I waena o nā māmela mana o ka honua terestrial holoholona bison noho i kekahi o nā wahi alakaʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kūpuna o nā bipi hihiu. He mea kupaianaha ka ola ʻana o nā holoholona i nā loli, nā heluna o nā ʻohana pili o nā kaua nunui o ke kaua i hala.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
I ka nui Bison ʻAmelika, ʻoi aku i ka ungulate nui loa o ka Honua. ʻO ka nui o ke kāne makua i hiki i 1.2 mau tona, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 3 m, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka bison ma kahi o 2 m. ʻO nā ʻano ʻelua, kokoke loa, pili pū lākou me ka ʻole o ka palena.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka bovine bipi ka nui nui o ia, a, me nā nui o ke kino, hoʻonui ka maka i nā mea hou aʻe ma muli o ka mane paʻa i mua o ke kino. Uhi ka lauoho lōʻihi i ka scruff, ʻāʻī lalo, ʻūlū, e hana ana i kahi ʻumiʻumi lōʻihi.
Ulu ka lauoho lōʻihi loa ma ke poʻo - a i ka hapalua mika ka lōʻihi, ke koena, ka uhi ʻana i ka puʻu, ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kino, ʻoi aku ka pōkole. ʻIke ka disproportionality o ke kino - ua hoʻomohala hou ʻia ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kino, kau ʻia ka lei aliʻi me ka puʻu ma ka piko. Kū paʻa ka pipi ma nā wāwae haʻahaʻa, ikaika.
Hoʻonohonoho haʻahaʻa ʻia ke poʻo o ka bipi, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia nā maka ʻeleʻele. He lae laulā ko ka holoholona, he pepeiao hāiki, he pepeiaohao pōkole, a huli i loko o nā wēlau. ʻO kahi huelo pōkole i ka hopena me kahi kāwele lauoho lauoho lōʻihi. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ka hoʻolohe a me ke ʻano o ka pilau o ka bison. Hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka moekolohe dimorphism e ke alo o kahi genital i loko o nā bipi. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine Bison, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o nā bipi i 800 kg.
ʻO ke kala o nā holoholona kāhiko ʻia i ʻike ʻia i nā kala mai kaʻeleʻele a i ka brown brown. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke aka o ke kapakomo i loko o ke kanaka hoʻokahi, ma ke kua o ke kino, ma nā poʻohiwi, ʻo ke kala ʻeleʻele kahi leo māmā, i mua o ke kino ikaika e pouli ka lauoho.
Loaʻa i kekahi poʻe o ka bison he kala atypical - kahi kala kukui ʻokoʻa, a mai kahi mamao aku hiki ke kuhi ʻia he keʻokeʻo. Kākaʻikahi loa ʻo Albinos - hoʻokahi ma 10 miliona mau holoholona.
Pāʻina keʻokeʻo no ka mea he akua ʻōiwi i iho i ka honua, ʻike lākou i nā holoholona laha ʻole he laʻa. ʻO kaʻaʻahu o nā pēpē he māmā beige māmā, melemele.
ʻO ka helehelena laulā o nā bipi kāne nunui e hana i kahi hiʻona hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia, e hoʻoulu ai i ka makaʻu i ka ikaika a me ka ikaika o nā pilikua. ʻO ka wiwo ʻole, ka mālie o nā pilikua o ka honua holoholona e ʻōlelo nei i ko lākou kūlana kiʻekiʻe ʻole i waena o nā holoholona hoofed.
Buffalo noho nei i ka hemisphere ʻākau. ʻO Buffalo, e like me kā ʻAmelika e kapa nei i ka holoholona hoofed i kā lākou walaʻau, ua puni ia ma ʻAmelika Hema, me kahi heluna kanaka o 60 miliona mau kānaka.
Ua luku ʻia ʻo Bison, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hana hoʻokele waiwai o nā kānaka, ka mea i hoʻokikina aku a lahilahi i ka heluna kanaka o nā mea mammal. I kēia lā, mālama ʻia nā pūʻā bison ma nā ʻāina komohana komohana ʻākau mai Missouri.
