ʻO ka Elepani ka nui a hoʻokahi o nā mea ola terrestrial ʻokoʻa e nānā nei. ʻAʻohe holoholona ʻē aʻe me ke kumukānāwai like: kahi ʻano lōʻihi o ka ihu (kumu), nā pepeiao nui a maʻalahi hoʻi, nā wāwae ākea a mānoanoa.
He aha nā ʻano ʻelepani e noho nei ma ka Honua a ma hea
Noho ʻekolu mau ʻano ʻekolu a me ʻekolu mau subspecies o nā holoholona i ʻApelika a me ʻAsia.
ʻO Africa Savannah Elephant Loxodonta africana
Bush elephant Loxodonta africana
ʻO ia ka holoholona ʻāina nui loa. E like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, hānai nā ʻelepa i ka savannah, akā aia kekahi ma nā wao akua ʻo Namib a me Sahara. He hina māmā nā ʻelepani savannah ʻāpana, nunui, a kūlou a kūlou ko lākou mau poʻo i lalo.
Elepani nahele (Loxodonta cyclotis)
Elepani nahele Loxodonta cyclotis
Ua manaʻo ʻia he subspecies o ka ʻelepani nahele ʻĀpelika, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa kaawale i kū mai i 2-7 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia mau ʻelepani, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou mau pepeiao, a ʻoi aku ka hairi o kā lākou pahu ma mua o nā ʻelepani savannah. ʻOi aku ka pouli o ka ʻelepani ululāʻau ma mua o ka hina o ke kala a ʻoi aku ka poli a ʻoi i lalo a i lalo.
Makemake kēia mau ʻelepani i nā ululāʻau nui, me ka hapanui o lākou i loaʻa ma Gabon. ʻAi lākou i nā huaʻai (lau a ʻili ka mea i koe o ka papaʻai) a noho i nā hui liʻiliʻi, kaʻawale o 2 a 8 mau lālā.
Elepani ʻĀnia (Elephas maximus)
ʻĀlani ʻelepani Elepani maximus
He poʻo nui kona a me nā pahi ʻāʻī pōkole a ikaika hoʻi. Me nā pepeiao nui, hoʻoponopono lākou i ko lākou mahana a kamaʻilio pū me nā ʻelepani ʻē aʻe. Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻelepani India a me ʻApelika.
- ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pepeiao o ka ʻelepani India ma mua o ko ka ʻApelika ʻano;
- Ua loaʻa i nā ʻelepani ʻĀnia he iwi oi i oi aʻe ma mua o ka ʻelepani ʻApelika;
- ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala o ka ʻili ma mua o ko ka ʻelepani Asia;
- kekahi mau wahi o ke kino me ka ʻole o ka pigment.
He huelo lōʻihi ko kēia mau ʻelepani e ulu ana ma lalo o ko lākou mau kuli. ʻAʻohe loaʻa i nā ʻelepani ʻĀnia nā nīnūnē, a inā lākou, ʻaʻole ulu nā nīnū i waho o ka waha.
Loaʻa ka ʻelepani India ma nā ʻāina he 10 ma ka Hikina Hema ʻo ʻAsia, akā ʻo ka hapanui (ma kahi o 30,000) e noho ana i nā ʻāpana ʻehā o India. Hoʻopili kēia i nā kapuaʻi o nā mauna Himalayan ma ka ʻākau hikina a me ke komohana ʻākau, nā mokuʻāina waena o Orissa a me Jharkhand, a me ka moku hema o Karnataka.
