Ua hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia kahi kiʻi ʻona o kahi ʻano i nā kaʻao weliweli a me nā moemoeā pōpoki, kahi hālāwai me ia e hiki ai i nā hopena palekana ʻole no nā kānaka. I kēia manawa, i ka nohona a me nā ʻano o kēia nahesa he nui nā mea kupanaha, hoihoi a me nā manawa haʻihaʻi hoʻi.
Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka viper
ʻO ka viper maʻamau (Vipera berus) kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana Viperidae o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka nahesa he 60-70 cm, mai ke 50-180 g ke kaumaha, ʻoiai heʻuʻuku nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.
Helehelena
- Poʻo, uhi ʻia me nā unahi liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā pale pale kaulike ʻole, he kinona like kolu, ʻo ka hopena o ka ihu me kahi puka i ʻoki ʻia ma ka waena ka maka o ka maka, nā kihi kūlohelohe - nā wahi o ka localization o nā ʻāpana ʻawahia pālua - ʻike nui ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao.
- Liʻiliʻi maka me kahi haumāna pololei pololei i ka huipū ʻana me nā pali supraorbital e kau ana i nā wana i kahi ʻano ʻino, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe mea o kēia me ka hōʻike o nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka huhū.
- He pōkole nā iwi maxillary, lawe lima, hoʻolako ʻia me 1-2 tubular nui ʻāʻī huhū a he 3-4 mau niho pani hakahaka. Aia nā niho liʻiliʻi like ma ka palatine, nā iwi pterygoid.
- Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke poʻo a me ke kino e ka ʻoʻoi ʻoki kikino.
- Pōkole loa a mānoanoa ma ka waena, kino kuʻi ikaika ka viper i ka ʻāpana hope, huli i loko o kahi pōkole (maʻamau 6-8 mau manawa ma lalo o ka lōʻihi o ke kino) ʻōhū huelome kahi outa koma.
ʻAʻole kūlohelohe ke kūlohelohe i nā kala, e pena ana i ka viper. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kala hina hina nui o nā kāne a me nā kala ʻeleʻele o nā wahine, loaʻa nā morph i lalo:
- eleʻele;
- beige a melemele;
- ʻāhinahina keʻokeʻo;
- palaunu ʻoliva;
- ʻulaʻula keleawe.
ʻO ka pinepine, ʻaʻole like ke kala, ʻo ke kino o ka nahesa "kāhiko ʻia" me nā kaha, nā kiko a me nā lauana:
- kahi kaha zigzag e holo ana ma ke kua;
- ʻeleʻele or- a i ʻole kāhiko X ma ka piko o ke poʻo;
- ʻo nā kaha ʻeleʻele e holo ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo mai nā maka a i nā kihi o ka waha;
- nā kiko ʻeleʻele e uhi ana i nā ʻaoʻao o ke kumu.
ʻAʻohe o nā moʻo ʻeleʻele a me ʻulaʻula-brown vipers ma ko lākou mau poʻo a me ke kino. Nānā ʻole i ke kala nui, ʻeleʻele ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ke kino a ʻeleʻele paha me nā kiko blurred, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o ka huelo he keʻokeʻo-one a ʻalani-ʻalani.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpala Albino, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻano moʻohehe ʻē aʻe, i like ke ʻano o ke kala, a i ʻole, ke nalo ʻole o ia ʻano, e nānā mau ʻia ana.
ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano kala o ka viper, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kani nui, ke kākoʻo nei, no ka mea, aneane ʻike ʻole ʻia ka nahesa e pili ana i ka hope o ka ʻāina kūlohelohe.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina ola o ka viper maʻamau i Malaki-ʻApelila. ʻO nā kāne ka mea mua e puka aʻe mai nā hale hoʻoilo i nā lā lā. Hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o lākou i ka wā e mahana ai ka lehulehu i ka 19-24 ° C. Wahine, kahi e kiʻekiʻe ai ka mahana o ke kaiapuni, ma kahi o 28 ° C, e kali no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa mahana.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino, ʻaʻohe o nā lālā a me nā pākuʻi, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i ka viper maʻamau e ʻano ʻokoʻa i kāna ʻano hana: hana ʻole, lohi a phlegmatic, hoʻolilo ka nahesa i ka hapa nui o kona mau hola ao i nā wahi mehameha a i ʻole "lawe" ʻauʻau lā ma nā pōhaku wela, nā kumu, nā lāʻau hina. Eia nō naʻe, e nānā ka mea nānā pono e hiki i ka viper ke moe i nā ʻano like ʻole.... Hoʻomaha hoʻomaha i nā kukuna o ka lā, hohola ʻo ia i kona mau iwi ʻaoʻao i nā ʻaoʻao, ma muli o ka pālahalaha ʻana o ke kino, e hana ana i kahi ākea ākea. Akā inā i kēia manawa ua hoʻomaopopo kekahi mea i ka nahesa, ʻo kona kino koke, me ka hoʻololi ʻole ʻana i kona kūlana, kūlou a paʻa hoʻi, e like me ka puna i kaomi ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! I kēlā me kēia manawa, mākaukau ka nahesa e heʻe aku mai kahi weliweli e hiki mai ana, a i ʻole ia e kīkē i ka mea hiki ke loaʻa.
Inā hiki ʻole ke hōʻalo ʻia ka hui ʻana me ka ʻenemi, wili koke ka viper i loko o ka spiral paʻa, i kēia manawa he puʻupuʻu paʻa kona kino, mai waenakonu o ka ʻāʻī S o ka ʻāʻī hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke poʻo. Ke kīloi ʻana i mua i ka hapakolu o ke kino, ka pehu ʻana a me ka ʻū ʻana i kahi ala makaʻu, neʻe ka nahesa me kēia pōpō āpau i ke kumu o ka hoʻoweliweli.
Hoʻomaka ka viper i ka ʻimi holoholona i ka ahiahi a i ka pō. I ka manawa like, loli ka hana maʻamau o ke ao i kēia manawa: he holoholona wikiwiki a dexterous ia, e mākaʻikaʻi ʻole me ka luhi ʻole i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea i loaʻa i nā lua, nā manhole, nā wahi ma lalo o nā kumu lāʻau e moe ana i ka honua, nā mānoanoa. ʻO kahi ʻala maikaʻi loa a me ka hihiʻo maikaʻi āpau e kōkua iā ia e ʻike i ka meaʻai i ka pouli. Ke komo nei i loko o nā hale o nā rodents, hiki i ka viper ke ʻai i nā keiki kōkua ʻole wale nō, akā i nā mākua e hiamoe ana.
Hoʻohana pū ka viper i nā hana ʻimi hopu-a-ʻike, e nānā pono ana i nā pio e hiki mai ana i ke kahua o ka ʻike. I kekahi manawa hiki i ka ʻiole vole ke makaʻala ʻole ke piʻi aʻe i luna o kahi moʻo moe wahaheʻe, kahi mea holo ʻole a hiki i ka hiki ʻana o ke koʻokoʻo i kāna mau niho ʻino. Inā haʻalele ka nahesa i ka hoʻolei, ʻaʻole ia e alualu i ka mea i nalowale, ke kali hoʻomanawanui nei no kahi manawa hou e hoʻouka. Lawe ʻelua i ʻehā mau lā i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka meaʻai. I kēia mau manawa āpau, ʻaʻole paha e kolo ka nahesa i ka papa honua, e waiho ana i kona wahi hoʻomalu.
ʻAʻole ʻimi holoholona, ʻaʻole hōʻike ka viper i ka huhū ma mua... No laila, i ka hui ʻana i kahi kanaka, inā ʻaʻole ia e hana i nā hana hoʻonāukiuki, hoʻohana ka nahesa i kona kala kameʻume, hui pū me ka nohona, a ʻimi paha e pakele i kahi palekana.
Lōʻihi ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hau, noho ka poʻe moonihoawa i ka wā hoʻoilo o "apartments". ʻAʻole hopu kahi anu anu i kēia mau nahesa me ka ʻike ʻole, a aneane pau nā kānaka o ka heluna kanaka i ke ola a hiki i ka puna (ʻaʻole like me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ke anuanu, hoʻomoʻi anu i nā hoʻoilo anuanu). Nui a hewahewa (a ʻaʻole ʻole) nā wehewehe no kēia.
