Uhi ka ʻaoʻao ululāʻau i kahi ākea o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ke kumu, aia kēia mau ululāʻau i kahi aniau me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wai ma nā pāpū. I loko o kēia mau ululāʻau aia nā lāʻau ʻoka a me nā beakes, nā hornbeams a me nā kumulāʻau lehu, nā lindens a me nā maple, nā mea kanu nāhelehele like ʻole a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi Ulu kēia lau a pau ma nā lepo hina maʻamau a me nā podzolic, ʻeleʻele a me nā lepo nahele hina hina. I kekahi manawa aia nā ululāʻau ma nā chernozems momona loa.
Nā Burozems
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lepo ulu nahelehele ke hōʻiliʻili ka humus a pala nā mea kanu. ʻO ka mea nui ka lau lau. Hoʻonui ʻia ka lepo me nā waikawa humic like ʻole. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka pae lepo illuvial me nā minelala lua, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano he hopena o nā hana kemika a me biokimika. Hoʻopiha nui ʻia ka ʻāina o kēia ʻano me nā mea meaola. ʻO ke ʻano o burozem penei:
- ʻo ka pae mua he ʻōpala;
- ʻo ka lua - humus, moe 20-40 kenimika, he kala hina hina kona;
- ʻo ke kolu o ka pae he illuvial, o kahi hue brown brown, e moe ana ma kahi o 120 centimetera;
- ʻo ka hā ka pae o nā pōhaku makua.
He kūlana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ka ulu lāʻau Brown. Hiki iā lākou ke ulu i nā ʻano lāʻau, nā ʻano laʻulāʻau a me nā mauʻu.
Nā lepo hina
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nahele e nā lepo hina. Ua hele mai lākou i kekahi mau mea lawelawe:
- hina hina - i loko o 1.5-5% o humus i ka laulā, ua māʻona me nā waikawa fulvic;
- ululāʻau ululāʻau - lawa pono i ka humus a hiki i 8% a loaʻa i ka lepo nā humic acid;
- ʻeleʻele hina - nā lepo me kahi kiʻekiʻe o humus - 3.5-9%, i piha i nā acid fulvic a me nā neoplasms calcium.
No nā lepo hina, nā loams nā pōhaku e hana ana, nā waihona moraine, nā loesses, a me ka pālolo. Wahi a nā poʻe loea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā lepo hina e like me ka hopena o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā chernozems. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka lepo ma lalo o ka mana o nā hana sodoma a me kahi hoʻomohala iki ʻana o podzolic. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka lepo hina e like me kēia:
- papa litter - a i 5 mau kenimika;
- humus papa - 15-30 mau kenimika, hinahina;
- malu humus-eluvial hina hina hina;
- ʻeleʻele eluvial-illuvial hina-ʻeleʻele;
- ʻalihi ʻaʻano illuvial, brownish brown;
- papa hoʻololi;
- pōhaku makua.
I nā ululāʻau deciduous, aia nā lepo momona - burozems a me ka luaipele, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonui like ʻia lākou i ka humus a me nā waikawa, a hana ʻia ma nā pōhaku like ʻole.