Elephant Sri Lankan (Elephas maximus maximus)
Elephant Sri Lankan (Elephas maximus maximus)
ʻO nā mea nui o nā ʻāpana Asia. He nui nā ʻelepani o Sri Lanka no kahi ʻāina liʻiliʻi. Hōʻike nā noiʻi e loaʻa iā Sri Lanka ka kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o nā elepani ma ʻAsia. Noho lākou i nā pā maloʻo ma ka ʻākau, ka hikina a me ka hikina o ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka ʻelepani Sri Lankan he mau kiko kiko ʻole me ka pigmentation ʻole, he mau ʻili ia o ka ʻili me ke kala ʻole ma nā pepeiao, ke poʻo, ka ʻōpū, a me ka ʻōpū. ʻO kēia ʻelepani ka nui a ma ka manawa like ka pouli o nā ʻāpana ʻelepani ʻĀkia. ʻOkoʻa ia mai ka ʻelepani ʻApelika i nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi a me ka iwi kuamoʻo hou. ʻAʻole like me ko lākou ʻohana ʻApelika, ʻaʻohe tusks nā wahine o kēia ʻano. I nā wahine wahine he tusks, liʻiliʻi lākou, ʻaneʻane ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻike ʻia ke wehe wale ka waha. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kuʻi kāne e hiki ke lōʻihi a kaumaha aku hoʻi ma mua o nā ʻelepani ʻApelika.
Elepani Sumatera (Elephas maximus sumatranus)
Sumatran elephant Elephas maximus sumatranus
Pilikia. Ma ke kenekulia i hala aku nei, 70% o ka nohona ʻelepani ma ka mokupuni ʻo Indonesia (ʻo ka hapanui o nā ululāʻau canopy) i luku ʻia, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ia no ka hoʻihoʻi lehulehu.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui ma mua o nā ʻelepani ʻApelika. Hiki i kēia mau ʻāpana i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa o 3.2 m a kaupaona ʻia a 4000 kg. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Sri Lankan a me nā ʻelepani ʻInia, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana Sumatra a me nā liʻiliʻi o ka depigmentation ma ke kino. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka māmā o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā tusks e ʻike maka ʻole ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā nuku o nā ʻāpana ʻĀkia ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o nā ʻāʻī o nā ʻelepani Sumatran.
Bornea Elephant (Elephas maximus bearensis)
Bornea Elephant - Elephas maximus bearensis
Nānā kekahi poʻe zoologists i ka ʻelepani mokupuni ma ke ʻano he ʻehā ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻelepani ʻĀsia. He huelo lōʻihi ko nā Borneo elepani e kokoke ana i ka honua a me nā ʻūlū pololei. ʻO kā lākou poʻo "pēpē" a me ke ʻano o ke kino āpau e hāʻawi i ka nani.
Piʻi nā kāne a hiki i 2.5 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ko lākou ʻili mai ka hinaʻeleʻele a i ka brown.
Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻelepani (helehelena)
ʻO kēia mau holoholona he lae lobed, embossed, domed, pāpālua lei.
Lolo
Loaʻa i ka Elepani kahi lolo i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, ʻo ka nui o nā māmela ʻāina āpau, 3 a 4 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kānaka, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha inā lawe mākou i ka nui o ke kino ma ke ʻano he kumu.
Nā lālā o ka hihiʻo
Liʻiliʻi ka maka. Ma muli o ko lākou kūlana, poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī nui, ua kaupalena ʻia ka ʻike ākea ākea me kahi pae o 8 mau mika wale nō.
Nā pepeiao
ʻO nā pepeiao me nā veins nunui ma lalo o kahi ʻili lahilahi o ka ʻili e hoʻalili i ke koko a kaohi i ka mahana o ke kino (ʻaʻole e hou ka ʻelepani). Mai nā makahiki he 10, e piʻo mālie ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka pepeiao, e hoʻonui ana ma kahi o 3 cm no kēlā me kēia 20 mau makahiki o ko ka ʻelepani ola, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka manaʻo o ka makahiki o ka holoholona. Maikaʻi loa ka lohe ʻana o nā Elepani a hiki ke lohe i nā kani ma kahi mamao o 15 km!
Niho
Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻelepani e nā kūlohelohe me ʻeono mau set o nā niho no ke ola, me nā niho kahiko i panai ʻia me nā mea hou ke pau lākou i ka weluwelu. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā niho, ʻaʻole hiki i ka elepani ke hānai iā ia iho a make.
Lelo a me ka ʻono
He elelo nui ko ka ʻElepani a makemake lākou e hahau ʻia! He ʻano ʻono ko nā holoholona a picky e pili ana i ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai.