- Koho lākou i nā lua a me nā mīkini me nā hale malumalu, aia ma lalo o ka pae paʻa, ma kahi hohonu o 0.4 a 2 m.
- No ka hoʻoilo i hoʻokahi wahi, ʻākoakoa pinepine nā moʻo kolohe i kahi mau o lākou, i ka wā e paʻa ai i ka pōpō nui, hoʻomehana pū kekahi i kekahi.
- Maikaʻi loa ʻo Vipers i ka wānana ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anilā anuanu manawa ʻole.
Ma kahi o 180 mau lā e hala i ka hibernation, a i ke kakahiaka nui o ka makahiki, aia ka hau i ka nahele, kolo hou nā moonihoawa i ka ʻāina mehana o ka lā.
Wā ola
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka viper maʻamau i ka nahelehele he 12-15 mau makahiki. Nui kēia no ke ola i nā kūlana kahi nui nā helu e hoʻopōkole i ke ola. I nā kahu hānai moʻo nahesa, nā serpentarium, ke mālama ʻia i nā terrarium home, noho lōʻihi nā vipers, a hiki i 20, a i kekahi mau manawa a ʻo 30 paha makahiki. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia e ka mea ʻo nā moʻo nahesa, he ʻokoʻa i nā ʻohana manuahi, hāʻawi ʻia me ka hānai manawa kūpono, ka mālama mau ʻana o kahi microclimate maikaʻi, ka pau ʻole o nā ʻenemi, a me ka mālama holoholona.
Hoihoi ia! Manaʻo nā Herpetologists ʻo ke ola o Vipera berus ka mea kūlike ʻole i ke alapine o ka male ʻana, a hiki i 30 mau makahiki i kēlā me kēia mea no nā ʻākau ʻākau.
ʻĀpala poʻolā maʻamau
ʻO ka viper venom kahi hui ʻana o nā pūhui protein protein kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa ka hopena hemolytic a me ka necrotizing i nā mea o ke koko. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa i ka lāʻau make kahi neurotoxin e hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole i ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea make ka nahu ʻana o ka mooniho maʻamau: ʻo nā mea ʻino e haʻahaʻa loa ana i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke ola o kahi makua. ʻO nā mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena o ka nahu ʻana mai o ka viper no nā keiki a me nā holoholona e hoʻopilikia wale i ka nahesa i koi ʻia e pale iā ia iho. Pākuʻi ʻia paha ka wānana:
- haʻalulu holomua;
- coagulation koko intravaskia;
- anemia huʻi.
I kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻo ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, ʻoiai ma hope o ka hāʻawi ʻana iā ia i ke kōkua mua, pono e hele i kahi wahi olakino.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea ʻona o ka lāʻau make no nā lāʻau lapaʻau, i ka hana ʻana o kahi analgesic, hiki ke ʻae ʻia, nā lāʻau anti-inflammatory, cosmetics, e ʻae ai iā mākou e noʻonoʻo i ka viper maʻamau ma ke ʻano he waiwai a he ʻepekema hoʻi.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻo Vipera berus.... Loaʻa nā lunamakaʻāinana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Eurasia, mai Sakhalin, Kōlea ʻĀkau, Kina hikina hikina a hiki i Sepania a me Pokukala ʻākau. I Lūkia, uhi ka laha ʻana o ka viper maʻamau i ka ʻāpana Waena holoʻokoʻa mai ka Arctic a i ka ʻāpana steppe i ka hema. Akā kaulike ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā lehulehu ma kēia mau panalāʻau.
- ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehulehu ma mua o 0.15 mau kānaka / 1 km o ke ala i nā wahi me nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole.
- kahi e kūpono ai nā wahi noho no nā nāhesa, hana ʻia nā "foci" me ka nui o 3.5 mau kānaka / 1 km o ke ala.
