ʻO nā ʻelepani he mau māmela hihiu, ʻoi aku i ka nui o nā holoholona o ka ʻāina i ka nui. He ʻohana lākou o ka ʻohana elepani a i ʻole ʻo Elephantidae. Ma waho aʻe o kā lākou nui nui, he aʻa ʻokoʻa kā lākou - kahi kumu a me nā wīwī hanohano.
Lehulehu ka ʻohana ʻelepani. Akā mai loko mai o nā moʻokūʻauhau he 10, aia wale nō ʻelua i ko mākou manawa. He mau elepani ʻApelika a me ʻInia kēia. Pau ke koena. ʻO nā mammoth kahi ʻāpana nui o ka ʻohana, no laila ke kapa ʻia nei ke kaiāulu ʻohana he ʻohana o nā ʻelepani a me nā mammoth. ʻO ke koena ʻano ʻelepani hiki ke nalowale i ka wā e hiki mai ana inā nāwaliwali nā hana e pale ai iā lākou.
Nā liona elepani pau
Ke poʻo o ka papa inoa o nā ʻelepa pau ʻole e mammoths, ka inoa ʻōnaehana ʻo Mammuthus. Ua hala 10 tausani mau makahiki mai ka nalo ʻana o nā mammoth e kā mākou holoholona. ʻIke pinepine ka poʻe noiʻi i kā lākou koena, no laila ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia nā mammoth ma mua o nā moʻomeheu elephant pau ʻole. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa:
- ʻO Columbus's mammoth kekahi o nā holoholona ʻelepa nui loa. Wahi a nā helu a nā paleontologists, ua kokoke kona kaupaona i 10 mau tona. Noho ka pilikua ma ʻAmelika ʻAkau. ʻAʻole i hala ma mua o 10 tausani mau makahiki i hala mai kona nalo ʻana.
- Dammf mammoth - loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma muli o kahi palena o ka wahi noho. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku kona kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 1.2 m. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka nui o nā holoholona e ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo insular dwarfism. 12 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, hiki ke loaʻa ka mammoth dwarf ma nā mokupuni ʻo Pacific o ka Channel.
- He mamele nui loa ka Imperial Mammoth. Ua piʻi kona kiʻekiʻe ma nā poʻohiwi i 4.5 m. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻAkau 1.8 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hala 11 tausani mau makahiki mai ka nalowale ʻana o kēia pilikua.
- Mammoth Hema - ua like ka like me ka elepani ma waena o nā mammoth, no laila ua kapa pinepine ʻia ka ʻelepani hema. Ma ʻApelika ka palapala honua o kona hāʻawi ʻana.
A laila kau ka mamamoth i Eurasia, a ma hope a laila komo ia i ʻAmelika Hema ma o ka Bering Strait ʻole. Loaʻa ka manawa o ka mammoth hema no kahi noho nui loa: aia no ma kahi o 2 miliona mau makahiki a nalowale i ka hoʻomaka o ka Pleistocene.
- ʻO ka mammoth huluhulu kahi hānau o kēia holoholona ʻo Siberia. Hāʻawi nā ʻepekema i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia i koe i ka makahiki 250 tausani. Ua nalo mai ke alo o ka Honua i ka wā Pōhaku.
Ua pale ʻia ka mammoth mai nā hau ʻino e ka huluhulu me kahi lauoho 90-cm e uhi ana a me kahi undercoat mānoanoa a me kahi papa 10-cm o ka momona. Aia i ka wahi, ka ulu ʻana o kēia holoholona mai 2 a 4 m. ʻO ka heluna pōkole loa (a i 2 m) i noho ma Wrangel Island.
- ʻO ka mammoth steppe ka laha nui o nā holoholona proboscis i ola ma ka Honua. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o nā paleontologists. Wahi a ka iwi iwi i hoʻihoʻi ʻia, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mammoth ma nā mea mae i loaʻa iā 4.7 m. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā kua o nā kāne i hōʻea i 5 m.