I ka wā ma mua, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu anuanu, neʻe nā bipi nui i nā wahi hema, a hoʻi i ka puna. ʻAʻole hiki ke ola nomadic o bison i kēia manawa ma muli o ka mānoanoa o nā mahiʻai a me ka ʻāina, a me ka nohona palena.
Nā ʻano
ʻO ka heluna kanaka o ka bison ʻAmelika i kēia manawa me ʻelua mau ʻano: ka ululāʻau ululāʻau a me steppe. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hoahānau i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kapakomo, ke ʻano anatomical, inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i ka poʻe like me ka makahiki a me ka wahine.
Koho ka mea noho nahele i nā ululāʻau spruce lahilahi i nā kīʻaha muliwai ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka pae. ʻO kā lākou loaʻa kahi ʻike i ka hopena o ka 19 kenekulia. Manaʻo nā kānaka noiʻi ua hoʻoilina kēia ʻano i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi kūpuna mua. Nānā ʻia ke ʻano anatomical:
- kūikawā nui - ʻoi aku ka nui, kaumaha ma mua o ka bison steppe, ʻo ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi kanaka ma kahi o 900 kg;
- hoʻemi i ka nui o ke poʻo;
- e kani ana nā pepeiaohao mai nā apo kau aku;
- mane rudimentary ma ka ʻāʻī;
- ʻāpana kolona mānoanoa;
- ka piko o ka puʻu e kū ana i mua o nā wāwae;
- hoʻemi i ka lauoho ma nā wāwae;
- ʻumiʻumi ʻumiʻumi;
- he kola huluhulu i hana ʻia i ka hulu hipa o ke kala ʻeleʻele ma mua o ka ʻohana steppe.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻano bison o ka nahele e like me ka mea aneane e make. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā subspecies e ka hopu holoholona, ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka nohona, ka hybridization me nā poʻe haʻahaʻa. ʻO kahi ʻāpana o ka bipi kauahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke koʻikoʻi a me ke kaumaha ma mua o ka mea noho nahele, nona nā hiʻohiʻona aʻe:
- poʻo poʻo nui i kau ʻia me ka pāpale o nā ʻāpana mānoanoa;
- ʻumiʻumi ʻumiʻumi;
- ʻaʻole nā mea pepeiaohao e protrude ma luna o ka pāpale huluhulu;
- he kapa huluhulu, he leo māmā ma mua o ka lāʻau bison ulu lāʻau;
- puʻupuʻu, ke kihi kiʻekiʻe e waiho ana ma luna o nā forelegs o ka holoholona.
Pālahalaha buffalo, ke kaupaona ʻana ʻaʻole ma mua o 700 kg, he mau ʻāpana: nā ʻākau a me ka hema. Loaʻa ma ka nahele. Ma hope o ka nalu o ka luku nui ʻana o nā bipi, lawe ʻia ka hoʻihoʻi o ka lehulehu e ke ʻano o ka hoʻolauna ma nā wahi like ʻole o ʻAkau ʻAmelika, ma hope ma Kanada.
He holoholona like bison He bison ʻEulopa, ka hoahānau pili loa. Hoʻopuka ka crossbreeding o nā ʻano e pili ana i ka hua o ka bison a i ʻole niho ʻona, i ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka wahine. Hoʻololi hapa iki ʻo Hybrids i nā holoholona i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, e like me ka nāhelehele.