Kumu
ʻO ka pahu o ka ʻelepani kekahi o nā hana kupaianaha loa a ke kūlohelohe. Loaʻa iā ia he ʻeono mau pūʻulu mākala nui a he 100,000 mau ʻāpana puʻukū. Ma ka piko o ke kumu o ka ʻelepani ʻĀkia, hoʻokahi kaʻina hana like me ka manamana lima, ʻoiai he ʻelua mau ʻelepani ʻApelika. He palupalu a maʻalahi ke kumu, ikaika a mana.
Hoʻohana ka ʻelepa i ke kumu no nā kumu he nui:
- ʻohiʻohi pua;
- ʻohi i kahi kālā, nā lāʻau nui a i ʻole ka ʻelepani pēpē;
- hiki i nā lālā kiʻekiʻe;
- ninaninau i ka substrate o ka nahele;
- hāʻawi i ka meaʻai a me ka wai i ka waha;
- pīpī i nā nui o ka wai me ka ikaika nui;
- kani pū.
Ma ke ʻano he mea kaua o ka pale ʻana iā ʻoe iho, ʻo ka pahu kahi mea kaua koʻikoʻi hiki ke pepehi. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu no ke ʻano o ka pilau, i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā ʻelepani ma mua o nā holoholona ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi kumu i hōʻino ʻia kahi hoʻopaʻi make no ka ʻelepani. Mālama pono nā ʻelepani i ke kumu, pale iā ia, hiamoe, peʻe ma lalo o ka auwae, a ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia, hūnā lākou ma laila.
Tusks
ʻO nā tusks nā incisors luna i hoʻomohala ʻia. Maʻa lākou i:
- eli ʻāina i ka ʻimi wai;
- ke kaulike ʻana i nā mea nui;
- palekana mai nā mea hōʻole.
ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia nā kāne āpau e nā kūlohelohe me nā tusks. ʻAʻole e eo nā kāne ke ʻole lākou. Hoʻonui ka ikaika a lākou e hoʻohana ʻole ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā tusks i ko lākou kino kaumaha a ua ʻoi aku ko lākou ikaika a hoʻonui i nā kumu.
ʻIliʻili
Kāhea ʻia ka ʻelepani i ka ʻili mānoanoa, ʻaʻole naʻe lākou he ʻano koʻikoʻi, akā he mau mea ola. ʻO ka ʻili me nā ʻaukā ikaika, e kau ana i nā pā, uhi ʻia me ka ʻōpala weluwelu, hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e nā nahu o ka arthropod a me nā kikiki i kau i nā pā. He mea nui ka ʻauʻau maʻamau no ke olakino holoholona. Uhi ka ʻelepani iā lākou iho me kā lākou mau pahu i ka lepo, pale i ke kino mai ka nahu ʻana i nā mea ola.
Huelo
Aia ka huelo o ka ʻelepani i ka 1,3 m ka lōʻihi a lōʻihi kona lauoho, a me he lauoho lā e like me ka uea ma ka wēlau, a hoʻohana nā holoholona i kēia ʻōnaehana i nā mea kolo.
Nā wāwae
Kupaianaha nā stupa ʻelepani. Hoʻoholo maʻalahi nā holoholona kaumaha i nā wahi pulu o ka ʻāina a me nā poho. Hoʻonui ka wāwae, hoʻemi ke kaomi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka wāwae, piʻi ka piʻi o ka ʻili, kahi e ʻae like ai ka nui o ka ʻelepani.
He aha nā ʻelepani e ʻai ai
Haehae nā holoholona ʻili wiwi i nā ʻili o ka ʻili me nā uʻi. Loaʻa i ka Roughage ka calcium e kōkua ai i ka digestion.
ʻĀina pū ka Elepani i:
- pua;
- lau;
- huaʻai;
- lālā;
- ʻohe.
Ma ka laulaha, ʻo ka meaʻai nui i ke ʻano he mauʻu.
Pau nā Elepani i 80 a 120 liters o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka wela, inu lākou i 180 liters, a puhi kahi kāne makua i 250 liters me kāna pahu ma lalo o 5 mau minuke.
ʻAi ka Elepani i ka lepo
E hoʻonui i kā lākou papaʻai, ʻeli nā elepani i ka honua no ka paʻakai a me nā minelala. Piʻi ka papa o ka lepo me nā tusks, ʻoiai ka hohonu o nā minelala i ka lepo.
