Pākuʻi He iʻa wai wai ʻEulopa o ka ʻohana carp. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e ka waha, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ke poʻo a me ka lehelehe o lalo me ka ʻaoʻao paʻakikī, cartilaginous. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano ʻeleʻele membrane ma ka paia o ka ʻōpū.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Podust
ʻO Podust (Chondrostoma nasus) kahi ʻano gregarious, ola ia i nā kula i nā wā a pau o kona ola a hānai i ka ʻānai ʻana i nā pōhaku. Makemake ʻo Podust e kahe me kēia au: he ʻano rheophilic ia. Mahalo i kona mau hiki, hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ke kuleana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai.
ʻIke hoihoi: Hiki i kēia laha ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona kaiaola - ke hōʻike nei kona alo i ka maikaʻi o ka wai maikaʻi, kahi ʻano like ʻole o nā wahi noho a me ka mahalo i ka hoʻomau o ke kaolaola e pono ai no ka neʻe ʻana.
ʻOkoʻa ke kino o ka podust i nā cyprinid ʻē aʻe i kāna kikoʻī. ʻO kona poʻo a me ka waha o ka waha he ʻano maopopo a maʻalahi ʻike ʻia. Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo a he waha me ka antennae. Hoʻololi nā lehelehe no ka ʻili ʻana i lalo, mānoanoa a paʻakikī hoʻi lākou. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka fin doral ma ka pae o nā pelvic fins. Kaumaha loa ka pū Caudal. Hiki i nā kāne Podust ke ola a 23 mau makahiki, a ʻo nā wahine a 25 mau makahiki.
Video: Podust
ʻO Podust kahi ʻano gregarious e noho ana i nā wai kahe wikiwiki me ka papaʻu, lalo o nā ʻiliʻili. Ua loaʻa ia ma ke kahawai nui o nā kahawai nui e pili ana i nā hale o ke kanaka (pou alahaka) a i ʻole nā pōhaku. I ka wā hānau, neʻe ia i uka o nā kahawai i kipa pinepine ʻia a hele i nā lālā. Noho kēia iʻa i nā kahawai o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa. Aia ma kahi o UK, Scandinavia a me ka Iberian Peninsula.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka podust
He kino fusiform ko ka podust me kahi ʻāpana kuea oval a ʻaoʻao ʻemi iki ʻia, nā unahi metallic blue-hina, a me kahi huelo ʻalani. He peʻa ʻoi kona, nui ka lehelehe lalo me ka uhi mānoanoa o ka horny a me ka wī ʻoi, kahi waha a me ka maka kaulana. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o ka lehelehe luna a me ka ʻaoʻao mua ma mua o ke anawaena o ka maka. He niho niho pharyngeal hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao ʻo Podust, nā unahi cycloid o ka nui haʻahaʻa. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā peʻa pelvic ma ke kumu o ka fin dorsal.
ʻEleʻele ka ʻōpū, a ʻokoʻa ke kala o ke kua mai ka hina-uliuli a i ka hina-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoi aku a ʻemi i ka pouli. He silvery nā ʻaoʻao o ka podust, a keʻokeʻo a ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo hoʻi ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka fin dorsal ka aniani moakaka, like i ke kala me ka dorsal. ʻIke like ka Caudal fin me ka fin dorsal, akā me nā kinakū ʻulaʻula ma ka ʻupena haʻahaʻa. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻalani i ka ʻalani-ʻulaʻula o ke kala. ʻOi loa ka lōʻihi o ka digestive o ka podusta, ʻoiai he 4 manawa ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻIke ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe wale nō i ka wā hānau. ʻOi aku ka mālamalama o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, a hoʻomohala lākou i nā puʻupuʻu nui a ʻoi aku ka nui i ke poʻo a me ke alo o ke kino.
ʻIke hoihoi: Ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka podust mai 25 a 40 centimita, a ʻo ke kaupaona ma kahi o 1 kg. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā poʻe a hiki i ka 50 cm ka lōʻihi a me 1.5 kg i ke kaupaona. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā iʻa he 15 mau makahiki.
Ma hea e noho ai ka podust?