Hana nā mahiʻai i ka bison hānau, ʻo ka hapanui o nā ʻano steppe, no nā mea kalepa. ʻO ka nui o nā holoholona ma nā hānai ponoʻī ma kahi o 500,000, ʻoi aku ka emi ma mua o nā kānaka hihiu i mālama ʻia i ko lākou wahi maoli - ma kahi o 30,000 bison.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Aia nā wahi me nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole no ka bison e noho ai, kahi e hoʻomaʻa maikaʻi ai nā holoholona. Hilly, nā pā pālahalaha, nā ululāʻau ākea, nā ululāʻau spruce, ka ʻāina o nā pāka aupuni i hoʻokau ʻia e nā pilikua hihiu.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o nā bipi nui i nā pūʻā nui i kēia lā. Aia wale nō ka ʻike e pili ana i nā neʻe o mua o nā kaiāulu nui o bison o 20 tausani poʻo. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o nā holoholona i kēia manawa i 20-30 mau kānaka.
Hoʻololi nā holoholona i nā kūlana nohona. Hoʻomehana ka hulu mānoanoa o ka bison mai ka hau i ka hoʻoilo. Ma nā wahi me ka hau liʻiliʻi, loaʻa nā bipi i ka meaʻai ma ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hau, a hiki i ka hohonu o 1 m. ʻO nā ʻūhū mauʻu, nā lālā, nā lichens, hoʻopakele nā limu i nā holoholona mai ka pōloli.
ʻO ka luku ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona i ka kenekulia 19, i hoʻopau ʻia ma kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka i 1891, i lawe ʻia me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia o nā bipi ikaika. ʻO nā kānaka o ka ululāʻau e ola nei ma hope o ka luku nui, 300 wale nō poʻo mai nā kolone o nā kolone o nā kamaʻāina hihiu i ola.
No laila, ʻokoʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hierarchy herd. Kūkākūkā nā kānaka noiʻi e pili ana i ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o ke alakaʻi. Manaʻo kekahi he bipi ʻike kēia, manaʻo ʻē aʻe kekahi i ka mea nui o nā bipi kāne kahiko, nā mea e pale ai i ka pūʻali. Aia nā nānā e pili ana i ka noho ʻana o nā hui kaʻawale me nā bipi kāne ʻōpio a me nā bipi wahine me nā keiki bipi.
ʻAʻole hoʻopili nā ana i ka ola hana o nā bipi. ʻO Bison i ke kiʻi hopu pinepine ʻia i ka wā e kūleʻa ana i nā ālai wai. ʻAʻau maikaʻi lākou, hiki ke huakaʻi i kahi mamao. Hōʻike ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka lauoho i nā holoholona e ka holoi wā ʻana i ka lepo, ke one e pepehi i nā parasite. Hōʻike ka pilina pilikanaka o ka bison i ka hiki ke nānā i nā keiki hānau hou. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻāla i nā ʻohana i hoʻomake ʻia, e kuʻi ana i ko lākou poʻo.
ʻO ke ʻano o nā holoholona ʻōpio, keu hoʻi ka pāʻani a me ka ʻeleu i nā pāʻani, kaohi ʻia e nā poʻe mākua, ʻaʻole i ʻae iā lākou e neʻe aku mai ka ʻohana. ʻAʻohe o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nā bipi nunui, akā ʻimi nā ʻīlio hae i nā bipi keiki a me nā ʻelemākule, e hele kokoke mai ana i nā ʻeke.
Hāʻawi ke ʻano ʻala o ka bipi iā ia i nā hōʻailona nui - ʻike ʻo ia i kahi loko 8 km mamao, kahi ʻenemi e hoʻokokoke ana iā 2 km. ʻO ka hihiʻo a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana ke kuleana ʻelua. ʻAʻole hoʻouka ka pilikua ma mua, makemake pinepine e pakele i ka hakakā ma ka lele ʻana. Akā ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka haunaele i kekahi manawa ke alakaʻi i ka holoholona i kahi kūlana huhū.
Hōʻike ʻia ka pīhoihoi o ka bison e kahi hōʻailona o kahi huelo i hāpai ʻia, kahi ʻaʻala musky, ʻoi loa a ʻike ʻia i kahi mamao loa, kahi kaniʻuhū a me ka namunamu. I kahi hoʻouka kaua kolohe, lawe ka bipi hihiu i nā mea āpau i kona ala. Holo wikiwiki i 60 km / h, lele i luna e lanakila i nā mea kūpilikiʻi - a i 1.8 m.