Ma waho aʻe o nā mammoth, ola lākou a make i ka manawa like me lākou:
- He holoholona elepani nā Stegodonts e like me ka nui o ka mammoths, me ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona, e like me ka mea i lawe ʻia i loko o kahi genus kaʻawale. Ma Asia (mai Iāpana a Pakistan), ua loaʻa nā koena o nā stegodonts, i hāʻawi ʻia i 11 mau ʻano like ʻole.
- Primelefas - nā fossil i hoʻohana ʻia e kūkulu hou i kēia holoholona i loaʻa ma ʻApelika Waena. Ua wae ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻano kaʻawale. Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā mammoth a me nā ʻelepani ʻInia mai nā primaelephases, ua hala he 6 miliona mau makahiki mai ia manawa.
- Elepani Dwarf - hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻano i ka genus o nā ʻelepani ʻĀpelika. Kūleʻa kēia ʻelepani ma nā mokupuni o ke Kaiwaenahonua: Sisili, Kupero, Malta a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia, e like me ka mammoth dwarf, ua loli ʻia e ka hopena mokupuni: ʻo ka palena palena ʻole, ka nele o ka meaʻai i hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka holoholona. Ua make ka ʻelepani dwarf i ka manawa like me nā mammoth.
Minamina, ʻaʻole pau ka papa inoa o nā ʻano elepani nalowale i laila. ʻO ka nīnau "no nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ka ʻelepani"ʻO ka pane pinepine kaumaha i ka pane pinepine -" i ka nalowale. " ʻO nā kumu o ka nalowale ʻana o nā mammoths a me nā mea like, nā ʻano i koi iā lākou e haʻalele i kā mākou holoholona kokoke like ʻole i ʻike ʻole ʻia.
Aia kekahi mau mana: nā haʻalulu o ka manawa, nā pōʻino ākea, ka hopena o ka poʻe kahiko, nā epizootics. Akā ʻo nā kuhiakau āpau he kumu ʻole ia, ʻaʻohe mea e kākoʻo ai i nā manaʻo ʻepekema. Ke kali nei kēia pilikia i kāna hopena.
Elepani Bush
Ehia mau ʻano ʻelepani waiho ma ko mākou honua? ʻO ka pane pōkole ʻo 3. ʻO ka mea mua ma ka papa inoa nā ʻelepani savannah. ʻO kahi ʻano e pili ana i ka genus o nā ʻelepani ʻApelika. Hoʻolahalaha liʻiliʻi ʻia ma Aferika tropical. Hoʻemi ʻia ka laulā nui i nā ʻāina kahi e lawe ʻia ai nā ʻelepani ma lalo o ka palekana. Ua lilo nā pāka aupuni i mea e ola ai no kēia ʻano nui o nā elepani e noho nei.
Ma hope o ke kau ua, loaʻa i nā kāne mākua ke kaupaona kokoke i 7 tone, ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā wahine - 5 tone. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā poʻohiwi i hiki i 3.8 m mau kāne, ʻo ka ʻelepani wahine ma lalo iki - 3.3 m. Nui loa ke poʻo a hiki i nā kūlana ʻelepani.
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka mana, hoʻonui ʻia ke kaumaha e nā pepeiao nunui a me kahi kumu lōʻihi i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia. Hiki i kēia ʻōpū i loko o ka ʻelepani makua ke kikoo i 1.5 m a kaupaona ʻia 130 kg. He ikaika ikaika ka muscular o ka pahu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna ʻelepani i hiki ke hāpai i kahi kaumaha o ka hapahā o ke tona.
Ke hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻoluʻolu iki, hoʻohana nā ʻelepa i ko lākou mau pepeiao ma ke ʻano he pono hana no ka hoʻolilo wela. Hoʻopiha ka papa holoʻokoʻa o nā papa pepeiao i nā kīʻaha koko a me nā uaua. Hoʻohui, hana nā pepeiao ʻelepani i mea pā. Hoʻohana nā ʻepekema i ka lauana, ke ʻano, a me nā ʻokiʻoki a puni nā lihi o ka pepeiao e hoʻomaopopo ai i kēlā me kēia.
