ʻO ka puaʻa kahi laulā, ʻano loli o ka fungus i loaʻa ma lalo o nā ʻano lāʻau. ʻO kāna hymenophore kāna hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa loa: huli nā pahi i brown i ka wā i hōʻino ʻia, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me kahi papa (e ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi manamana lima ma luna pono o ke koʻokoʻo).
Wehewehe
ʻO ka pāpale kahi momona a mānoanoa, 4-15 knm ma waena. I kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻōpio, ua kīkē ʻia i lalo, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi waihona ipu ākea, me kahi ʻaoʻao fluffy ʻōwili paʻa. Lilo i looser, flat-convex, a i ʻole kūlou i ke kikowaena ma mua o ka manawa. Pāleo i ka hoʻopā, paopao a palupalu paha, pipili ke pulu a maloʻo ke maloʻo ma waho, maikaʻi loa. ʻO ke kala mai ka brown a i ka brown-brown, ʻoliva a i ʻole brown brown.
He haiki ka hymenophore, kahi ākea, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā papa, iho i lalo i ka pedicle, lilo i mea like a like paha me nā pores kokoke i ka pedicle. ʻO ke kala mai ka melemele i ka hinamona a i ʻole ʻoliva mae. Huli ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha i ka wā i hōʻino ʻia.
ʻO 2-8 knm ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae, a i 2 cm ka mānoanoa, nā lepe i ke kumu, nalo ka pale, maloʻo, laumania a lahilahi paha i pubescent, kala e like me ka pāpale a paler paha, e hoʻololi i ke kala mai brownish i reddish-brown ke hōʻino ʻia.
He mānoanoa ke kino o ka fungus, ʻeleʻele a paʻakikī hoʻi, melemele i ke kala, a ʻeleʻele i ka hōʻike ʻana.
ʻAwaʻawa a kūlike ʻole paha ka ʻono. ʻAʻohe ona ʻano ʻano, i kekahi manawa ʻaʻala ka mushroom o ka pulu.
Nā ʻano puaʻa
Paxillus atrotomentosus (puaʻa momona)
ʻO ka mushroom i ʻike nui ʻia he hymenophore, akā pili ia i ka hui mushroom porous poret. ʻOʻoleʻa a hiki ʻole ke ʻai ʻiaUlu ia ma luna o nā kumu o nā conifers a me nā lāʻau popopo a loaʻa i loko o kekahi mau mea hoʻohui e pale ai i ka ʻai ʻana o nā ʻelala.
Hoʻopili ke kino o nā hua me kahi pāpale brown a i 28 cm ke anawaena, me ka lihi curled a me kahi kikowaena kaumaha. Uhi ʻia ka pāpale me ka uhi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ʻeleʻele veveta i uhi ʻia. He melemele creamy nā gills o ka fungus me ka forked; ʻeleʻele ke kumu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ulu aʻe mai ka pāpale o ka fungus. ʻOno ka ʻiʻo o ka dunka i ka helehelena, a ʻaʻohe hopena iki o nā kolo. He melemele nā ʻōpala, a pōʻai a i ʻole 5-6 µm ka lōʻihi.
ʻO kēia fungus saprobic kahi punahele o nā kumu lāʻau coniferous ma ʻAkau ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika Waena, hikina ʻo ʻAsia, Pakistan a me Kina. Mālama nā kino hua i ke kauwela a me ke kau, ʻoiai i nā wā maloʻo ke ulu ʻole nā ʻalalā ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole manaʻo ʻia nā hua puaʻa momona ʻaiakā ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai i nā ʻāpana o ʻEulopa Hikina. Hōʻike nā hoʻāʻo no ka hoʻohui kemika a me ka pae o nā amino acid manuahi i loko o nā huaalalā ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻokoʻa ka mea nui mai nā hua ʻulu palai i ʻai ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia ka palekana o nā kamalā ʻōpio i ka ʻai, akā he ʻono ʻawaʻawa a ʻoluʻolu ʻole paha nā mea kahiko a ʻona paha. ʻO ka ʻono ʻawaʻala e ʻōlelo ʻia e hele aku i ka wā e hoʻolapalapa ʻia ai nā ʻalalā a ninini ʻia ka wai hoʻohana. Akā ʻaʻole ka poʻe āpau e ʻeli i ka huahana ʻoiai ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela. Hōʻike ka puke gastronomic ʻEulopa i nā hihia o ka lāʻau make.
