Nui nā mea kūikawā a poina ʻole hoʻi i ke ʻano. Ma waena o nā kamaʻāina o ke kai, hoʻokahi laʻana iʻa hoihoi, ʻo ia ka iʻa lele. ʻOiai, noʻonoʻo koke nā keiki i ka iʻa lele i luna o ke kūlanakauhale, noʻonoʻo ka ʻepekema e pili ana i ka anatomy a me ke kumu o kēia ʻano, a e hoʻomanaʻo paha kekahi i ka caviar tobiko liʻiliʻi, i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā sushi a me nā ʻōwili. I ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 20, ua huki ka iʻa lele i ka maka o nā loea i nā ʻoihana aerodynamic, e like me nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi o nā mokulele.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Lele iʻa
ʻO ka iʻa lele ka ʻokoʻa mai kā lākou mau ʻohana pili ʻole i ka hapanui i ke ʻano o kā lākou fin. Aia ma kahi o 50 mau ʻohana ka ʻohana iʻa lele. ʻAʻole lākou e nalu i kā lākou "ʻēheu", hilinaʻi wale lākou i ka lewa, akā i ka wā o ka lele e hiki ke lulu a palupalu nā hoka, kahi e hana ai i ka illusion o kā lākou hana hana. Mahalo i kā lākou mau wili, e hiki i nā iʻa e like me nā glider ke lele i kahi mamao mai nā ʻumi a i nā haneli mau mika i ka lewa.
Manaʻo ka poʻe kākoʻo i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution i kekahi lā, he kanaka ko ka iʻa maʻamau me nā lola i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o kā lākou maʻamau. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e hoʻohana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻeheu, lele i waho o ka wai no kekona kekona a me nā mea mahuka mahuka. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noho ʻana o nā kānaka me nā peʻa elongated a hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala.
Video: Lele Iʻa
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā mea i loaʻa a ʻike ʻia o nā paleontologists hōʻike i nā mōʻalihaku o nā iʻa lele mai nā manawa Cretaceous a me Triassic. ʻAʻole kūlike ke ʻano o nā lau i nā hāpana i nā kānaka ola, akā ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i nā kaulahao waena o ka evolution. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā fossil me nā peʻa i hoʻonui hapa ʻia.
I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike ʻia ka paʻa o kahi iʻa lele i ka panalāʻau o Kina hou. Wahi a ke ʻano o ka iwi iwi, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka iʻa Potanichthys Xingyiensis no ka hui pau o ka thacacopterids. ʻO kona mau makahiki ma kahi o 230-240 miliona mau makahiki. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka iʻa lele mua loa.
No ka ʻohana Exocoetidae nā kānaka o kēia ao a hoʻomaka wale ʻia 50 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻaʻole pili nā kānaka o kēia mau ʻohana ʻelua i kekahi ʻano e ka evolution. ʻO ka lunamaka maʻamau o ka iʻa lele ʻo Diptera ʻo Exocoetus Volitans. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā iʻa lele ʻehā ʻehā, hui pū ʻia i 4 genera a ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau ʻano.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi iʻa lele
ʻO nā kānaka o nā iʻa lele, me ka nānā ʻole i nā laha, he kino liʻiliʻi loa lākou, ma ka awelika 15-30 cm ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia a 200 gram. ʻO ka mea i loaʻa he nui loa i hōʻea i 50 knm a kaupaona iki ma luna o 1 kg. Hoʻolālā ʻia lākou a pālahalaha ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao, e ʻae iā lākou e stream stream i ka wā o ka lele.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka iʻa ma loko o ka ʻohana ma kā lākou fin, ʻoi aku ka pololei o kā lākou helu.
- ʻO nā iʻa lele ʻo Diptera he ʻelua wale nō fin.
- Ma waho o nā peʻa pectoral, loaʻa i nā fintral ventral liʻiliʻi he tetraptera. ʻO ia nā iʻa ʻehā e hiki ke holo i nā wikiwiki lele a kiʻekiʻe loa.
- Aia kekahi iʻa lele "primitive" me nā peʻa pectoral pōkole.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka ʻohana iʻa lele a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ke ʻano o nā fin. Noho lākou ma kahi o ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka iʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kukuna a ākea ākea ke hoʻonui ʻia. Hoʻopili kokoke nā wili o ka iʻa i kona ʻaoʻao luna, kokoke i ke kikowaena o ka umekaumaha, i hiki ai ke kaulike maikaʻi aʻe i ka wā lele.