Uhi ʻia ke kino o ka ʻelepani me ka ʻili, a ʻo ka mānoanoa o ia ma ka awelika 2 cm, ma kekahi mau wahi a hiki i 4 knm. ʻAʻole pale ka ʻili o ka ʻelepani, akā he ʻāpana maʻalahi loa. E mālama palekana ia, e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai e pili ana i nā nahu o nā ʻeneto a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, e lepo mau ka ʻelepani iā ia, kiola i ka lepo, e ʻauʻau i nā kino wai āpau i loaʻa. No laila ʻApelika ʻano ʻelepani i loko o ke kiʻi hana pinepine i ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
Kupaianaha nō hoʻi ka huelo o ka ʻelepani nahele. Ua ʻoi aku i ka 1.2 m ka lōʻihi a he 26 vertebrae. Me kahi kino nui, ʻo ka huelo mita ka lōʻihi e hana iki i ka lele ʻana o nā nalo, nā gadflies a me nā ticks, akā hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke ʻano he organ hōʻailona, hōʻailona hōʻailona, beacon.
Hoʻonohonoho nani ʻia nā wāwae o ka ʻelepani. ʻO nā manamana wāwae mua ma nā lālā o nā ʻelepani e hoʻopau me nā kui. He 4 ko ka ʻelepani, 5 mau hooves i kekahi manawa ma kēlā me kēia mua. Loaʻa i nā lālā hope nā ʻelima he 5. ʻIke ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā manamana wāwae, nā mākia a me nā wāwae o lalo ma ke ʻano he anakahi.
ʻOi aku ka hoihoi ma mua o nā manamana wāwae me ka ʻūpā ka wāwae o kahi ʻelepani. ʻO kahi ʻeke ʻeke i hoʻonui ʻia me kahi mea elastis, kahi gel momona. Kēia manao i kiʻekiʻe-kbps shock-omo waiwai. Ke hoʻoili ʻia ke kaupaona i ka wāwae, pālahalaha ka wāwae a hāʻawi i kahi nui o ke kākoʻo.
ʻO ka ʻai Elepani kahi meaʻai kanu. Pono ʻoe i kahi nui. ʻO kahi elepani ulu nui i kēlā me kēia lā e waiho i loko o kona ʻōpū a i 300 kg o ka mauʻu momona a me nā lau maikaʻi ʻole. Maʻalahi ka ʻōpū, unicameral. ʻAʻole ia i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 mika i ka lōʻihi, a ʻo kona leo ma kahi o 17 lita.
E hōʻuluʻulu i ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo a mālama i ke kaulike o ka wai, pono ke kino o kahi elepani i 200 liters o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma waho aʻe o ka meaʻai a me ka wai, ka papaʻai a ka ʻelepani e hoʻopili me nā minelala i loaʻa i nā ʻelepani i nā leki paʻakai.
ʻO nā ʻelepani ʻōpala ʻApelika nā holoholona nomadic. Hōʻalo lākou i nā wao akua a me nā ululāʻau loloa. Ua kaupalena ka honua hou i kā lākou mau ʻāpana o ka neʻe ʻole i nā ʻāina o nā paka ʻāina.
Alakaʻi nā ʻelepani kāne kāne makua i kahi ola bachelor, neʻe hoʻokahi. Hoʻohui ʻia nā wahine, nā ʻelepani a me nā ʻelepani ʻōpio i kahi hui ʻohana, alakaʻi ʻia e kahi makua wahine - ka ʻelepani mana loa a me ka ʻike.
Nā ʻelepani ʻokoʻa, me nā mea ʻApelika, ʻaʻole hoʻomohala koke. Hiki i nā pēpē ke hoʻohana i ka waiū umauma a hiki i 5 mau makahiki. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā ʻōpio i make ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i nā makahiki 15. Lilo lākou i mau mākua hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka makahiki 12. Ma kahi o ka hapakolu o nā elepani savannah e hōʻea i ka palena makahiki: 70 mau makahiki.