Pipi puaʻa (Paxillus involutus)
Pālahalaha ka fungus Basidiomycete Squid ma ka Hemolele ʻĀkau. Ua hoʻolauna hewa ʻole ʻia iā Australia, Nūhōlani, ʻApelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, lawe ʻia paha i ka lepo me nā lāʻau ʻEulopa. ʻO ke kala ke ʻano o nā aka, ulu ke kino hua a hiki i 6 cm ke kiʻekiʻe a he pāpale nona ke ʻano funnel a i 12 cm ka laulā me kahi ʻano curled curved a me nā gills pololei, aia ma kahi kokoke i ke kumu. Loaʻa nā gills i ka fungus, akā hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā biologists e like me nā fungi porous, ʻaʻole nā ʻano hymenophoric maʻamau.
Hoʻolahalaha nui ka puaʻa lohi i nā ululāʻau deciduous a me coniferous, ma nā wahi mauʻu. ʻO ke kau a oʻo ke kauwela a me ke kau. ʻO kahi pilina me ka laulā o nā ʻano lāʻau he mea maikaʻi i nā ʻano ʻelua. Pau ka fungus a mālama i nā metala kaumaha a hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa i nā pathogens e like me Fusarium oxysporum.
Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia he puaʻa lohi a ʻai nui ʻia ma ka Hikina a me ʻEulopa ʻEulopa. Akā ka make ʻana o ka mycologist Kelemania ʻo Julius Schaeffer i 1944 i koi ʻia e noʻonoʻo hou i ke ʻano e pili ana i kēia ʻano mushroom. Ua ʻike ʻia he mea ʻawahia weliweli a hoʻopōʻino i ka ʻai inā ʻai maka ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ʻepekema hou i ka puaʻa lohi e hoʻoulu ai i ka hemolysis autoimmune make a hiki i ka poʻe i hoʻopau i ka mushroom no nā makahiki me ka ʻole o nā hopena ʻino ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonāukiuki ka antigen i loko o nā ʻūlū i ka ʻōnaehana pale pale e hoʻouka aku i nā hunaola ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā pilikia koʻikoʻi a me ka make pū kekahi:
- hōʻeha kīnā ʻole;
- haʻalulu;
- maʻi hanu huʻi ʻole;
- pāhola ʻia
ʻO ka puaʻa panus a ʻano pepeiao paha (Tapinella panuoides)
Ke ulu hoʻokahi nei ka fungus saprobic a i ʻole i nā huhui ma nā lāʻau coniferous make, i kekahi manawa ma nā ʻāpana lāʻau. ʻO ka hua ʻana mai ka hopena o ke kauwela a i ke anuanu mua, a i ka hoʻoilo hoʻi i nā anuanu mahana.
ʻO ka ʻeleʻele / ʻalani, kinipōpō a i ʻole kilef (2-12 knm) i loko o kahi puaʻa panus me he paʻakikī, he helehelena paʻakikī, akā me ka makahiki e lilo i laumania, lethargic, lilo nā ʻalani i crimped a i corrugated paha ma ke kumu. Pouli iki ka mushroom ke ʻoki ʻia. ʻAʻohe o ka fungus i kahi koʻokoʻo, akā he hana ʻaoʻao liʻiliʻi wale nō e hoʻopili i ka pāpale i ka wahie.
Haʻahaʻa i ka ʻaʻala ʻaʻala ʻaʻala. Hoʻopiʻi ka mea ʻaʻā mushroom kupaianaha i kahi kanaka, e like me ke ʻano o waho me nā hua ʻōlio, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻai ka puaʻa ʻano pepeiao.
ʻO Hymenophores me nā kihi laumania, pili pono, he ololi. Emanate mai ke kiko o ka hoʻopili basal, ʻike ʻia i ka wā e nānā ʻia mai luna, ʻo ia hoʻi i kahi mushroom kahiko. I kekahi manawa bifurcate a ʻike ʻia he porous i loko o kahi moa momona, e hemo maʻalahi ana mai ka pāpale. ʻO ke kala o ka hymenophore he kalima i ʻalani ʻeleʻele, apricot i mehana melemele-ʻeleʻele, hoʻololi ʻole ke wā ʻino.
