ʻAnuanu - he mea kōkua nui i ka mahiʻai. Moemoeā kēlā me kēia mahiʻai i kona noho ʻana i ka lepo. Hana kēia mau holoholona ma ke ʻano he wili lepo. ʻAʻole hiki i kahi mea ola ke pani i nā hana i hana ʻia e lākou. Ke kamaʻilio nei ke alo o kēia mau mea i ka honua i kona momona. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou i ka wā ua, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hopu ʻana iā lākou.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Earthworm
Pili ʻo Lumbricina i nā koʻe hulu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a no ka ʻoka Haplotaxida. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻEulopa kaulana loa i ka ʻohana Lumbricidae, aia ma kahi o 200 mau ʻano. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻenuhe i ka makahiki 1882 i ʻike mua ʻia e ka mea kūlohelohe Pelekania ʻo Charles Darwin.
I ka wā ua, ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā mink o nā ʻenuhe honua me ka wai a koi ʻia lākou e kolo i ka papa no ka nele o ka ea. ʻO kēia ka inoa o nā holoholona. Noho lākou i kahi wahi nui i ka hanana o ka lepo, e hoʻonui ana i ka lepo me ka humus, e hoʻomāʻona iā ia me ka oxygen, a hoʻonui nui i ka hua.
Video: Earthworm
Ma ʻEulopa Komohana, ua hana ʻia nā ilo i maloʻo a lilo i mau ʻeha no ka hoʻōla wikiwiki. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka tincture e mālama ai i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me ka maʻi pehu. Manaʻo ʻia ka decoction e kōkua me ka ʻeha o ka pepeiao. Spineless, hoʻolapalapa ʻia i ka waina, mālama lākou i ka jaundice, a me ke kōkua o ka aila i hoʻokomo ʻia me nā invertebrates, hakakā lākou i ka rumatika.
I ke kenekulia 18, ua mālama ke kauka mai Kelemania, Stahl, i nā mea maʻi epileptic me kahi pauka i hana ʻia mai nā ʻenuhe holoi a lepo. I ka lāʻau kuʻuna Kina, hoʻohana ʻia kahi lāʻau e kaua i ka atherosclerosis. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka lāʻau Lūkini Lūkini i ka mālama ʻana i nā cataract me ke kōkua o ka wai i hoʻokahe ʻia mai nā ilo ilo i kālua ʻia. Ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia i kona mau maka.
Mea hoihoi: ʻAi mau ka poʻe ʻōiwi o Australia i nā ʻano ilo o ka nui, a ma Iāpana ua manaʻoʻiʻo lākou inā ʻoe e mimi i kahi ʻenuhe honua, e pehu ana ka wahi kumu.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Invertebrates i 3 mau ʻano kaiaola, kaukaʻi ʻia i kā lākou ʻano i ko lākou kūlohelohe:
- epigeic - mai ʻeli i nā lua, noho i ka papa lepo o luna;
- endogeic - noho i nā lua p ?? laulā
- anecic - hānai i nā mea kūpona i hū ʻia, ʻeli i nā lua kū i luna.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Earthworm ma ka honua
Aia ka lōʻihi o ke kino i ka laha a hiki ke loli mai 2 kenimika a 3 mika. ʻO ka helu o nā ʻāpana he 80-300, he pākī pōkole ko kēlā me kēia. ʻO kā lākou helu mai 8 mau kikowaena a i nā ʻumi. Hilinaʻi nā ilo iā lākou ke neʻe.
ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻāpana nā:
- nā ʻili o ka ʻili;
- nā mākala loloa;
- wai lino;
- nāʻiʻo annular;
- huluhulu.
Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia ka musculature. Hoʻopili ʻē aʻe nā mea ola a hoʻolōʻihi hoʻi i nā mākala lonikū a me pōʻai. Mahalo i nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kolo ma waena o nā lua, akā hoʻonui pū i nā lua, kaomi i ka lepo i nā ʻaoʻao. Hanu nā holoholona ma o nā ʻili ʻili ʻili. Uhi ʻia ka epithelium me ka mucus pale, i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā enzyme antiseptic he nui.