Elepani Desert
ʻAʻole i hoʻoholo hope ʻia ke kūlana o kēia mau holoholona i ka mea hoʻohālikelike olaola. Manaʻo kekahi ʻepekema i ka poʻe noho wao nahele ma ke ʻano he subspecies kūʻokoʻa, a ʻo kekahi e hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei he poʻe kaʻawale kēia o nā elepani savannah.
Aia kahi kapakai Skeleton ma ka wao akua Namibian. ʻLelo ka inoa e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻāina. Loaʻa nā ʻelepani i kēia wahi sterile, dehydrated, ākea. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā biologists ke manaʻoʻiʻo hiki i nā mammal nui ke noho i loko o kahi biotope kakaʻikahi.
ʻO ka helehelena o nā ʻelepani, auwana i ka wao nahele, ʻokoʻa iki i ka hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou mau hoa e noho ana i ka savannah. ʻOiai ua māmā lākou, ʻike lākou i ka hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻana i ka wai. ʻO ka mea nui ʻike lākou pehea e loaʻa ai ma ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻeli ʻana i nā lua i nā moena o ka muliwai i hoʻomaloʻo. Kakaʻikahi loa nā ʻelepani waonahele i koe. Ma kahi o 600 mau kānaka e noho ana i ka wahi me kahi inoa ʻaʻole e hōʻeuʻeu i ka manaʻolana maikaʻi - Skeleton Coast.
Elepani nahele
Ua manaʻo nā ʻepekema i kēia mau kamaʻāina ʻApelika kahi ʻano o nā ʻelepani savannah. Ua hiki i nā Genetics ke huki i kahi hopena kuhihewa ʻole: he mau hiʻohiʻona nā ʻelepa o ka nahele e hāʻawi iā lākou i ke kuleana e manaʻo ʻia he ʻauhau kūʻokoʻa. Nā ʻano o nā ʻelepani ʻApelika hoʻopiha hou ʻia me kahi ʻelepani nahele.
Kūlike ka laulā o ka ʻelepani nahele me nā palena o ka ululāʻau ʻApelika. Akā ua kau aku ka honua o kēia ao i nā kapu ma ka wahi e noho ai nā ʻelepani nahele. E like me nā ʻohana savannah, hiki ke ʻike nui ʻia nā pilikua ulu ma nā pāka aupuni, nā wahi pale.
Ma nā ʻano anatomical a me nā hiʻohiʻona morphological, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻelepani nahele mai ka savannah. Koe no nā nui. ʻO ke ola i ka nahele i hana ai i ka ʻelepani pōkole. Ma nā poʻohiwi, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kāne makua ma mua o 2.5 mau mika. Ua hoʻololi i ke koena o nā ana i lalo.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa iki ka hui kaiaulu o nā kumu lāʻau ulu mai ka savannah. Noho aliʻi ʻo Matriarchy i nā hui. Alakaʻi nā wahine mākaukau i nā pūʻulu ʻohana e hana ana i nā alahele nahele hou. ʻO nā hana lahilahi o ka nahele ikaika, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻano mea kanu ma o ka ululāʻau i kahi hopena maikaʻi ma nā ulu lāʻau ʻo ʻApelika tropika.
I kēia lā ma kahi o 25,000 mau ʻelepani nahele e noho nei i nā ululāʻau o ʻApelika. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻelepani haʻahaʻa. Hānau kahi ʻelepani 1 cub i 5 a i ʻole 6 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki i kēlā ke uku i nā lilo ma ke kāʻili ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia, aia ka nui o nā ʻelepani ma lalo o ke kaomi mai ka liʻiliʻi o ka noho ʻana ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana a me ka mahiʻai.
Noho nā ʻelepani nahele ma ka lōʻihi o nā savannahs: 60 mau makahiki a ʻoi. Eia kekahi, e like me ka savannah, ʻaʻole hiki i nā poʻe āpau ke oʻo makua. Make ka hapalua o nā ʻelepani ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka makahiki 15. ʻO ka make nui i ka wā ʻōpio ke pili mua ʻia me ka maʻi.