He aha nā ʻelepani e ʻai ai i ke pio?
ʻAi ka ʻelepa i nā wahi ākea o ka ʻāina, e ʻai ana i nā mea kanu o nā nui āpau, mai ka mauʻu a hiki i nā kumulāʻau. I ka pio ʻana, hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻelepani:
- kō kō;
- lettuce;
- maiʻa;
- nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
Mālama ʻo Hay i ka hapa nui o ka ʻai a ka ʻelepani ma kahi zoo, sirkus, a i ʻole pāka aupuni.
He aha nā ʻelepani e ʻai ai i ke kauwela?
I ke kauwela, ke hoʻomaloʻo a make nā mea āpau, e ʻai nā ʻelepa i nā mea kanu a pau i loaʻa iā lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻāʻī ʻoi loa a me nā ʻāpana lāʻau. ʻEli pū nā ʻelepani i nā aʻa, a hemo ka ʻai maʻalahi mai kā ka elephant digestive tract me ka ʻole o ka nau ʻana a me ka ʻeli ʻana.
Ke hoʻololi nei nā ʻelepani i nā papaʻai hou?
Mahalo i ko lākou ʻike kiʻekiʻe, hoʻololi nā ʻelepa i kā lākou ʻano ʻai e like me ko lākou nohona. Kākoʻo nā kaiaolaola ʻokoʻa i ke ola ʻana o nā ʻelepani i nā ululāʻau, nā sabana, nā kula mauʻu, nā māno a me nā wao akua.
Pehea e hānau ai a hānau hou ai nā ʻelepani
Noho ka hāpai ʻana mai 18 a 22 mau mahina. Ma ka hopena o ka manawa, e koho ka makuahine i kahi wahine mai ka pipi ma ke ʻano he "ʻanakē" nāna e kōkua i ka hānau a me ka hānai ʻana o nā keiki. ʻAʻohe hānau ʻia nā māhoe.
Elepani liʻiliʻi
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka poʻe ʻōpio a hiki i ka piha ʻana o nā makahiki ʻehā, ʻoiai lākou hoihoi i nā meaʻai paʻa mai ka ʻeono mahina. Pale ka hui ʻohana āpau a hānai i ka pēpē. I ka ʻōpio ʻōpio, lilo nā ʻelepani i ke ʻano moekolohe, a mai ka makahiki 16, hānau ka wahine. Lawe pinepine kahi elepani i nā elepani ma mua o 4 i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. I ka makahiki 25 a 40, aia nā ʻelepani i ko lākou kūlana kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ko lākou piko o ka ikaika kino. Hoʻomaka ka ʻelemakule ma kahi o 55, a me ka laki e ola lākou i 70 a ʻoi aku paha ka lōʻihi.
ʻO Gon
He kūlana kūikawā kēia o nā ʻelepani i hōʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻepekema. Hoʻopili ia i nā kāne makua moekolohe ma waena o nā makahiki 20 a 50, kū i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a hala 2 a 3 mau pule, i ka manawa maʻamau i ka wā wela. Lilo ka ʻelepani i mea hoʻonāukiuki, hakakā a weliweli hoʻi. ʻOiai ʻo nā holoholona mālie e ʻike ʻia e pepehi kanaka a me nā ʻelepani ʻē aʻe ke lele lākou.
ʻAʻole maopopo nā kumu. Hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka holoholona, akā ʻaʻole kēia ka moekolohe holoʻokoʻa. Pākuʻi ka ʻelepani ma waho o ka rut, a ʻaʻole like kēia me ke kau moena i loaʻa i nā māmela ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻomaka ka rut me kahi huna ikaika aila e kahe ana mai ka momona ma luna o ka maka. Pakele kēia huna mai ke poʻo o ka ʻelepani a i loko o ka waha. Hoʻoweliweli ka ʻono o ka mea huna i ka holoholona. Mālama ʻia nā ʻelepa i ʻike ʻia i ka rutting kaulahao ʻia a hānai ʻia i kahi mamao a hiki i ka emi ʻana o ke kūlana a hoʻi ka holoholona i ka maʻamau. I ka makahiki 45-50, emi iki ka rut, a laila pau loa i ka nalowale. I nā kūlana kūikawā, hōʻike nā wahine i kēia ʻano.