Paʻa ka ʻōnaehana holo a hoʻomohala maikaʻi. ʻUlaʻula ke koko. ʻO ka invertebrate he ʻelua moku koko nui: ka dorsal a me ka ʻōpū. Pili lākou e nā moku annular. ʻO kekahi o lākou e ʻaelike a pulsate, e hoʻokaʻawale i ke koko mai ka iwi a i nā moku ʻōpū. Lawe nā moku i nā capillaries.
Aia ka ʻōnaehana digestive o ka waha e hāmama ana, mai kahi e komo ai ka meaʻai i ka pharynx, a laila i loko o ka esophagus, dilated goiter, a laila i loko o ka gizzard. I ke kau waena, ʻai ʻia a ʻai ʻia ka meaʻai. Hele nā koena ma o ka anus. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ʻōpū me kahi kaula ʻōpū a ʻelua mau ganglia. Hoʻomaka ke kaulahao nerve ʻōpū me ke apo periopharyngeal. Loaʻa iā ia nā huna ʻoi loa. Mālama kēia ʻano i ke kūʻokoʻa o nā ʻāpana a me ke kūlike o nā ʻāpana āpau.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana excretory i ke ʻano o nā paipu melemele lahilahi, ʻo kekahi wēlau e hoʻonui ʻia i loko o ke kino, a ʻo kahi ʻē aʻe i waho. Kōkua ka Metanephridia a me nā pores excretory i ka wehe ʻana i nā toxins mai ke kino i ka wahi o waho ke hōʻiliʻili lākou i ka nui. ʻAʻohe nā lālā o ka hihiʻo. Akā ma ka ʻili he mau pūnaewele kūikawā e ʻike i ke alo o ka mālamalama. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ka hoʻopā ʻana, ka honi, nā mea ʻono pū kekahi ma aneʻi. ʻO ka hiki ke hana hou kahi mana kūikawā e hoʻihoʻi i kahi ʻāpana o ke kino i nalowale ma hope o ka hōʻino.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻenuhe honua?
Kiʻi: Earthworm ma Lūkia
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka spinless i loko o ka poʻe i loaʻa ka meaʻai na lākou iho ma lalo o ka honua, a me ka poʻe ʻimi i ka meaʻai ma luna. Kāhea ʻia ka mea mua e moe ana a ʻaʻole ʻeli i nā lua hohonu ma mua o 10 centimika, ʻoiai i ka wā o ka hau a hoʻomaloʻo paha mai ka lepo. Hiki i ka lepo a me nā ʻōpala ke poholo i 20 mau kenimika hohonu.
E iho ka ʻenekini honua i kahi hohonu o hoʻokahi mika. ʻAno loaʻa ʻole kēia ʻano ma ka ʻili, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e piʻi i luna. ʻOiai i ka wā o ka male ʻana, ʻaʻole i waho loa nā invertebrates mai kā lākou lua.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā worworms ma nā wahi āpau, koe wale nō nā wahi pana hau. Kūleʻa nā ʻeli a me nā ʻōpala i nā lepo i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka wai. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma kahi o nā kino wai, ma nā wahi kai a me nā wahi me kahi aniau anu. ʻO nā chernozems lepo e like me nā stepno chernozems, ʻōpala a me ka lepo-litter - tundra a me taiga.
Mea hoihoi: I ka mua, ua laha wale kekahi mau laha. Ua ulu ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka wahi ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka hoʻolauna kanaka.
Hoʻomaʻalahi maʻalahi ʻo Invertebrates i nā panalāʻau a me ke aniau, akā ʻoluʻolu lākou i nā wahi o nā ululāʻau coniferous broadleaf. I ke kauwela, aia lākou ma kahi kokoke i ka papa, akā i ka hoʻoilo e hohonu lākou i lalo.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻenuhe honua?
Kiʻi: Nani honua
Pau nā holoholona i nā koena kanu palaho no ka meaʻai, i komo i nā hāmeʻa waha me ka lepo. I kona wā e hele ai i waena o ka midgut, huikau ka lepo me nā meaola. Loaʻa i ka excrement o invertebrates he 5 mau manawa hou o ka nitrogen, 7 mau manawa hou aku o ka phosphorus, 11 mau manawa o ka potassium i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka lepo.