Elepani ʻĀkia
Kāhea pinepine ʻia kēia mau holoholona he ʻelepani ʻĀnia. He maʻa mau lākou ma ka ʻāina Indo-Malay. I nā kenekulia 2 i hala, ua kuiki ka pae o ka ʻelepani, a lawe i kahi hiʻohiʻona patchwork. Kāhea ʻia ʻo India ma ke ʻano he fiefdom nui o ka ʻelepani ʻĀkia. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki ke loaʻa ma Nepal, Myanmar a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Nā ʻano o nā ʻelepani India hōʻike i kahi papa inoa kaumaha - ʻo 1 kēia a 9 mau nalo. Ke noho nei i ka ʻāina zoogeographic like, akā i nā panalāʻau ʻokoʻa, ua ulu ka ʻelepani Asia i mau ʻano.
- Elepani ʻĀnia. Pālahalaha pili. Noho i nā kapuaʻi o ka Himalayas, ka hema o India, Kina ma ka penikala ʻo Indochina. Akā ʻaʻole pili nā ʻāpana āpau i kekahi me kekahi, mai hōʻike i kahi ʻāpana.
- Elepani Ceylon. Pili pili like kēia holoholona proboscis me Sri Lanka. ʻAʻole ia e noho i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā ia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻelua. Ma waena o nā ʻelepani, ʻo ia ke poʻo nui e pili ana i ke kino. ʻAʻohe o nā kāne nā kāne, ʻo ka wahine hoʻi.
- Elepani Bornean. Noho ma ka mokupuni Malay o Kalimantan (Borneo). Hopena. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻĀkia liʻiliʻi loa.
- Elepani Sumatera. Loaʻa ma Sumatra wale nō. Ma muli o ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi, ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa kapakapa "ʻelepa elepani".
Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau ʻāpana, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻelepani e noho ana ma Vietnam a me Laos i nā ʻauhau kaʻawale. ʻO kahi hui ma kahi o 100 mau kānaka i noho ma Northern Nepal. Hoʻohanohano ʻia kēia mau ʻelepani ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. ʻOi aku ʻo ia i nā elepani ʻĀsia āpau, no kēia kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "pilikua".
ʻO nā elepani ʻĀkia hihiu ka poʻe noho nahele. Makemake nui lākou i nā mānoanoa ʻohe. Ua hiki ʻole i nā ʻāpana steppe i nā ʻelepani ma muli o ka hana hoʻokele waiwai kanaka. ʻImi nā holoholona i nā wahi mauna. ʻAʻole lākou makaʻu i ka ʻāina kaulike a me ke anuanu e pili pū me ke aniau mauna.
E like me nā ʻelepani ʻApelika, hoʻokumu nā holoholona India i nā pūʻulu kahi e noho aliʻi ai nā mākua. ʻO nā kāne i hiki i ke oʻo e alakaʻi i ke ola o nā holoholona mehameha. Hui lākou i ka hui ʻohana ke mākaukau kekahi o nā wahine e hoʻomau i ka genus. Loaʻa i nā Elepani ka wā hānau ʻoi loa, ma mua o 18 mau mahina a hiki i 21.5 mau mahina. Hānau ka ʻelepa i hoʻokahi, kākaʻikahi wale ʻelua, ʻelepani. ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi hānau hou ma kahi o 100 kg.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa o nā ʻelepani ʻĀkia ko lākou hiki i ka laka. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ka ʻelepani India. Ua hoʻohana nā kamaʻāina i kēia waiwai no nā kenekulia. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana, ua nalowale ka pono no ka hana elepani, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono lākou ma ke ʻano he holoholona kaua.
I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mikiona a nā elepani i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia. Hāʻawi lākou i nā mea mākaʻikaʻi He mea kāhiko lākou i nā kaʻina hana a me nā lā nui. ʻO kekahi wale nō hana lākou i ka hana maoli, ka lawe ʻana i nā poʻe a me nā ukana ma nā wahi passable maikaʻi ʻole.
