ʻO Congoni (Alcelaphus buselaphus), kekahi manawa maʻamau a i ʻole steppe bubal, a i ʻole antelope bipi kahi ʻano mai ka ʻohana bovids o ka ʻohana Bubal. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻewalu e nā mea noiʻi, a ʻo kekahi o lākou i manaʻo ʻia he kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā subspecies maʻamau nā tropi hopu holoholona waiwai no kā lākou ʻono momona, no laila e ʻimi pinepine ʻia ai lākou. I kēia manawa ma ka Pūnaewele maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻae ʻimi holoholona, me ke congoni, ʻoiai ʻaʻole neʻe iki ka ʻano a hūnā ʻole, no laila maʻalahi ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kongoni
Ua ʻike ʻia ka genus Bubal ma kahi 4.4 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i loko o kahi ʻohana me nā lālā ʻē aʻe: Damalops, Rabaticeras, Megalotragus, Connochaetes, Numidocapra, Oreonagor. ʻO ka ʻikepili e hoʻohana ana i nā pilina molekole i nā lehulehu congoni i manaʻo ʻia kahi kumu i hiki i ka hikina o ʻApelika. Hoʻolahalaha koke ʻo Bubal i ka savannah ʻApelika, e pani ana i nā ʻano ma mua.
Ua hoʻopaʻa nā ʻepekema i ka mahele mua o ka lehulehu congoni i ʻelua moʻokūʻauhau ma kahi o 500,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei - hoʻokahi lālā ma ka ʻākau o ka equator a me ka hema. Lilo hou ka lālā ʻākau i kahi lālā hikina a me komohana, aneane 0.4 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ma muli paha o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kāʻei wao nahele ma ʻApelika Waena a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi hou o ka savannah.
Video: Kongoni
Ua kū aʻe nā kūpuna Hikina iā A. b. cokii, Swain, Torah a me Lelvel. A mai ka lālā komohana i hele mai ʻo Bubal a me ka West Africa Congoni. ʻO nā kumu kumu o ka hema i hāpai i ke kaama. ʻO kēia mau ʻauhau ʻelua ua kokoke i nā huaʻōlelo, e divering wale nō 0.2 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻoholo ka noiʻi ua pili pono kēia mau hanana nui a puni ka evolution o ka congoni i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke anilā. He mea nui paha kēia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala hoʻomohala o ka congoni wale nō, akā, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe mamala ma ʻApelika.
ʻO ka moʻolelo mōʻaukala mua loa ma kahi o 70,000 mau makahiki i hala. Ua loaʻa nā fossil Kaama ma Elandsbestein, Cornelia a me Florisbad ma ʻApelika Hema a me Kabwe ma Zambia. I Israel, ua loaʻa nā koena o ka Congoni ma ka hema o Negev, Shephel, ka Sharon Plain a me Tel Lachis. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia heluna kanaka congoni i nā wahi hema loa o ka Levant. Ua ʻimi ʻia paha lākou i ʻAigupita, kahi i hoʻopili ai i ka heluna kanaka ma ka Levant a ua hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā lehulehu i ʻApelika.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka congoni
ʻO ka Kongoni kahi ungulate nunui, mai ka 1.5 a i ka 2.45 m kona huelo. Mai ka 300 a i ka 700 mm kona huelo, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ma ka poʻohiwi he 1.1 a 1.5 m. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke hiʻohiʻona e ke kua ʻūlū, nā wāwae lōʻihi, nā momona nui. ma lalo o nā maka, ʻoki a lōʻihi rostrum liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lauoho lauoho ma kahi o 25mm ka lōʻihi a he ʻano maikaʻi kona. ʻO ka hapa nui o kāna wahi gluteal a me kona umauma, a me kekahi mau ʻāpana o kona alo, he mau mālamalama nā wahi o ka lauoho.
ʻImi hoihoi: Loaʻa i nā kāne a me nā wahine o nā mea āpau āpau nā pepeiaohao 2 mai ka 450 a i ka 700 mm ka lōʻihi, no laila paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o lākou. Lūlū lākou i ke ʻano o ka crescent a ulu aʻe mai hoʻokahi kumu, a i nā wahine ʻoi aku ka lahilahi.
Nui nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia me ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka ʻahu, kahi e kūleʻa ana mai ka pala brown a hina hina, a me ke ʻano o nā pepeiaohao.
- ʻO Congoni Komohana (A. nui) - keʻokeʻo one keʻokeʻo, akā ʻo ka mua o nā wāwae he ʻeleʻele ia;
- Kaama (A. caama) - ke kalaʻula ʻulaʻula, mu mu pouli. ʻIke ʻia nā māka ʻeleʻele ma ka auwae, nā poʻohiwi, kua o ka ʻāʻī, nā ʻūhā a me nā wāwae. Kūlike ʻole lākou i nā ākea keʻokeʻo ākea i kaha i kāna mau ʻaoʻao a me ke kino haʻahaʻa;
- Lelvel (A. lelwel) - ʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula. ʻO ke kala o ke kinona mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka brownish brown i nā ʻāpana o luna;
- ʻO Congoni Lichtenstein (A. lichtensteinii) - ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻoiai he mau māmā māmā nā ʻaoʻao a me kahi tubercle keʻokeʻo;
- Nā subspecies o ka torus (A. tora) - ke kino luna ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ke alo, nā wāwae mua a me ka gluteal, akā ʻo ka ʻōpū o lalo a me nā wāwae mai ke kua i keʻokeʻo melemele;
- ʻO Swaynei (A. swaynei) kahi kokoleka momona momona me nā kī keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo maoli i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo lauoho keʻokeʻo. ʻEleʻele ka maka, e kāpae ana i ka laina kokoleka ma lalo o nā maka;
- ʻO ka Congoni (A. cokii) subspecies ka mea maʻamau, ka mea i hāʻawi i ka inoa i ka laha holoʻokoʻa.