Loaʻa i ka fin caudal kāna mau hiʻohiʻona ʻano ponoʻī. ʻO ka mea mua, pelu ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka iʻa i lalo i ka hiʻu, no laila ʻo ka ʻāpana lalo o ka ʻiʻī he haʻahaʻa iki ia ma mua o ko nā ʻohana iʻa ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka lua, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā neʻe hana a hana ma ke ʻano he motika, ʻoiai ʻo ka iʻa ponoʻī i ka lewa. Mahalo i kēia, hiki iā ia ke lele, hilinaʻi i kāna "ʻēheu".
Hāʻawi pū ʻia ka mīkini ʻauʻau me kahi ʻano maikaʻi loa. Lahilahi a hohola ma ka iwi kuamoo holoʻokoʻa. Maliʻa paha kēia hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke koʻokoʻo ma muli o ka pono o ka iʻa e lahilahi a me ka simetretrical i mea e lele ai e like me ka ihe.
Mālama pū kekahi i ke kala o ka iʻa. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o nā iʻa, me nā wili, ʻālohilohi. ʻO ka polū maʻamau a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha. Me kēlā waihoʻoluʻu mai luna mai, paʻakikī i nā manu lele ke nānā aku iā ia. ʻO ka ʻōpū, i ka ʻokoʻa, he māmā, hina a inconspicuous. Kūʻē i ke kāʻei kua o ka lani, nalowale pono pū kekahi ia, a paʻakikī hoʻi i ka poʻe mea ʻiʻo wai o loko e ʻike aku iā ia.
Ma hea e noho ai ka iʻa lele?
Kiʻi: Lele iʻa
Noho ka iʻa lele ma kahi kokoke i ka papa o nā kai mehana a me nā moana i nā latitude tropical a me subtropical. Aia nā palena o nā wahi noho o kēlā me kēia ʻano i nā kau, keu hoʻi i nā wahi o nā kahawai palena. I ke kauwela, hiki i nā iʻa ke neʻe i kahi mamao aku i nā latitude mahana, no laila loaʻa lākou ma Lūkia.
ʻAʻole noho ka iʻa lele i loko o nā wai anuanu kahi e iho ai nā mahana ma lalo o 16 kekelē. Pili ka makemake i ke ana wela i nā ʻano kikoʻī, akā ma kahi o 20 kekelē e kau pinepine ai. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kekahi mau laha e ka paʻakai o ka wai kai, ka waiwai kūpono ʻo 35 ‰.
ʻIke pinepine ka iʻa lele i nā wahi kai. Akā noho kekahi ʻano laha i ka wai hāmama, a hoʻokokoke i nā kapakai wale nō no ka wā hānau. Pili loa kēia a pau i ke ala o ka hana hou. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laha e koi i kahi substrate kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻopili i nā hua, a he mau lā wale nō o Diptera o ka genus Exocoetus spawn, a laila ʻauʻau i ka wai ākea. ʻO ia mau ʻano wale nō i loaʻa i waena o nā moana.
He aha ka iʻa lele e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi iʻa lele
ʻAʻole iʻa lele ka iʻa lele. ʻAi lākou i ka plankton i nā papa o luna o ka wai. Loaʻa iā Plankton kā lākou mau biorhythm ponoʻī, ala aʻe a hina i ke ao i nā papa like ʻole. No laila, koho nā iʻa lele i nā wahi kahi e hāpai ʻia ai ka plankton e nā au, a ʻākoakoa lākou ma laila i nā kula nunui.
ʻO ka kumu nui o nā meaola ka zooplankton. Akā ʻai pū lākou:
- limu microscopic;
- larva o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe;
- nā crustacea liʻiliʻi e like me krill a me euphausiid crayfish;
- pteropods.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka iʻa i nā meaola liʻiliʻi ma ke kānana ʻana i ka wai me kā lākou kāhili. Pono ka iʻa lele e kaʻana like i ka meaʻai me nā mea hoʻokūkū. Hoʻopili kēia i nā pua o nā heleuma, shoals of saury a me ka mackerel. Hiki i nā manō kohola ke ʻai i ka plankton ma kahi kokoke, a i kekahi manawa lilo ka iʻa iā lākou iho i hopu ʻia nā meaʻai ma ke ala.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Lele iʻa
Mahalo i nā peʻa kūikawā, nā pectoral a me nā caudal, nā iʻa lele e hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi i ke ola ma nā ʻaoʻao kokoke o ka moana. ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona nui ka hiki ke uhi hapa i nā mamao ma o ka ea. Ke neʻe nei mai kahi wahi a kahi ʻē aʻe, lele lākou i kēlā me kēia manawa mai ka wai a lele i nā mika ma luna o ka wai, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole e hoʻoweliweli kekahi o nā holoholona i ko lākou ola. Ma ke ala like, hiki iā lākou ke lele i waho ke hoʻokokoke mai ka pōpilikia mai ka iʻa pōpoki pōloli.