I loko o ia mau ʻāpana, koho nā moʻo ʻāpala i nā wahi o ka wahi o ka wahi o waho o nā puʻu moss, ka wehe ʻana o ka ululāʻau, nā wahi i puhi ʻia i ke ahi, nā aniani o nā massif i hui pū ʻia a me nā coniferous, nā kapa muliwai a me nā kino wai. Ma luna o kaʻilikai, hoʻolaha ka viper maʻamau a hiki i 3000 m.
ʻO ka maʻamau, he ʻano noho ko Vipera berus, ʻaʻohe neʻe o kahi ʻelele o ka laha ma mua o 100 m, a i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ka puna a me ke kauwela hiki iā lākou ke uhi i nā wahi a hiki i 5 km, i kekahi manawa ʻauʻau ma nā wahi wai ākea. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo Vipers i nā ʻāina anthropogenic: nā ulu lāʻau ulu, nā hale lalo o nā hale a me nā ʻāina, nā hale haʻalele, i nā māla mea kanu a me nā ʻāina mahiʻai.
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka viper maʻamau
ʻO ka "papa kuhikuhi" kuʻuna o ka viper maʻamau ka nui o nā holoholona mehana o ke koko: moles, shrews, mice, a me nā manu liʻiliʻi. Akā ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele i nā rana, nā moʻo, a ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o ka cannibalism ke hana ʻia e ka nahesa i kāna keiki ponoʻī. Manuahi ʻo Vipera berus: hiki iā ia ke ale i nā rana he 3-4 a i ʻole nāʻiole i ka hele hoʻokahi. I ka manawa like, hana ʻole nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka laha me ka ʻai ʻole no 6-9 mau mahina me ka hōʻeha ʻole iā lākou iho. Hoʻoholo biologically kēia hiki:
- i ka hoʻoilo, hāʻule nā moʻo i loko o ka makaʻu, a i kēia manawa, kōkua ka momona i waiho ʻia ma luna o ke kauwela e mālama i nā kaʻina ola e pono ai;
- koi ʻia nā nahesa e pōloli i ka wā, me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻai ʻana o ke ʻano like o ka meaʻai, hiki mai ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka lako o ka meaʻai.
Loaʻa ka wai o ka nahesa me ka meaʻai, akā i kekahi manawa inu lākou i ka hau a me nā ua.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hiki i ka moekolohe ʻana i ka moonihoawa i ka makahiki 4-5... Hānau lākou i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ka pae me nā kauwela pōkole, lawe mai nā wahine i nā keiki i ka makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka wā moena no nā moʻo ma Mei a hala he 15-20 mau lā. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā moʻo moonihoawa he mau hui wale nō, akā i nā kinipōpō o 10 a ʻoi mau poʻe. Mālama nā kāne i nā wahine e ka honi a, ke hoʻāʻo nei e lanakila i ka makemake o kā lākou hoa, hoʻonohonoho i nā duele maoli. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻano hulahula ʻano hana e like me kekahi mau lula.
Kū nā mea kūʻē i mua o kekahi i kekahi, hāpai i ko lākou poʻo a hoʻoluliluli iā lākou ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me nā kino a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ko lākou ʻāʻī i kahi paio, ʻimi kēlā me kēia o lākou e kaomi i ka ʻenemi i ka honua, hoʻohuli iā ia ma kona kua. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻo nā nahu hahau ʻana i kēia kūʻē ʻana ʻaʻole kokoke i hoʻokau ʻia. Loaʻa i ka mea lanakila ka pono e hoa, a ʻo kēia kahi e pau ai kāna misiona. Hāpai kahi wahine hānai wahine i nā keiki wale nō: i ka pau ʻana o ke kau moʻo, alakaʻi nā moʻo lipi i kahi nohona mehameha, ʻaʻole hui hou ma nā hui a i ʻole nā hui.