Ke manaʻo nei e holo nei ka pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa, a laila aneane hiki ʻole i ka ʻenemi ke pakele mai ka nui huhū huhū. Akā hiki i ka bison ke hoʻi i hope, e holo ai, ke manaʻo ʻo ia ka pōmaikaʻi o kahi ʻenemi ikaika. Loaʻa i nā holoholona nā ʻano o ke kīkēkē ʻana i nā ʻelemākule a me nā mea maʻi e wāwahi ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue i mea e pakele ai i nā mea mana loa.
ʻO Bison, he holoholona o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, hoʻāla mau ʻia ka hoihoi o ka ʻimi holoholona o nā ʻōiwi ʻōiwi. Hiki i nā kānaka ke pale wale i ka pilikua ma ka maʻalea wale nō, e hoʻokele ana i ka bipi i nā pā, ka lua hohonu. Ua alualu lākou ma ka lio.
ʻO nā mea kaua o ka ʻaʻa, he ihe, he kakaka, he pua. ʻOiai ko lākou kumukānāwai ikaika, hiki i ka bison i ka makaʻu ke neʻe maʻalahi, hoʻomohala i kahi ala kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka holo ʻana i 50 km / h, ma mua o nā lio. Pālua ka ikaika o ka holoholona ke ʻeha a koli ʻia paha ka holoholona.
Ua lilo ka bison i mea weliweli loa i ka poʻe ʻimi holoholona, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana a ka holoholona i kahi mokuahi i kū ʻole i ka manaʻo. He mea nui ka ʻohi kino bison no nā Indians. ʻO ke alelo, ka puʻupuʻu i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka momona, he waiwai nui. ʻO kaʻiʻo o ka bipi i haki, hoʻomaloʻo, mālama ʻia no ka hoʻoilo.
Hana ʻia ka ʻili mai nā ʻili mānoanoa, humuhumu ʻia nā kapa komo o waho, nā noho lio, nā kāʻei, ua hana ʻia nā halelewa. Ua hoʻolilo nā India i nā ʻāʻī i mau pae, i ke kakaka, nā kaula i mele ʻia mai ka lauoho, he mau mea nā iwi no ka hana ʻana i nā pā a me nā pahi. ʻOiai ʻo nā lepo holoholona i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahie. ʻO ka make ʻana o ka bison, ka mea i lilo i poʻe makaʻāinana, ʻaʻole i pili i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka a hiki i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā bipi i ka pana ʻana.
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻO ke kumu o ka papaʻai o ka bison ka mea kanu mea kanu, kahi bipi kahi mea kanu. E hoʻonui i hoʻokahi kanaka i kēlā me kēia lā, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 28-30 kg o nā mea kanu e koi ʻia. ʻO ka waiwai kūpono no nā pilikua herbivorous:
- mea kanu lau nahele;
- palaʻai;
- ulu ʻōpio, nā lālā ʻōpuʻu;
- lichens;
- limu;
- nā lālā;
- lau o nā mea kanu.
I ka bison lowland, uhi ka mauʻu o ka steppes a me nā lau nahele i ka meaʻai. ʻAi ka poʻe noho nahele i nā lālā, lau. I kēlā me kēia lā, ʻākoakoa nā pūʻā bison e ka waihona wai e pau ai ko lākou make wai.
Hāpai ʻia ʻo Bison e ʻai i nā mahiʻai i ke kakahiaka a i ʻole ke ahiahi. I nā hola awakea wela, noho nā holoholona i ka malu o nā kumulāʻau nui, e peʻe ana i kahi o nā ululāʻau.
I ka hiki loa, holoholo ka bison hihiu i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. I ke kau anuanu, pili ka nele o ka meaʻai i ka maikaʻi o ka hulu hipa. ʻEha nā holoholona i ka pōloli a me ke anuanu. I ka hoʻoilo, loaʻa nā ʻili nāhelehele mai lalo o nā hau, nā lālā o nā mea kanu i lilo i meaʻai.