Ka nohona pilikanaka o nā ʻelepani
ʻO nā ʻelepani nā holoholona nohona kaiāulu e noho ana i nā hui ʻohana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūʻā wahine i nā wahine a me kā lākou ʻōpio, alakaʻi ʻia e kahi wahine ʻo ia ke alakaʻi i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole ʻia; ma nā wahi a pau āna e hele aku ai, e hāhai mau ana ka pipi iā ia.
I ka hoʻomaka o ke oʻo ʻana, kipaku ʻia nā kāne ʻōpio i waho o ka pā, a hana lākou i nā hui liʻiliʻi a hiki i 10 mau holoholona e neʻe ma kahi mamao ma hope o ka hui wahine nui. Ke hōʻea nā kāne i 25 mau makahiki, hana pālua a pākolu hoʻi lākou.
Ma waena o nā kāne makua, aia kahi hierarchy kahi e loaʻa ai i ka ʻelepani koʻikoʻi ke kuleana e hoa. Loaʻa kēia kuleana i nā kaua me nā ʻelepani ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā holoholona, me nā pūʻulu kāne, ʻākoakoa kokoke i nā kino wai a i ʻole nā wahi hānai. ʻAʻohe hakakā ma waena o nā hui, a hauʻoli ka ʻelepani i ka hui ʻana.
ʻO nā ʻenemi o nā ʻelepani i ke kūlohelohe
Manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻelepani. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo he palekana lākou i ke kūlohelohe. ʻAi ʻia nā ʻelepani no nā liona a me nā tigika. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, lilo nā ʻelepani nāwaliwali a i ʻole nā ʻōpio i mea hōʻeha iā lākou. Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻelepani i nā pūʻā aloha, pono e kali nā holoholona holoholona a hiki i ka hala ʻana o kekahi ma hope o ke koena. No ka hapa nui, olakino nā ʻelepani, no laila ʻaʻole lākou i lilo i meaʻai.
Mai kēlā manawa a kēia manawa, nā mea ʻino, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻai ai, e hoʻoikaika a alualu i nā ʻelepani ʻōpio lohi. Ma muli o ka hūnā ʻole ʻana o nā holoholona o nā ʻelepani mai ka poʻe ʻai i ka ʻiʻo, lilo kēia i mea pahuhopu maikaʻi na lākou. Hoʻomaopopo nā Predators e make nā ʻelepani makua iā lākou inā ʻaʻole lākou e makaʻala, akā inā ua pōloli lākou, e lawe lākou i ka makaʻu.
Ma muli o ka lilo ʻana o ka ʻelepani i ka manawa nui i ka wai, lilo nā ʻelepa i nā mea kolo. ʻAʻole pinepine ʻia ke kānāwai i haʻi ʻole ʻia o ke ʻano - mai hana kolohe me nā ʻelepani. Ke nānā pono nei ka ʻelepani makuahine i ka cub, a ʻo nā wahine ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pā e nānā pū nei hoʻi i nā pēpē. ʻO nā hopena no nā mea hōkai ke hoʻouka lākou i nā holoholona ʻōpio ʻaʻole lōʻihi i ka hiki ʻana mai.
Hoʻopuni ʻo Hyenas i nā ʻelepani ke ʻike lākou i nā hōʻailona ke maʻi a ʻelemakule paha kekahi e kūʻē. ʻAi lākou i nā ʻelepani ma hope o ka make ʻana o nā pilikua.
Ka helu o nā ʻelepani
ʻO ka helu o nā ʻelepa ma ke ʻano.
- 25,600 a 32,700 ʻAsia;
- 250,000 a 350,000 savannahs;
- 50,000 a 140,000 ulu lāʻau.
Kūlike ka helu o nā noi, akā like ka hopena, nalowale nā ʻelepani mai ke kūlohelohe.
Elepani a me nā kānaka
Huli ke kanaka i nā ʻelepani, hoʻemi i ka nohona o nā holoholona nui. ʻO kēia ke alakaʻi ʻana i kahi hōʻemi o ka helu a me nā lako meaʻai no nā ʻelepani.
