Aia ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i kahi o nā ana e pono ai e mālama i ke kūlohelohe ma ka honua. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, pili a pili pono ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni, no ka mea ua ʻino kona ʻano, a ke hoʻomāhuahua nui nei ka Honua i ka hana anthropogenic hana. Kuhi ʻia nā hana kaiapuni i:
- ka mālama ʻana i nā lāhui like ʻole o ka flora a me nā holoholona, a me ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka ulu lehulehu;
- hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā waihona wai;
- mālama i nā ululāʻau;
- hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka lewa;
- ke kāpae ʻana i nā pilikia like ʻole o ka honua a me nā wahi.
Nā hana kaiapuni
No ka pale ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, pono ia e hoʻokokoke i kēia pilikia i kahi ʻano hoʻohui ʻia. Mālama ʻia ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe, hoʻokele a me ke kānāwai, hoʻokele waiwai a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe i nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. Mālama ʻia kēia mau hana i ʻekolu mau pae: international, national a regional.
No ka manawa mua, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hana mālama kūlohelohe i ka 1868 ma Austria-Hungary, kahi i pale ʻia ai nā Tatras i nā lehulehu o marmots a me chamois. ʻO ka pāka aupuni no ka manawa mua i ka mōʻaukala i haku ʻia ma United States of America i ka makahiki 1872. ʻO Yellowstone Park kēia. Ua lawe ʻia kēia mau ana, mai ka manawa a maopopo i ka poʻe he hiki i nā hoʻololi o ke kaiapuni ke alakaʻi i ka hapa wale nō, akā i ka nalo loa o nā ola āpau ma ka honua.
ʻOiai no Rūsia, lawe ʻia nā hana āpau e pale a mālama i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe e like me ke kānāwai "On protection environment", i ka ikaika mai ka makahiki 1991. I nā wahi a me nā wahi he nui o ka Russian Federation (Far East, Saratov, Volgograd, Cherepovets, ʻO Yaroslavl, nā wahi ʻo Nizhny Novgorod, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā keʻena o ka hoʻopiʻi kūlohelohe.
Hana ʻia ka laulima kūwaho no ka pale o ke kaiapuni e nā hui like ʻole. No laila no kēia ma 1948 ka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) i hana ʻia. ʻO kahi kōkua nui i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano laha a me ka nui o ka lehulehu i hana ʻia e ka "Red Book". Hoʻopuka ʻia kēlā mau papa inoa no kēlā me kēia mokuʻāina a me nā wahi, a aia kekahi papa inoa honua o nā laha e aneane pau ʻole. Hoʻonohonoho ka UN i nā hana kaiapuni ma ka pae honua ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻaha kūkā like ʻole a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hui kūikawā.
ʻO nā ana nui no ka pale ʻana i ka biosfer, i lawe ʻia i nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua, eia kēia mau mea:
- ka palena ʻana i nā mea hoʻokuʻu i ka lewa a me ka hydrosphere;
- ka palena ʻana i ka ʻimi holoholona a me ka hei ʻana i ka iʻa;
- ka palena ʻana i ka hoʻolei ʻōpala;
- ka hana ʻana i nā wahi hoʻāno, nā mālama a me nā pāka aupuni.
Ka hopena
ʻAʻole wale nā mokuʻāina āpau i ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni, akā ʻo nā hui pākahi hoʻi o nā mea nui o ka honua a me ka wahi. Eia nō naʻe, poina ka poʻe i ka pale o ka nohona e pili iā mākou pākahi, a hiki iā mākou ke pale i ke kūlohelohe mai ka luku a me ka luku.