Kiʻi: Volzhsky podust
ʻIke kūlohelohe ʻo Pust i nā kahawai o ke Kai ʻEleʻele (Danube, Dniester, Hema Bug, Dnieper), ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kai Baltic (Niman, Odra, Vistula) a me ke kai hema o ka ʻĀkau (a i Mesa ma ke komohana). Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻolauna ʻia i loko o nā ʻauwai o ka Rhone, Loire, Herault a me Soki (ʻItalia, Slovenia). He iʻa neʻe ia.
Uhi ʻia kona laulā kokoke i ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nō ka Iberian Peninsula, France komohana, ʻItalia, Dalmatia, Helene, nā mokupuni Pelekane, ka ʻākau o Lūkia a me Scandinavia. Ma kahi o ia, aia ʻo ia ma ka mahele o Anatolia komohana. I ʻItalia, ua hoʻolauna ʻia i loko o ka muliwai ʻo Isonzo ma muli o ka noho ʻana i nā wai Slovenian.
Hana ʻia kēia ʻano lāhui i loko o ka wai hohonu me nā kahe wikiwiki, pinepine i nā wai hope ma nā alahaka a i ʻole nā waho pōhaku. Noho ia ma lalo, kahi e ʻai ai i ka limu a me nā mea kanu wai ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka neʻe mau ʻana o podust i nā jamb. Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia kēia ʻano i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai nui, nā pāpū a me nā ʻūhā, a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 500 mau mika. Hana ʻia ia i loko o nā waihona wai ʻino a me nā loko, kahi e loaʻa ai ma kahi kokoke i nā kahawai. I nā kahawai liʻiliʻi, loaʻa paha iā ia kahi mahele lōʻihi e kūlike ana i kona nui, me nā mākua e noho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka muliwai.
ʻIke ʻia nā mākua i ka wai papau me nā kahawai wikiwiki, kokoke i ka eddies i hana ʻia e nā paila o nā alahaka a i ʻole nā pōhaku. Noho lākou i ke kahawai no ka wikiwiki a wikiwiki i nā kahawai nui a me ka waena me nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ʻiliʻili. Loaʻa nā ʻūlū ma lalo o ka ʻili, a noho nā ʻohana ʻānai i ke kahakai. Noho ʻo Young podusty ma lalo i nā wahi pāpaʻu loa. Ke ulu lākou, haʻalele lākou i ke kai i nā wai wikiwiki. ʻO nā ʻōpili ulu ʻōpio i nā backwaters a i ʻole nā lua ma nā kapa.
I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻokumu ka poʻe mākua i nā pūpū paʻa ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa o nā kahawai. Hele nā mākua i mau mile he ʻumi mau mile i uka i ke kahua e hoʻoulu ai, kahi e loaʻa pinepine ai i nā kahawai. Kū ka ʻōpū i loko o ka wai e kahe wikiwiki ana i nā moena gravel pāpaʻu. Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka loko iʻa e ka clogging, ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā kahua e hoʻoulu ai a me ka haumia. I nā kahawai kahi i hoʻolauna ʻia ai lākou, hoʻoneʻe lākou a hoʻopau i ka parachondroxin ma ka Rhone a me ka polina hema o ʻEulopa ma Sok.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka podust. E nānā kāua i ka ʻai a kēia iʻa hoihoi.
He aha ka ʻai a podust?
Kiʻi: podust maʻamau
ʻO kahi ʻōpoki ʻōpelu kahi holoholona i hānai ʻia i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai nā mākua he lāʻau herbivores benthic. ʻAi nā larvae a me nā ʻōpio i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai nā ʻōpio nui a me nā mākua e ʻai i nā diatoms benthic a me nā detritus.
E like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kēia genus, hoʻohana ka podust i nā lehelehe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka papa o nā pōhaku i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, hemo i nā limu a me nā inlays waiwai i nā meaola. Me kona lehelehe luna, hoʻoluliluli ʻo ia i ka papa pōhaku i uhi ʻia me kāna meaʻai. ʻAi ia i nā limu filamentous ʻelua, āna e ʻānai mai nā pōhaku o lalo i ke aloha i kona mau lehelehe ʻoniʻoni, a me nā invertebrates, i loaʻa iā ia i ke kaiapuni like.