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā ʻenewewe e pili ana i nā koena o nā holoholona popopo, ka lihi, ka manure, nā mea kolo, nā ʻāpala watermelon. Hōʻalo nā mea ola i nā mea alkaline a me nā waikawa. Hoʻopili pū ke ʻano o ka ilo i nā makemake o ka ʻono. ʻImi nā kānaka Nocturnal i ko lākou inoa, ʻimi i ka meaʻai ma hope o ka pouli. Waiho ʻia nā uaua, ʻai wale ka pulp o ka lau.
I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai, hoʻomaka nā holoholona e ʻeli i ka lepo, e paʻa ana ka mea i loaʻa i ko lākou waha. Makemake lākou e kāwili i ka meaʻai me ka honua. ʻO nā laha he nui, no ka laʻana, nā ʻenuhe ʻulaʻula, ʻona make i ka papa i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Ke emi ka ʻike o ka meaola i loko o ka lepo, hoʻomaka nā kānaka e ʻimi i nā kūlana kūpono no ke ola a neʻe i mea e ola ai.
Mea hoihoi: I ka lā, ʻai ka ʻenekini i ka nui e like me ke kaupaona ʻana iā ia iho.
Ma muli o ko lākou lohi, ʻaʻohe manawa o kēlā me kēia mea e omo ai i nā mea kanu ma luna, no laila kauō lākou i ka meaʻai i loko, hoʻomomona ia me nā meaola, a mālama ʻia ma laila, e ʻae ana i kā lākou mau hoa e ʻai ma luna. E ʻeli kekahi poʻe i kahi mink waiho kaʻawale no ka meaʻai a, inā pono, e kipa ma laila. Mahalo i nā protrusions e like me ka niho i loko o ka ʻōpū, lepo ka ʻai i loko o nā huna liʻiliʻi i loko.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā lau spineless ʻaʻole wale no ka meaʻai, akā uhi pū i ka puka o ka lua me lākou. E hana i kēia, huki lākou i nā pua mae, nā koʻokoʻo, nā hulu, nā ʻāpana o ka pepa, nā hulu hipa i ka puka. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā ʻāhi lau a i ʻole nā hulu ke paʻa i waho o nā komo.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Nani ʻulaʻula
ʻO nā Earthworm ka hapanui o nā holoholona ma lalo o ka honua. ʻO ka mea mua, hāʻawi ia i ka palekana. ʻEli nā mea kolo i nā lua i ka lepo me ka hohonu o 80 kenimika. Haki nā ʻano nui i nā tunnels a hiki i 8 mau mika ka hohonu, ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻia a lepo o ka lepo. Hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā huna lepo o ka lepo e nā holoholona a ale paha.
Me ke kōkua o ka mucus, neʻe nā invertebrates a hiki i ka lepo paʻakikī loa. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho ma lalo o ka lā no ka manawa lōʻihi, no ka mea hoʻoweliweli kēia i nā ilo me ka make. Lahilahi ko lākou ʻili a maloʻo koke. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka mālamalama Ultraviolet i nā integuments, no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā holoholona i ke anuanu wale nō.
Makemake ka suborder e nocturnal. I ka pouli, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā huhui o nā mea ola ma ka honua. Ke hele nei i waho, waiho lākou i kahi hapa o ke kino i lalo o ka honua, e nānā nei i ke kūlana. Ināʻaʻohe mea i makaʻu iā lākou, ke kolo loa nei nā mea ola mai ka honua a ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai.
Mālama maikaʻi ke kino o nā invertebrates. Kūlou nā hulu he nui e pale i ke kino mai nā mana kūwaho. He paʻakikī loa e huki i kahi ilo mai kahi mink. Pale ka holoholona iā ia iho a pili me ka hulu i ka lihi o ka mink, no laila maʻalahi ka haehae iā ia.
ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻenuhe he paʻakikī e hoʻonui. I ka hoʻoilo, i ʻole e hibernate, hohonu lākou i ka lepo. Me ka hōʻea ʻana o ka pūnāwai, hoʻomehana ka lepo a hoʻomaka ka poʻe e holo a puni nā ʻeli i ʻeli ʻia. Me nā lā mahana mua, hoʻomaka lākou i kā lākou hana hana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Earthworms ma ka pūnaewele
ʻO nā holoholona he hermaphrodites. Hana kope ʻia i ka moekolohe, e ka momona o ke keʻa. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea i hiki i ka wā ʻōpio ke loaʻa i nā wahine a me nā kāne hānau hānau. Pili nā ilo me nā membrane mucous a me ka sperm exchange.
Mea hoihoi: Hiki i ka male ʻana o ka invertebrates ke hala i ʻekolu mau hola i ka lālani. I ka wā o ka noho aloha ʻana, piʻi ka poʻe i loko o nā lua o kēlā me kēia hoa a hui he 17 mau manawa i ka lālani. ʻO kēlā me kēia pilina ma kahi o 60 mau minuke.
Aia ke ʻōnaehana hoʻohua i mua o ke kino. Aia ka sperm i loko o nā ʻāpana seminal. I ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, hūnā nā hunaola ma ka ʻāpana 32 i ka mucus, a laila hana i kahi kōpena hua manu, hānai ʻia e ka wai protein i ka embryo. Hoʻohuli ʻia nā mea huna i loko o ka lima mucous.
Hoʻomoe nā hua ʻole i ka hua ʻole i loko. Hānau ʻia nā embryo i 2-4 mau pule a mālama ʻia i loko o ka cocoon, palekana palekana ʻia mai nā ʻano hopena. Ma hope o 3-4 mau mahina ulu lākou i ka nui makua. ʻO ka pinepine, hānau ʻia hoʻokahi cub. Hiki ke ola i nā makahiki 6-7.
ʻO ka ʻano Taiwanese ʻo Amynthas catenus i nalowale i kāna genital i ka wā e ulu ana a hānau lākou ma o parthenogenesis. No laila hāʻawi lākou i nā mamo 100% o ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao, ma muli o ka hopena o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o nā kānaka like - clones. Pēlā e hana ai ka makua i ka makua kāne a me ka makuahine.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka ʻenuhe
Kiʻi: Earthworm i ke kūlohelohe
Ma waho aʻe o nā hanana anilā nāna e hoʻopilikia i ke ola maʻamau o nā holoholona e nā kahe wai, nā hau, nā maloʻo a me nā hanana like like, nā predators a me nā parasites ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻemi o ka heluna kanaka.
Pākuʻi ʻia kēia mau mea:
- mole;
- nā mea ʻaihue liʻiliʻi;
- poʻe amphibians;
- centipedes;
- manu;
- hale holo lio.
ʻAi nā mole i nā ʻenehu i ka nui o ka honua. ʻIke ʻia e mālama nei lākou i loko o kā lākou mau lua no ka hoʻoilo, a ʻo lākou ka mea i haku ʻia me nā ʻenuhe honua. Hoʻopaʻa nā Predators i ke poʻo wili ʻole a hōʻino loa iā ia i mea e kolo ʻole ai a hiki i ka wā i hou ai ka ʻāhae haehae. ʻO ka ilo ʻulaʻula nui i manaʻo ʻia he ʻono loa no nā mole.
Kūpilikiʻi loa nā mole no nā invertebrates ma muli o kā lākou nui. Hānai nā holoholona hānai liʻiliʻi i nā ilo. Nānā nā rana momona i kēlā me kēia mea ma kā lākou mau lua a hoʻouka i ka pō, ke puka ke poʻo ma luna o ka honua. Hoʻopilikia nā manu i ka lehulehu.
Mahalo i ko lākou mau maka maka, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā wēlau o nā ʻenuhe e lele ana mai nā lua. I kēlā me kēia kakahiaka, ʻimi nā manu i ka meaʻai, huki i ka mea wili ʻole mai nā puka komo me ko lākou nuku ʻoi. ʻAi wale nā manu i nā mākua wale nō, akā e ʻohi nō hoʻi i nā cocoons me nā hua.