Nā kiko: 4-6 x 3-4 µm, ellipsoidal ākea, laumania, me nā paia lahilahi. Pākuʻi Spore mai ka brown a i ka brown-brown.
Alder puaʻa (Paxillus filamentosus)
He laha weliweli loa ma muli o kona ʻona. ʻO ke ʻano funnel, like ia me nā pāpale waiū saffron, akā me ke kala ʻeleʻele a melemele paha, me kahi ʻano palupalu, a ma ka laulā holoʻokoʻa nā hymenophore āpau i ka wā o nā manipula.
Ma lalo o ka pāpale i mānoanoa, palupalu i ka hoʻopā a me nā puka aniani, i kekahi manawa he lawehala a piʻipiʻi paha a ʻaloʻalo loa mai ke kumu, akā ʻaʻole hana i nā pores a i ʻole nā kūkulu reticular, melemele a melemele i ke kala, ʻulaʻula i ka hōʻike.
ʻO Minolta dsc
Basidia nā paukūʻolokaʻa a hoʻonui ākea paha, e pau ana i nā peduncles ʻehā, i nā lālā e hana ʻia ai nā spores o ka melemele-ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ke kala brown, kahi e pouli ai nā hiʻohiʻona fungi makua. ʻO nā spores he ellipsoidal, hoʻopuni ʻia ma nā wēlau ʻelua, me nā paia pālahalaha, me kahi mānoanoa mānoanoa.
ʻO kahi pāpale me kahi ʻoluʻolu e waimaka i nā olonā i nā puaʻa alder kahiko, keu hoʻi i ka wili a wavy paha o ke kala ʻeleʻele a me ka melemele ʻōlena. Ke hana ʻia, ʻeleʻele ka pāpale.
Maʻalahi ka papa o ka peduncle, ʻeleʻele lahilahi, a ʻeleʻele hoʻi i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai, a he mycelium ʻākala māmā.
Noho ka puaʻa alder i kahi ululāʻau deciduous, hūnā ma waena o alder, poplars a me nā wilowalu. He mea weliweli loa ka fungus, e hōʻeha ana i ka make make.
Kahi e ulu ai
Noho ka fungus mycorrhizal i waena o nā ʻano lāʻau deciduous a coniferous. Aia kekahi ma ke ʻano he saprob ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau. ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻole ma nā ululāʻau wale nō, akā ma nā wahi kaiāulu. Ulu wale, i ka nui a i ʻole i kahi kaiāulu ākea i ke kauwela a me ke kauwela.
Hoʻolahalaha ka puaʻa ma ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻInia, Kina, Iapana, ʻIrana, Turkey hikina, ma ka ʻākau o ʻAkau ʻAmelika a hiki i Alaska. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ka fungus i nā ulu lāʻau coniferous, deciduous a me birch, kahi e makemake ai i nā wahi wai a i ʻole nā ʻāina wai a pale i nā lepo calcareous (chalk).
Ma hea e ulu ai ka puaʻa?
Ola ka puaʻa i kahi wahi haumia kahi hiki ʻole i nā fungi ʻē aʻe ke ola. ʻIke ʻia nā kino hua ma nā lau nahele a me nā kula kahiko, ma nā mea lāʻau a puni nā ʻōpala i ke kau a me ke kau wela. Hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻano lele a me nā nalo i nā kino hua no ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā lū. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka fungus me Hypomyces chrysospermus, kahi ʻano moʻa. Loaʻa nā maʻi i kahi pā keʻokeʻo e hōʻike mua ʻia i nā pores a laila pālahalaha ma luna o ka lau o ka fungus, e lilo ana ka melemele gula i ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i ka wā makua.
ʻAi paha ʻaʻole
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mushroom Dunka no ka meaʻai ma Central a me ʻEulopa Hikina a hiki i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20 a ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu i nā hopena a me nā lāʻau make. ʻAi ʻia ka mushroom ma hope o ka paʻakai ʻana. I kona ʻano maka, hoʻonāukiuki ia i ka gastrointestinal tract, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea make.