Hoʻopili ka papaʻai podust i kēia mau meaʻai:
- nā mea kolo wai;
- crustaceans;
- ilo:
- pūpū;
- limu;
- mosses;
- protozoa;
- rotifers;
- nematodes;
- nā koena mea kanu;
- nā minelala i kāwili ʻia me ka uhi limu;
- diatoms benthic.
Hiki i ka mea nānā ke ʻike i ke kū ʻana o ka podusta ma muli o nā koina meaʻai i waiho ʻia ma lalo. I nā ʻōpio, aia kahi waha i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe, no laila lākou e ʻai ai i nā microinvertebrates a me plankton. Ke ulu nei, neʻe ka waha i lalo a ʻae i nā ʻano ʻai kūpono, e like me ka poʻe mākua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Podust ma Belarus
Makemake ʻo Podustas i nā pā kahe e kahe wikiwiki ana i nā kahawai a ʻimi i nā meaʻai i nā kula, ma nā wahi ākea, kahi e huli ai nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a ʻai i ka limu ma ka honua. Mai Malaki a Mei, ʻike ʻia lākou i nā shoals i nā wahi ʻiliʻili pālahalaha a nui hoʻi. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine lākou i nā huakaʻi huakaʻi i ke ʻano o ka poʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo "poʻe mākaʻikaʻi waena". Pono lākou i nā wahi mehana, a ʻoi aku ka mālie no ka ulu ʻana o ka larva, a me nā wahi hohonu a me ka mālie no nā larvae.
Heʻano sessile, benthic, a me gregarious kēiaʻano. Hana ka pust i nā shoals o nā nui like ʻole a me nā makahiki, pili pinepine ʻia me nā fungi carp rheophilic ʻē aʻe. I ka wā o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i kekahi mau haneli mau kilomika i hiki i nā wahi kūpono no ke kau ʻana, aia ma nā kahawai liʻiliʻi, kahi i kū ʻole ai nā mākua no ka pae trophic.
Mai ka wanaʻao a hiki i ka hopena o ke kau, hana nui ka shoal a neʻe ma nā kahawai i lalo e ʻimi i nā meaʻai. I loko o kēia wā, ʻākoakoa pinepine lākou ma kahi kokoke i nā mea keʻakeʻa e lohi ai ka wikiwiki o ka wai, e like me ke kākoʻo o ke alahaka, nā pōhaku nui, nā aʻa kumu wai i hoʻopiha ʻia, a i ʻole nā kumu wai i hoʻopiha ʻia. I ka hoʻoilo, neʻe lākou i loko o nā wai hohonu, peʻe i loko o nā āpau a i ʻole ma lalo o nā pōhaku nui i pale ʻia mai nā au ikaika, kahi e hūnā ai lākou a hoʻemi paha i ka hana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pust i ka wai
Loaʻa nā mākua kāne ma waena o ka makahiki ʻelua a me ke kolu, ʻoiai he mau makahiki hou ka mau wahine. ʻOi ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana, akā hoʻohuli ʻia e ka mahana o ka wai a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. Hele ʻo Podust i mau mile he ʻumi i ke kahua e hoʻouluulu ai, kahi i loaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā lālā. Hoʻokumu nā kāne i nā hipa nui, pale kēlā me kēia i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Moe nā wahine ma luna o nā pōhaku e hoʻohana ʻia ai, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā wahi hūnā no ka ʻai.
ʻOiai he holoholona momona ia, ʻaʻole e hoʻopili ka podust me nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokumu wale nā wahine i hoʻokahi manawa wale nō i ka makahiki, a i kekahi poʻe no kahi wā pōkole loa he 3-5 mau lā. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka momona, waiho ka wahine mai 50,000 a 100,000 mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo 1.5 mm ke anawaena. Paʻa nā hua Podust, waiho ʻia i loko o nā kaumaha i ʻeli ʻia e ka wahine i loko o ka ʻiliʻili o ka substrate. Lawe ʻia lākou ma hope o 2-3 mau pule. Ma hope o ke omo ʻana i ka ʻeke yolk, neʻe nā larvae ma nā kapa wai e hānai ma lalo o ka ʻili.