ʻO nā lepe lio, i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻano wai like ʻole, me nā puddles, mai hoʻouka aku i ke kanaka a i ʻole nā holoholona nui ma muli o kā lākou mau ā ʻū. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke nahu ma waena o ka ʻili mānoanoa, akā hiki iā lākou ke ale wale i kahi ilo. I ka wehe ʻia ʻana, loaʻa i nā ʻōpū o nā mea konohiki ke koena o nā ʻenuhe i hoʻohemo ʻole ʻia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Earthworm
I ka maʻamau, lepo lepo ʻole ma nā mahiʻai mahiʻai, aia kahi ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli tausani a hoʻokahi miliona ilo. Hiki ke kau kaupaona ʻia i hoʻokahi haneli a i hoʻokahi tausani kilokika ma ka hectare o ka ʻāina. Hāpai nā mahiʻai Vermiculture i ko lākou lehulehu ponoʻī no ka momona o ka lepo.
Kōkua nā ilo i ka hana hou i nā ʻōpala i loko o ka vermicompost, kahi mea momona maikaʻi. Ke hoʻonui nei nā mahiʻai i ka nui o nā invertebrates i mea e hāʻawi ai iā lākou i ka meaʻai no nā holoholona mahiʻai a me nā manu. E hoʻonui i ka helu o nā ilo, hana ʻia ka compost mai nā ʻōpala ʻokanika. Hoʻohana nā lawaiʻa i ka spineless no ka lawaiʻa.
I ke aʻo ʻana i ka chernozem maʻamau, ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā ʻili honua i loaʻa: Dendrobaena octaedra, Eisenia nordenskioldi, a me E. fetida. ʻO ka mea mua i ka mika mika o ka ʻāina puʻupaʻa he 42 anakahi, ʻāina mahi - 13. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ʻo Eisenia fetida ma ka ʻāina puʻupaʻa, ma ka ʻāina mahi ʻai - i ka nui o 1 pākahi.
I nā ʻano wahi like ʻole, ʻokoʻa loa ka helu. Ma nā wahi kai i hoʻopiha ʻia o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Perm, 150 mau hiʻohiʻona / m2 i loaʻa. I ka ululāʻau huikau o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻIvovo - 12,221 kikoʻī / m2. ʻO ka ululāʻau Pine o ka ʻāina ʻo Bryansk - 1696 mau laʻana / m2. Ma nā ululāʻau mauna o ka Teritori Altai ma 1950, aia he 350 tausani kope no kēlā me kēia m2.
Ka pale ʻana i nā ʻenuhe honua
Kiʻi: Earthworm mai ka puke ʻula
ʻO nā lā aʻe 11 e helu ʻia nei i ka Red Book o Russia.
- Allobophora ʻōmaʻomaʻo poʻo;
- Allobophora aloha-aloha;
- Serloine Allobophora;
- Eisenia Gordeeva;
- ʻO Eizenia o Mugan;
- Nui ʻo Eisenia;
- Eisenia Malevich;
- Eisenia Salair;
- Eisenia Altai;
- Eisenia Transcaucasian;
- ʻO Dendrobena ka pharyngeal.
Ke hoʻoneʻe nei ka poʻe i nā ʻenuhe i nā wahi kahi e loaʻa ʻole ai. Hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia nā holoholona. Kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana no ka hana hou ʻana i nā zoological a ʻae ʻia ʻaʻole wale e mālama, akā e hoʻonui pū i ka lehulehu o nā mea ola.
Ma nā wahi e liʻiliʻi ai ka nui, koi ʻia e kaupalena i ka hopena o nā hana mahiʻai. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā mea hoʻomomona a me nā pesticides he hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hana hou ʻana, a me ke kua ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā holoholona hānai. Hoʻohui nā māla i nā meaola i ka lepo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nohona no nā invertebrates.
ʻAnuanu he holoholona hui a kamaʻilio ma o ka hoʻopā ʻana. ʻO kēia kahi e hoʻoholo ai ka puaʻa i ke ala hea e neʻe ai i kēlā me kēia lālā. Kuhi kēia ʻike i ka nohona o nā ilo. No laila ke lawe ʻoe i kahi ilo a neʻe i kahi ʻē aʻe, ke kaʻana like nei paha ʻoe me kou ʻohana a mau hoaaloha paha.
Lā paʻi: 20.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/26/2019 ma 9:04 wau
