kahi aupuni hoʻomaʻemaʻe: mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa hele lākou i nā kumuwaiwai wai wai e holoi i ka paʻakai a me ka alkali mai iā lākou iho a kinai i ko lākou make wai.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻo Flamingos i ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻimi a komo ʻana i ka meaʻai me he mea lā ʻaʻole lākou e mālama i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe o ka honua. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻike i ka huhū, conservative i kā lākou hana a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻololi i nā ʻano maʻamau i ko lākou ola.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Chick flamingo
ʻO ka pūnana Flamingos i nā kolone i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā hui kūʻokoʻa, kēlā me kēia manawa me nā manawa hoʻohālikelike hua manu. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka nohona o kēia mau manu.
Hoʻomaka ka wā moena o ka lapalapa ʻana me ka hāmeʻa o nā hōʻikeʻike moena lehulehu. Hana kēia ma kahi o 8-10 mau pule ma mua o ka pūnana ʻana. Hōʻike ʻo Flamingos i kahi huhū, e hoʻāʻo nei e lawe i ke kūlana maikaʻi loa i waena o ko lākou mau hoahānau i ka wā o nā pāʻani moena.
Ke hana ʻia kahi pālua, lilo ke kāne a me ka wahine i hoʻokahi. Pale lākou i kekahi i kekahi i nā hakakā, hana i nā hana maʻamau i ka lōkahi, e pili mau ana kekahi me kekahi a e uē pū hoʻi me ka lua! No ka hapa nui, mālama nā kāne i ka pilina i nā makahiki he nui, a lilo i ʻohana maoli.
Hoʻonui ʻia ka wā hoʻomoe hua manu i loko o ka flamingos i ka manawa a hiki ke hala ma mua o Mei a waena waena o Iulai. ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻonohonoho nā manu i nā pūnana i ka wai pāpaʻu, i kahi e noho ai ko lākou kolone. Hoʻohana ʻia ka pōhaku leho, pālolo, silt, lepo e like me ka pūnana. Akā makemake kekahi poʻe e pūnana ma luna o nā pōhaku a hoʻomoe paha i kā lākou mau hua i ke one me ka hana ʻole ʻana i nā kaumaha.
ʻO ka maʻamau i loko o ka lālau aia he 1-3 mau hua (pinepine pinepine 2), i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka wahine a me ke kāne. Ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina, hānau ʻia nā moa. Hānau ʻia lākou me ka hina hina a me ka nuku. Hoʻomaka nā moa e loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona flamingo e like me ka makahiki o ʻelua a me ka hapalua pule. Loaʻa kā lākou molt mua, hoʻomaka ka nuku e pelu.
I loko o nā mahina mua ʻelua o ke ola, hānai ʻia nā pēpē e nā mākua. Hoʻopuka lākou i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "waiū manu" - kahi huna ʻokoʻa i hūnā ʻia e nā gland kūikawā i kū i ka esophagus. Loaʻa iā ia ka nui o ka momona, protein, kekahi koko a me ka plankton.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: ʻo ka "waiū manu" no ka hānai ʻana i nā pīpī flamingo i hanau ʻia ʻaʻole na nā wahine wale nō, akā na nā kāne pū kekahi.
Ma hope o 2-3 mau mahina, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā flamingo ʻōpio makua mai ka mālama makua ʻana, kū i luna o ka ʻēheu a hoʻomaka e loaʻa kūʻokoʻa i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka lapalapa ahi
Kiʻi: Manu Flamingo
ʻO nā kolone o nā flamingo, he tausani a me nā ʻumi tausani mau kānaka, he "ʻai hānai" maikaʻi no nā mea he nui. ʻO kēia hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka mea hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi hoʻokahi ke kī i kahi alualu holomua.
He ʻenemi like nā Flamingos ma ka nāhelehele e like me ka nui o nā manu. ʻO kēia, ka mea mua loa, nā manu nui o nā manuʻai manuahi - nā ʻaeto, nā ʻalalā, nā lūlū - e ʻimi holoholona nui nei no nā moa a me nā holoholona ʻōpio a luku i nā pūnana i mea e ʻahaʻaina ai i nā hua i kau ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, pale maikaʻi nā kāne o ka flamingo a hana pū mau. Eia hou, i ka manawa o ka pūnana i loko o ke kolone, ikaika loa ke kōkua pū ʻana, ke lele ka manu e pale aku ʻaʻole i kā lākou ponoʻī wale nō, akā i nā lālau ʻē aʻe me nā keiki e hiki mai ana.