Aia kekahi mau loea culinary e kāhea ana no ka pulu ʻana i ka dunki, ka hoʻokahe ʻana i ka wai, ka paila a me ka lawelawe ʻana. Kuhi lākou i nā ʻano kukeʻai like ʻole, kahi mea, lawe ʻia mai nā puke o ka 20 kenekulia a hoʻololi ʻia no nā meaʻai hou.
Inā manaʻo ʻoe he kumu hanohano ke kūpilikiʻi, a laila e nānā ʻole i ka hana ʻepekema a me nā make e hōʻoia i kēlā puaʻa he hakeʻawahia, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka lāʻau make. Nui nā ʻano fungi ʻē aʻe e ulu pū ana i nā ululāʻau, akā maikaʻi ʻole i nā kānaka.
Nā hōʻailona ʻona
Ma ke kau waena o 1980, ua ʻike ke kauka ʻo Rene Flammer mai Switzerland i kahi antigen i loko o ka fungus e hoʻoulu ai i kahi pane autoimmune e noʻonoʻo ai i nā hunaola o ke kino e noʻonoʻo ai i nā hunaola ʻulaʻula ma ke ʻano he haole a hoʻouka iā lākou
Kū kekahi kahi maʻi pale-hemolytic maʻi laha ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻohana mau ʻia ʻana o nā fungus. Kū pinepine kēia i ka wā i hoʻopau ai ke kanaka i ka mushroom no kahi manawa lōʻihi, i kekahi manawa no nā makahiki he nui, a ua hoʻomohala i nā ʻōpū gastrointestinal māmā.
ʻO kahi hopena hypersensitivity, ʻaʻole ia kahi mea ʻona, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e ka lāʻau ʻona maoli, akā na kahi antigen i ka fungus. Loaʻa ka antigen i kahi ʻano ʻike ʻole, akā hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā Antivic IgG i ke serum o ke koko. I ka wā o ka ʻai ʻana aʻe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea paʻakikī e hoʻopili i ka ʻili o nā hunaola a alakaʻi i ko lākou luku.
Hōʻike koke nā ʻōuli o ka lāʻau make, me ka luaʻi ʻana, ka maʻi diarrhea, ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū, a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi pili i ka nui o ke koko. Ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia mau ʻōuli mua, ulu ka hemolysis, a laila e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka mimi, ka hemoglobin urinary, a i ʻole ka puka pono ʻole o ka mimi a me ka anemia. Alakaʻi ʻo Hemolysis i nā pilikia he nui e like me ka hōʻino ʻole o ke kōpaʻa nui, ka pīhoihoi, ka hanu ʻole ʻana o ka hanu, a me ka hoʻolauna intravastreme ākea.
ʻAʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau no ka lāʻau make. Kākoʻo mālama ʻia:
- ʻike kino lehulehu;
- ka nānā ʻana i nā hana hakuʻala;
- ana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ke koko;
- e hana ana i ke kaulike o ka wai a me nā electrolytes.
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ʻo Dunka i nā ʻākena i ʻike ʻia e hōʻino ana i nā chromosome. ʻAʻole maopopo inā loaʻa iā lākou ka maʻi kanesa a i ʻole mutagenic paha.
Pōmaikaʻi
Ua loaʻa i nā ʻepekema ka hui phenolic Atromentin maoli i kēia ʻano kamalū. Hoʻohana lākou iā ia ma ke ʻano he anticoagulant, agena antibacterial. ʻO ia ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā huna leukemia i ke koko kanaka a me ka maʻi ʻaʻa pū iwi.
Nā Kūʻai Kūʻai
ʻAʻohe pūʻulu kikoʻī o ka poʻe no lākou e hōʻahewa ʻia ai ka puaʻa puaʻa. ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻe olakino ʻaʻole ʻōhumu no ka ʻeha hiki ke lilo i ka mycelium. ʻAʻole paʻakikī wale nā Mushroom e hoʻoulu, hoʻonui lākou i nā kūlana o ka poʻe e ʻeha nei i nā maʻi puʻupaʻa a me nā koko i ka mea mua, a mai hoʻokoe i ka poʻe e manaʻo iā lākou iho he olakino.
