Ua ulu ka ʻohana o passerines ma ka ʻāpana Afrotropical ma waenakonu o ka Miocene. ʻElua mau pūʻulu, nā peʻapeʻa hau a me nā manu liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina, i hoʻomaka paha i ka ʻāina ʻo Palaearctic. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manu ma ʻApelika i ʻelua mau pūʻulu: nā manu liʻiliʻi pōhaku a me nā manu ʻio maoli, a laila kolona ʻo ʻApelika a hāʻawi i nā kolone lua ma Eurasia.
ʻIke nā ʻepekema manu i ʻelima mau hua manu o nā manu liʻiliʻi.
- hau;
- honua;
- pōkole-manamana;
- pōhaku;
- maoli.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka nohona o nā sparrow species
Maniʻi hau
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma Alaska i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, e hoʻopōkole ana i ke ala, e lele ana ma waena o ke Kai Bering. ʻO kekahi manu e neʻe i ka hāʻule e neʻe hema mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻAmelika. ʻIke ʻia nā peʻapeʻa hau ma nā mokuʻāina he nui ma ka hikina o ke kahakai ʻAkelanika a ma ka hema o Colorado.
ʻĀlapa honua
Koho nā manu no nā pūnana i ka wao akua, ka pāpū a me ka pāpū me ka mauʻu maloʻo pōkole, nā wahi o nā wao akua; aia lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Inner Mongolia a mai Mongolia a Siberian Altai.
Nā manu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi
Makemake lākou i nā wahi maloʻo me nā lau nahele ulu, pinepine i nā wahi puʻu a me nā mauna mauna o Turkey, ka Hikina Waena, mai Armenia a ʻIrana, Turkmenistan hema, Afghanistan a me Baluchistan (Pakistan), kekahi manawa i loaʻa ma Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, ka United Arab Emirates a me Oman. Hāʻalo nui lākou i ka ʻAlapia ʻAlapia a ma ka ʻākau hikina o ʻApelika.
ʻElani pōhaku
Koho ʻia nā wahi pōhaku me nā mauʻu pōkole, nā māno a me nā pā pōhaku, nā wahi mauna a me nā wahi o nā wā kahiko o ka wā kahiko. ʻO kēia kahi hiʻohiʻona o ke Kaiwaenahonua. ʻIke ʻia ka manu liʻiliʻi pōhaku ma ka hema o ʻEulopa, mai ka Iberian Peninsula a me ke komohana o ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ma o ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻEulopa a hiki i Central Asia. Hele nā heluna Asia i ka hema ma hope o ka wā hānau a i ka hoʻoilo.
Nā manu liʻiliʻi maoli
Māhele ʻia kēia ʻano i nā ʻāpana ʻelua nui:
ʻ splio hale
Nā kūlanakauhale i koho ʻia, nā kauhale, nā mahiʻai. ʻAʻohe wahi kikoʻī o ka noho, akā ʻike mau ʻia lākou ma kahi kokoke i nā hanana hana, ʻaʻole ma nā wahi maoli. Noho lākou i nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale, nā kauhale, nā mahiʻai, kokoke i nā hale pilikino a me nā ʻoihana.
Nā ʻoka palaʻai
Noho lākou ma nā ʻāina mahiʻai a me nā kauhale. Ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau, noho lākou i nā wahi ākea me nā kumu lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau, ma nā kaona a me nā kaona. Ma ʻEulopa a me ʻĀkia, loaʻa ia i nā ʻano ʻano nui o nā ʻano semi-open, nā lihi o ka ululāʻau, nā kauhale, nā mahiʻai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona kino o nā manu liʻiliʻi
He pōkole, ikaika nā nuku o ke kauoha o passerines, i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻanoʻano a me nā cereal. He ʻano iwi ko kā lākou mau alelo e kāpae i nā ʻili mai nā ʻanoʻano. He molt loa kēia mau manu ke komo lākou i ke kau makua o ke ola.
Hoʻololi ka nuku kāne i ke kala mai ka hina a i ka ʻeleʻele ke lilo ka manu i ka moekolohe. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ʻohana sparrow alakaʻi i kahi nohona noho. He pōkole nā peʻa manuahi a pōhaku hoʻi, lele ʻeleu, lele lele pōkole ʻole. ʻO nā manu liʻiliʻi o ka hau a me ka lepo e noho ana ma nā wahi ākea he mau ʻēheu kūlike ka lōʻihi me nā helu ʻokoʻa o nā hulu keʻokeʻo i loko o kā lākou plumage, e kū nui nei i nā hōʻike hōʻikeʻike maʻamau o nā manu ākea. ʻAʻohe kokoke i ka dimorphism moekolohe i ka hau, ka honua a me nā sparrows pōhaku. ʻO nā manu liʻiliʻi pōhaku kāne wale nō kahi kiko melemele ma ka ʻāʻī. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, he dimorphic nā sparrows maoli; ʻike ʻia nā kāne e nā bibs ʻeleʻele a me nā lauana i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ma ke poʻo.
Pehea ke ʻano o nā sparrows
ʻO ka hapanui o nā sparrows ke launa, ʻohiʻohi i nā pūʻā nui a hana i nā kolone. Nui nā ʻano laha i kāwili pū ʻia. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka pūnana kolone ma ʻAkia Waena, kahi e noho like ai nā haneli he mau haneli o nā manu i nā wahi o ka noho o nā manu liʻiliʻi. I loko o ia mau kolone, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pūnana i kekahi i kekahi, a 200 mau pūnana i kēlā me kēia lāʻau. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole nui nā pūnana, kau palena ʻia kā lākou helu e ka loaʻa o nā wahi kūpono me nā mea kanu. Hoʻonoho pinepine nā kāne male 20-30 ma kahi kokoke.
Hoʻokipa nā manu i ka lepo a me ka ʻauʻau wai. ʻO lāua nā hana kaiaulu. ʻO nā holoholona o nā manu e kūleʻa i ka hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻanoʻano me nā koena i kahi puʻuhonua maikaʻi. ʻOiai ke ʻeli ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano paʻakikī, noho kokoke nā manu liʻiliʻi i kekahi i kekahi a mālama i ka pilina kanaka me nā leo palupalu.
ʻO kaʻai a me ka papaʻai sparrow
ʻAi nā sparrows:
- nā hua o nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi;
- nā cereal i mahi ʻia;
- ka ʻai ʻana i nā holoholona;
- ʻōpala o ka home;
- nā hua liʻiliʻi;
- na anoano o na laau.
No nā moa, "ʻaihue" nā mākua i ka meaʻai holoholona. I ka wā hoʻoulu holoholona, ʻai nā ʻelele makua i nā invertebrates, ʻo ka hapanui o nā kolo neʻe lohi, akā hopu i kekahi manawa i kā lākou mea pio i ka lele.