ʻImi pū nā mea ʻai honua i ka lapalapa ahi. ʻO nā ʻīlio hae, nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻīlio hihiu, ʻike i ka ʻono o kā lākou ʻiʻo, a noʻonoʻo ʻia nā manu he maʻalahi pio lākou. Lawa wale ia e kolo pono i ka wai pāpaʻu kokoke i kahi hui o kekahi mau kānaka a lālau i kahi manu e ʻawa a ʻaʻohe manawa e hemo ai. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, noho nā mea hōkai ma kahi kokoke i nā kolone i mea e loaʻa ai kahi kumu mau o ka meaʻai.
ʻO nā Flamingos i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā he phlegmatic, e ala ana nā ʻano hakakā i loko o lākou wale nō i ka wā o ka moena a i ka wā o ka pūnana ʻana, no laila, ʻoiai ka hoʻouluulu hana ʻana, pilikia nui nā kolone manu ma muli o ke kau hopu hāmama mau no lākou.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Flamingo Nui
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nā mea kū i ka ʻāina a me nā ʻēheu ka weliweli nui loa i nā flamingo. Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ke emi nei ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau manu, a ʻo ke kumu o kēia mau kaʻina hana ʻaʻole ia he koho kūlohelohe, akā ka hopena luku o ke kanaka.
Lawe mai ka plumage kū hoʻokahi o ka flamingos i ka poʻe ʻaʻole wale i ka leʻaleʻa nani, akā me ka loaʻa kālā kūpono. Hopu a kī nā poacher i nā manu i nā helu nui i mea e hoʻohana ai i kā lākou hulu no nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mea hoʻomanaʻo.
ʻAʻole kūpono ka ʻiʻo Flamingo i ka ʻono o ke kanaka, akā manaʻo ʻia nā hua he mea ʻono maoli a lawelawe ʻia i nā hale ʻaina pipiʻi nui. E leʻaleʻa i nā mea aloha i ka exotic a e loaʻa kālā he nui ma luna o ia mea, luku aloha ʻole ka poʻe i nā pūnana flamingo a ʻānai i nā paʻa.
He mea nui ka holomua ʻenehana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau manu nani. Ke ʻimi nei ʻo Man i nā panalāʻau hou, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana, e waiho ana i nā ala nui, ʻaʻole nānā iki ʻo ia e komo nei i nā wahi maʻamau o nā manu. Ua koi ʻia ʻo Flamingos e haʻalele i ko lākou mau home a ʻimi i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e noho a hānau. A he mea liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi hoʻi nā wahi kūpono ma ka honua.
ʻO ka haumia kūpono ʻole o ke kaiapuni - ka ea, ka lepo, nā kino wai - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili i ke ola o nā manu. ʻIke lākou i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kēia mau mea, hāʻule i ka maʻi, hoʻonele ʻia i ka lawa kūpono o nā meaʻai kūpono a, a ʻo ka hopena, make i ka nui.
Kiaʻi Flamingo
Kiʻi: puke Flamingo ʻula
I ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo James flamingo kahi ʻano luku. Akā i ka 1957, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i kona heluna liʻiliʻi ma Bolivia. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hana mālama, a i kēia lā ua hoʻonui ʻia ka heluna o kēia mau manu i 50 mano mau kānaka. Loaʻa ka heluna o ka flanos Andes i ka helu like. Inā pale ʻole ʻia nā manu a hana ʻole ʻia nā mea e hoʻonui ai i kā lākou helu, a laila i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua me ka luku ʻia.
Ma lalo o ka mana o nā kumu maikaʻi ʻole, ka heluna kanaka o nā laha kaulana loa, ka poni (maʻamau) flamingo, e emi pū ana hoʻi.ʻO kēia mau mea āpau i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻokomo koke ʻia nā manu i loko o nā papa inoa mālama, e like me ka Red Book o Lūkia.
ʻO Flamingos kekahi o nā kūʻokoʻa maʻamau ʻole, nani a launa o nā manu e noho ana ma ka Honua. He mau kūpaʻa kūpaʻa lākou, nā mākua mālama a me nā pale pono i kā lākou ʻohana. Ua noho ko lākou kolone mai ka wā kahiko i kūlike me ka honua a puni a mai hōʻeha iki i nā kānaka.
Inā mahalo ʻoe i ko lākou ʻano o ke ola, pale aku i ko lākou wahi noho a hāʻawi i ka pale mai nā mea maikaʻi ʻole ma ke kumu o nā kuleana o ka poʻe ikaika, e uku ʻia ke kanaka e ke kū ʻana i ke ʻano hihiu o ka honua o kahi mea kū hoʻokahi, ka mea nona ka plumage kupaianaha, kahi "manu o ka wanaʻao" ahi. lapalapa.
Lā paʻi: 07.04.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 15:39