I kekahi manawa hoʻolōʻihi ka iʻa i kā lākou lele ʻana me ke kōkua o ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka fin caudal, me he mea lā e haʻalulu ana me ia, ke kāomi nei i nā manawa he nui. ʻO ka lele maʻamau ma luna pono o ka wai, akā i kekahi manawa piʻi aʻe lākou i luna a hoʻopau i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 10-20 mau mika. ʻImi pinepine nā luina i ka iʻa ma kā lākou mau moku. Hana lākou i ka mālamalama mālamalama a i ka ʻeleʻele e lele iā ia e like me ka mu. Kū kekahi o lākou i ka ʻaoʻao, lele kekahi ma luna, akā ʻoi ʻole ka pōmaikaʻi o kekahi iʻa, a make lākou, e hāʻule ana ma ka papa o ka moku.
I ka wai, kaomi ʻia o nā ʻili o ka iʻa lele i ke kino. Me ke kōkua o nā neʻe ikaika a wikiwiki hoʻi o ka huelo, hoʻomohala lākou i kahi wikiwiki i ka wai a 30 km / h a lele i waho o ka wai, a laila hohola i kā lākou "ʻēheu". Ma mua o ka lele ʻana i loko o kahi moku i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonui i ko lākou wikiwiki i 60 km / h. ʻO ka maʻamau o ka lele ʻana o kahi iʻa lele lele ʻaʻole lōʻihi, ma kahi o kekona kekona, a lele lākou ma kahi o 50-100 mau mika. ʻO ka lele lōʻihi loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 45 kekona, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka mamao i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lele ʻana he 400 mau mika.
E like me ka nui o nā iʻa, noho ka iʻa lele i ka wai i nā kula liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau a i ʻumikūmālua mau kānaka. Ma loko o hoʻokahi kula he iʻa o ka ʻano like, kokoke i ka nui i kēlā me kēia. Hele pū pū lākou, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā lele like. Nānā ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao e like me kahi ʻāpana o nā dragonflies nunui e lele ana i luna o ka wai i kahi parabola pālahalaha. I nā wahi i kiʻekiʻe ka helu o nā iʻa lele, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kula holoʻokoʻa. A ʻo nā wahi momona loa o ka meaʻai e noho ʻia e nā shoals he nui ʻole. Ma laila e noho mālie ai ka iʻa a noho i loko o ka wai ke ʻike lākou ʻaʻole lākou i kahi makaʻu.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Iʻa me nā ʻeheu
ʻO kekahi o nā ala e hoʻonui ai i ke ola ke hui ʻana i nā hui o 10-20 mau kānaka. Noho ka iʻa lele i nā hui liʻiliʻi, akā i kekahi manawa hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā mea hui nui aʻe a i mau haneli mau ʻāpana. Inā pilikia, pakele koke ka pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa mai ka mea ʻaihue, no laila, o nā iʻa a pau, ʻai wale ʻia kekahi, aʻo ke koena hoʻomau e pili pū. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa kaiāulu i ka iʻa. ʻAʻohe o nā iʻa e hoʻokani i ke ʻano o ka mea nui a i ʻole ka mea i lalo. Hānau ka hapa nui o nā laha i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Akā ʻo kekahi ma kahi o kekahi manawa, mai Mei a Iulai. I kēia manawa, i ka wā e ulu ana ka iʻa lele o ke kai, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka wai ʻōmaʻomaʻo turbid.
Aia i ka laha, hoʻoulu ka iʻa lele i nā wahi like ʻole o ke kai a me ka moana. ʻO ke kumu o nā ʻokoʻa ka hoʻololi like ʻana o kā lākou mau hua manu no ka hānau ʻana. ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, hoʻolako ʻia me nā wana paʻa lōʻihi, a me ia substrate e pono ai e hoʻopili i nā hua, a nui nā mea kūpono i nā kahakai. Akā aia kekahi mau ʻano i kupu aʻe ma luna o nā mea lana, limu, e laʻa me nā limu o luna, nā ʻōpala lāʻau, nā niu lana, a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe.