ʻO Podust kahi o ka hui o nā iʻa e hāpai i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka lawaiʻa ʻana o ka iʻa mai Malaki a Iulai, e pili ana i ka latitude a me ke ʻano o ka makahiki i kēia manawa, ma kahi mahana o ka wai ma kahi o 12 ° C. Kūpono ʻia i ka wai e kahe wikiwiki ana, ma nā moena ʻiliahi pāpaʻu, ma nā kahawai liʻiliʻi. Ua hōʻea mua nā kāne i nā wahi o ka puka, a noho kēlā me kēia o lākou i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina i pale ʻia mai nā mea hoʻokūkū.
I loko o ka wā spawning, ʻike ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu ikaika o ke kino o nā kāne a me nā wahine. I nā kāne, uhi ka ʻūhū i ke kino holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai i nā wahine he nodule kaʻawale o ka hū ʻana ma ka poʻo. I ʻOkakopa, ʻo nā oxytes makua (hoʻopiha ʻia me nā yolk) i nā ovaries e 68%. Hōʻike kēia i ka hiki o ka spawning ʻimi hoʻopunipuni ma mua o ʻApelila a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻai nui no ka hānau ʻana o ka puna a me ka lau.
ʻO ka hana hope loa o ka sperm i nā testes e kū koke ana ma mua o ka hānau ʻana. Hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hua e nā wahine wahine nui a kahiko. Hoʻopuka ka podust i nā hua me ka awelika o 2.1 mm ke anawaena. Hoʻohui, hoʻomoe nui nā wahine i nā hua nui.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka podust
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka podust
Mālama ʻia ʻo Podust no ka iʻa a me nā ichthyophages, nā mea kolo o ke kai a me kekahi mau māmela e like me nā otters. ʻO ka makemake o ka podust no nā kahawai wai maʻemaʻe a maikaʻi i hoʻolilo ʻia i mea waiwai no nā salmonid nunui e like me ka trout brown, trout marbled a me Danube salmon. Mālama ʻia kēia ʻano i nā maʻi viral a me bacteria. Hiki i ka podust ke lilo i mea hoʻokipa a lawe i nā parasite, e like me nā ʻano trematodes a me nā cestodes, nā helminths ʻē aʻe, nā protozoa, nā crustacea parasite a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui pinepine nā mea ʻeha a me nā maʻi i nā maʻi fungal make.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Podust he iʻa nui a koʻikoʻi no ke ola ola salmon. Ma hope o ka hatching o nā podustas liʻiliʻi, hānai kēia iʻa iā lākou. Ma mua o ka huki ʻana, neʻe aku ka podust i uka, kahi e hālāwai pinepine ai lākou i nā ālai i ke ʻano o nā dam i kūkulu ʻia ma nā kahawai, kahi e hoʻemi ai i kā lākou helu. ʻIke nui ka pust i ka lepo.
Mea hoihoi: ʻaʻole hoihoi nui ʻo Podust i ka lawaiʻa: ʻo kāna mau ʻano ma ke ʻano he iʻa ola he mediocre, a ʻo ia hoʻi, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kāna law.
He iʻa haʻuki waiwai nui ia i hoʻopahu ʻia me nā mea pahū i ka hohonu. He kānalua loa ʻo Podust a ke ola nei kāna pane i ka hopu. Hoʻohana ʻia nā limu ma nā puʻupuʻu, nā ʻenela, nā larvae ʻelima a me nā ʻūlū ʻē aʻe i maunu. Mahalo ʻia kaʻiʻo Podust, akā i ka hihia o nā laʻana nui, a i ʻole aia ka nui o nā iwi i loko o ka iʻa. Lawe wale ʻia ka lawaiʻa kalepa maikaʻi ʻole i nā mokuʻāina e pili ana i ke Kai ʻEleʻele. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano e like me ka iʻa forage i nā iʻa trout a me nā salmon.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Pahu iʻa
Kūleʻa ka Podust i ka hapa nui o kāna pae. Ke hoʻonui nei kāna ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi ʻana. Hoʻolauna ʻia no ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā kīʻaha he nui a kahi allochthonous ia, hoʻoweliweli ia i ke alo o nā lāhui hānau maoli a i ʻole pili pili pono i hoʻokūkū ʻia no ka hoʻokūkū meaʻai a me ka hānau.