ʻO nā Vipera berus nā moʻo ovoviviparous, ʻaʻole lākou e moe, a ʻo ke kaʻina o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua manu, a me ka hatching o nā keiki mai iā lākou, i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka wahine. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nui o ka makuahine e kali ana a me nā kūlana ola, hiki i ka helu o nā hua i nā oviduct mai 10 a 20. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻikea ka hua mai nā hua manu āpau e ulu ana. I kekahi manawa aia ka resorption (resorption) o kahi ʻāpana o nā embryos, no laila hānau pinepine ʻia nā nāhesa he 8-12. Hana ʻia kēia ma kahi o 90 mau lā ma hope o ka male ʻana, mai ka waena o Iulai a Kepakemapa. Hānau ʻia ʻo Underyearlings ma kahi o 16 cm ka lōʻihi, a i ʻole he kope o ko lākou mau mākua.
Mea nui! Hoʻomākaukau piha ʻia nā cuba Viper no ke ola kūʻokoʻa: mai nā manawa mua o ka noho ʻana ma waho o ke kino o ka makuahine, ʻona lākou a hiki ke pale aku iā lākou iho, ke nahu nui nei.
I loko o kekahi mau hola, i ka mea hou loa - ma hope o 2-3 mau lā, molt nā nahesa ʻōpio. A hiki i kēia manawa, pili kokoke lākou i kahi hānau, akā koke ma hope o ka loli ʻana o ka unahi, kolo lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO ke koena o ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, ulu ikaika nā ʻōpio, e hānai nei i nā mea kolo a me nā ilo, a i ka hoʻoilo, me nā moonihoawa makua, loaʻa iā lākou kahi pale mai ke anuanu o ke aniau.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
I kona kūlohelohe, he ʻenemi ka viper maʻamau i makaʻu ʻole i kāna mau niho ʻino. ʻAi wale lākou i ka ʻiʻo nahesa:
- ʻūlili ʻino;
- ʻalopeke;
- ferrets;
- puaʻa hihiu (kahi e pale ai i ka hana o ka lāʻau make).
Hāʻule pinepine ʻo Vipers i nā manu lele:
- pueo;
- ʻona;
- ʻūhini;
- aeto nahesa.
Hedgehogs nahele, ʻaʻole ʻai kēia nahesa, akā hele pinepine lākou i ke kaua me lākou, a puka lanakila lākou. Akā ʻo ka ʻenemi nui o ka viper maʻamau ka man. Hoʻonāukiuki pinepine ka poʻe i kekahi nahesa a lākou e launa pū ai, ʻeha ka ʻupena mai nā ʻano barbaric o ka hopu holoholona ʻole ʻia, a nā mea hopu kīpoki a me nā mākaukau hiki ʻole ke lilo i poʻe terrariumist i mea e loaʻa ai ka lāʻau make.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka helu o ka viper maʻamau ke emi nui nei ma muli o nā hana a ke kanakaa. ʻO ke kahe ʻana o nā waikahe, ke kahe ʻana o nā kahawai kahawai, ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā ala ākea ākea, ka hoʻomohala nui ʻana i nā wahi kaiāulu e alakaʻi ai i nā loli kūwahi a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā wahi kaʻawale o nā wahi noho mau o Vipera berus, a ʻo nā lako meaʻai no nā mea kolo hoʻi e ʻinoʻino pū kekahi. Lilo kēia kūlana i kumu no ka haʻihaʻi a me ka luku ʻia o kēlā me kēia heluna kanaka, hoʻomaka nā nahesa e nalo mai nā wahi i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā kānaka. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana ma nā wahi kahi e mālama pono ʻia ai nā ululāʻau, ma Rūsia ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka viper maʻamau i ka CC o nā wahi he nui (Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg) a me nā republics (Komi, Mordovia, Tatarstan) me ke kūlana. "He ʻano dwindling, palupalu". ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana i nā ʻoihana hana o ʻEulopa, kahi e emi wikiwiki nei ka nui o nā moonihoawa.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā ʻaoʻao kūpono o ke ola o ka viper maʻamau i ke ʻano, e like me:
- ka hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe o ka helu o nā rodents-carriers o ka maʻi tularemia weliweli;
- ka hana ʻana i kahi mea huna i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he waiwai nui no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka antigadyuka serum,
Ua hoʻonohonoho nā keʻena mālama iā lākou iho i ka hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana o ka Vipera berus species no ka ʻoi aku.