ʻEkolu mau ʻano o Diptera o ka ʻohana Exocoetus e noho ana i ka moana ākea a neʻe ʻole i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana. He hua manu lana ko lākou a no laila ʻaʻole pono lākou e hoʻokokoke i kahakai e hoʻomau i ko lākou heihei.
ʻO nā kāne, ma ke ʻano he kaulike, mālama pū me nā wahine. I ka wā e lawaiʻa ana, hana lākou i kā lākou hana, ʻo ka maʻamau he mau kāne e alualu i ka wahine. E ninini nā mea laha loa i nā hua me ka wai seminal. Ke hiki mai ka iʻa, mākaukau lākou no ka noho kūʻokoʻa. A hiki i ko lākou ulu ʻana, makaʻu lākou i kahi makaʻu nui aʻe, akā ua hāʻawi ke kūlohelohe iā lākou me nā kauka liʻiliʻi e kokoke ana i ka waha, kahi e kōkua ai iā lākou e hoʻohilahila iā lākou iho me he mea kanu. Ma ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, e lawe lākou i ke ʻano o kahi iʻa mākua maʻamau, a hiki i ka nui o nā congeners ma kahi o 15-25 cm.ʻO ka awelika o ke ola o kahi iʻa lele e pili ana i 5 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka iʻa lele
Kiʻi: ʻIʻa peʻa
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka hiki ke noho i ka lewa i nā iʻa ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka poʻe alualu predatory. Akā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua huli aʻe aia ka iʻa ma luna o ka ʻilikai o ka wai, kahi e kali ai nā manu iā ia, a ʻai pū kekahi i ka iʻa. Hoʻopili kēia i nā limu, albatrosses, frigates, aeto, a me nā kites. ʻAʻohe o kēia mau mea ʻānunu lani i ka ʻili o ka wai a kahi kiʻekiʻe, e ʻimi i nā kula a me nā hipa. I ka manawa kūpono, hāʻule nui lākou i lalo no ka mea pio. Lele ka iʻa i hāpai i ka wikiwiki i ka ʻili a hāʻule pololei i ka wāwae. Ua haku ke kanaka i kēia hana. I nā ʻāina he nui, hopu ʻia ka iʻa i ka lele, ke kau nei i nā ʻupena a me nā ʻupena ma luna o ka ʻili.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻenemi o ka iʻa lele i lalo o ka wai. ʻO kahi laʻana, noho ka tuna maʻamau i ka wai mehana me nā iʻa lele a hānai iā ia. Mālama pū kekahi ia i meaʻai na nā iʻa e like me bonito, bluefish, cod a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe. Hoʻouka ʻia nā iʻa lele e nā iʻa a me nā heʻe. I kekahi manawa lilo ka manō a me nā koholā i ka mea e alualu ʻole ai ka iʻa liʻiliʻi, akā lawe pū me ka plankton me ke kuʻi ʻole ʻia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Lele iʻa
ʻO ka nui o ka biomass o nā iʻa lele i ka Honua Honua ʻo 50-60 miliona mau tona. Kūleʻa a lehulehu ka heluna iʻa, no laila ma nā ʻāina he nui, e laʻa me Iāpana, he kūlana ko kāna ʻano. I ka Moana Pākīpika tropika, aia ka waihona o nā iʻa lele mai 20 a 40 kilokilo i kēlā me kēia kilomika kilomika. Ma kahi o 70 tausani mau iʻa i hopu ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i kona hōʻemi ʻana, no ka mea me ka ʻole o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu makahiki maʻamau, hiki i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā kānaka oʻo kolohe ke hiki i 50-60%. Ka mea ʻaʻole e hana ʻia i kēia manawa.
ʻEkolu mau pūʻulu ʻāina nui o nā iʻa lele e noho ana ma ka Indo-West Pacific, Pacific Pacific a me nā moku ʻoihana Atlantika. ʻO ke Kai ʻInikia a me ka Pākīpika komohana ka home i kahi kanahā mau ʻano iʻa lele ʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia nā wai e noho nui ʻia e nā iʻa lele. Ma ka ʻAkelanika, a ma ka hikina hoʻi o ka Moana Pākīpika, aia ka liʻiliʻi o lākou - ma kahi o iwakālua mau ʻano.
I kēia lā ua ʻike ʻia he 52 mau ʻano. Nānā iʻa lele ua mahele ʻia i ʻohana a ʻelima a me ʻelima mau ʻohana. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻano pākahi ma allopatrically, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pili i ko lākou wahi noho, a ʻae kēia iā lākou e pale i ka hoʻokūkū interspecific
Lā paʻi: 27.01.2019
Lā hou: 09/18/2019 ma 22:02