Ke ʻeli nei nā holoholona i nā wahi hau, ke ʻeli nei i nā lua me ko lākou mau puʻupuʻu a me nā lae. E like me ka bison, me ka neʻe ʻana o ka muzzles, hele hohonu lākou i ka honua i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā aʻa a me nā koʻokoʻo. ʻAʻole ia he mea kūpono no kēia kumu, hoʻomohala nā mea he nui i nā pāhule ma luna o ko lākou mau poʻo. Ke uhi ʻia nā kino wai me ka hau, ʻai nā holoholona i ka hau.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Wehe ka wā moʻo no bison i Mei a mau a hiki i ka waena o Kepakemapa. He polygamous nā holoholona, ʻaʻole lākou e hana i nā paʻa paʻa mau. He bipi maoli kā bison kāne he 3-5 bipi. I ka wā hānau, hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūʻā hui nui, kahi e lanakila ai ka hoʻokūkū ikaika.
ʻO ka hakakā no nā wahine ʻoi loa ma waena o nā kāne ikaika he kolohe - ʻaʻole nā kaua i hōʻeha wale i nā ʻehaʻeha, akā i ka make hoʻi o ka hoa paio. Hana ʻia nā kaua ma ke ʻano o nā hoʻokuʻi o nā lae, kūʻē nui loa kekahi i kekahi. I ka wā o ka rut, kū kahi kani mālū i ka pua. ʻO ke kani ākea e like me ke ʻano o ka hekili. Hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe i nā leo o kahi pipi uō i kahi mamao o 5-7 km.
Ma hope o ka male ʻana, neʻe aku nā wahine mai ka ʻohana hānai keiki. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana he 9-9.5 mau mahina. Pili loa i ka hānau keiki, nānā nā bipi i nā wahi kaʻawale no nā keiki. Aia nā hihia o ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki bipi i loko o ka pā.
Hānau ʻia kahi cub, kākaʻikahi loa ka hānau ʻana o ʻelua. Inā kū ka hānau keiki ma waena o nā bison, ʻaʻole lākou e noho nanea ʻole, hōʻike i ka hoihoi a me ka mālama - honi lākou, palu i ka pēpē hānau hou.
ʻO ke kaumaha o ka bipi keiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana ma kahi o 25 kg, ʻulaʻula kona huluhulu me kahi aniani melemele. ʻAʻohe pepeiaohao o ka pēpē, he puʻupuʻu ma luna o ka mea mae. Ma hope o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua i ʻelua mau hola, hiki i ka bison liʻiliʻi ke kū ma kona mau wāwae, neʻe ma hope o ka makuahine hele.
A hiki i ka makahiki o hoʻokahi makahiki, hānai nā keiki bipi i ka waiū o ka makuahine, ʻo ka momona o ka momona he 12%. Ulu wikiwiki lākou, loaʻa ka ikaika, ikaika ikaika, aʻo i nā pāʻani o ke ʻano makua. ʻO ka makahiki mua o ke ola he manawa weliweli ia no lākou, ʻoiai ʻo ka pale ʻole ʻana o nā pēpē e ʻumeʻume i nā mea ʻaihue, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻāhi wolf, no nā mea maʻalahi maʻalahi. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hoʻouka pū kekahi mai nā bear grizzly, pumas.
E hōʻoia ʻo Bison ʻaʻole e neʻe nā keiki bipi mai ka ʻohana kau, kāohi i ko lākou wahi. Hiki i nā holoholona ʻōpio ke oʻo makua i ka makahiki o 3-5 mau makahiki. I nā kūlana kūlohelohe o ke ʻano, ʻo ke ola o ka bison he 20 mau makahiki. I ka pio ʻana, hoʻonui ka ola i nā makahiki 5-10. Aia nā kānaka nunui Herbivorous ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana a nā mea hoʻoulu kuleana kuleana holoholona, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ko lākou wahi mua i ko lākou wahi noho.