Kūloko, ua hāʻule kekahi poʻe i ka hāʻule ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā dam a me nā mea pale i hiki ʻole ke komo ʻia e hoʻohaunaele i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka muliwai, e kāpae ana i nā hana hoʻohua a nā mea hoʻohua. Ua kōkua ʻia kona wahi komohana o ʻEulopa e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kahawai hoʻokele. Hōʻike kēia implantation wikiwiki a me kāna acclimatization i ka hiki o ka laha.
I ka lalo Austrian Danube, he ʻano laha ka podust i ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia i hala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nalo ʻana o nā kahua e hoʻouluulu ai ma muli o nā ana ʻenekini muliwai (nā hale transverse, kūkulu paʻa ʻia o ke kapakai, ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā ululāʻau kahawai) i alakaʻi ʻia i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka nui o nā podust i nā ʻāpana muliwai he nui.
Aia ʻo Podust i ka puke ʻulaʻula o kekahi mau ʻāina, e like me:
- Belarusa;
- Lituania;
- Ukelena;
- Lukia.
Ma ka ʻaneʻane i nā ʻāina āpau kahi e pālahalaha nui ai kēia ʻano, hoʻopili ʻia ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka wā hoʻoulu manu a me nā ana hopu liʻiliʻi. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Podust i ka Annex III i ka Berne Convention no ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona hihiu a me nā nohona kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻoweliweli. Ma ka IUCN Red List (International Union for Conservation of Natura and Natural Resources), hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano me kekahi e hoʻoweliweli iki ʻia.
Pale Podust
Kiʻi: Podust mai ka Red Book
Mahalo i ka pale ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mea kanu mana ma Hainburg i ka makahiki 1984, ua mālama ʻia kekahi o nā ʻāpana ʻelua hope loa o ke kahe manuahi o ka Austrian Danube. ʻO nā iʻa aloha i kēia manawa, e like me ka podust, e ʻike i nā wahi nui o laila, a lilo i mea kākaʻikahi loa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ke ana palekana maikaʻi loa na lākou.
ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā papahana hoʻihoʻi i hoʻokō ʻia i loko o ka wahi park National, ʻo ka lohi o nā podust e nā mea kanu mana ma ka ʻāpana kahe manuahi ma lalo o Wina e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka moena kahawai a pēlā i ka hoʻokaʻawale iki ʻana o nā ululāʻau kahawai. Ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā wahi noho kūpono no nā makahiki āpau o ka podust i nā papahana hou o ke kūkulu hou ʻia ʻana a me ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka muliwai, lana ka manaʻo e ola hou nā waihona. Kūpono kēia mau ana i nā ʻano iʻa iʻa muliwai āpau.
Ma loko o ke kiʻina o ka papahana Donau Auen National Park, he mea pono e lanakila i ka pale i hiki ʻole ke hele i nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka iʻa, he mea nui ia no ka neʻe ʻana o ka pahu. Hoʻohui ʻia me nā ana liʻiliʻi (e laʻa me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kahua e hānau ai) a me ka hoʻōla hou ʻana i ka wahi, pono e hoʻokō ʻia nā mea nui no ka podust a me nā ʻano iʻa e neʻe ana.
Pākuʻi He lunamakaʻāinana o nā cyprinids, ka mea e noho ana mai ka waena a hiki i ka wikiwiki a me nā muliwai waena me ka pōhaku a me ka ʻiliʻili o lalo. Kūkulu kēia ʻano i ka ulu mua o ka wai i nā ʻāpana i uluwehi o nā kahawai. ʻO nā podustas ʻōpio he mau mea hānai hānai hānai i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai nā mākua he lāʻau herbivores benthic. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hoʻoweliweli kūloko i ka podustam ma muli o nā dam, ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā kahua e hoʻouluulu a me ka hoʻohaumia.
Lā o ka paʻi ʻia: Ianuali 26, 2020
Lā hou: 07.10.2019 ma 19:34