Hiki ke ulu i ka moekolohe ma mua o 12 mau mahina, akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā lālā o kēia laha ke piʻi i ko lākou kaupaona kiʻekiʻe a hiki i nā makahiki 4.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe ua like ka booble me ka congoni. E nānā ma hea kahi e loaʻa ai kēia antelope bipi.
Ma hea e noho ai ka congoni?
Kiʻi: Congoni ma ʻApelika
Ua noho mua ka Kongoni ma nā wahi mauʻu ma ka ʻāina ʻApelika a me ka Hikina Waena. ʻO nā lau nahele a me nā pale ma ʻApelika Sahara ʻApelika a me nā ululāʻau miombo ma ka hema a me waena o ʻApelika a hiki i ka wēlau o ko ʻApelika hema. Ua moe ka pae mai Morocco a hiki i ka hikina hikina o Tanzania, a ma ka hema o Kongo - mai ka hema o Angola a i ʻApelika Hema. ʻAʻohe wale lākou ma nā wao nahele a me nā ululāʻau, keu hoʻi i nā ulu lāʻau ulu o ka Sahara a me nā ipu o Guinea a me Kongo.
Ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ua loaʻa ʻo Congoni ma Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia hema, Libya, a me nā ʻāpana o ka Wao akua Komohana ma ʻAigupita (ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā palena palena palena hema). Nui nā koena o ka holoholona i loaʻa i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku i ʻAigupita a me ka Hikina Waena, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Israel a me Ioredane.
Eia naʻe, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka radius o ka hāʻawi ma muli o ka ʻimi kanaka ʻana, ka luku ʻana i ka nohona a me ka hoʻokūkū me nā holoholona. I kēia lā ua pio ka Congoni ma nā wahi he nui, me nā holoholona hope loa i kī ʻia ma ka ʻĀkau o ʻApelika ma waena o 1945 a 1954 ma Algeria. ʻO ka hōʻike hope loa mai ka hema hikina o Morocco ma 1945.
I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ka congoni ma:
- Botuana;
- Namibia;
- Aikiopa;
- Tanazania;
- Kenia;
- Anagola;
- Naigeria;
- Peniana;
- Sudana;
- Zamibia;
- Burakina Faso;
- Ukanada;
- Kameruna;
- Kada;
- Konokō;
- Kahakai Ivory;
- Gāna;
- Kini;
- Māli;
- Naigera;
- Senekala;
- Apelika Hema;
- Zimababue.
Noho ʻo Congoni i nā savannas a me nā mauʻu mauʻu o ʻApelika. Loaʻa lākou i ka lihi o ka ululāʻau a pale i nā ululāʻau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka o ka laha i 4000 m ma ka mauna Kenya.
He aha ka ʻai a congoni?
Kiʻi: Kongoni, a i ʻole steppe bubal
ʻAi wale ʻo Congoni i nā mauʻu, koho wale ʻia i nā wahi pā waena. ʻAʻole pili iki kēia mau holoholona i ka wai ma mua o nā Bubal ʻē aʻe, akā naʻe, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka loaʻa o ka wai inu o luna. I nā wahi i loaʻa ʻole ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke ola ma nā melekona, nā aʻa a me nā paipu. Ma mua o 95% o kā lākou meaʻai i ka wā mākū (ʻOkakopa a Mei) he mauʻu. Ma ka awelika, ʻaʻole mau ka mauʻu i lalo o 80% o kā lākou papaʻai. Ua ʻike ʻia ka Congoni ma Burkina Faso e hānai nui i nā mauʻu ʻumiʻumi i ka wā ua.
ʻO ka papaʻai congoni nui ʻo:
- lau;
- mea kanu;
- na anoano;
- palaoa;
- hua kukui
I ke kau kau, ʻo kā lākou papaʻai he mauʻu nāhe. ʻAi ʻo Congoni i kahi pākēneka liʻiliʻi o Hyparrenia (lau nahele) a me nā legume i loko o ka makahiki. ʻO Jasmine kerstingii kekahi o kāna papaʻai i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau ua. Hoomanawanui loa ʻo Kongoni i ka meaʻai maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻonui ka waha elongated o ka holoholona i ka hiki ke nau a ʻae iā ia e ʻoki i ka mauʻu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā bovids ʻē aʻe. No laila, ke kaupalena ʻia ka loaʻa o nā mauʻu momona i ka wā maloʻo, hiki i ka holoholona ke hānai i nā mauʻu ʻoi loa o ka ʻelemakule.
ʻAi ʻia nā ʻano mauʻu hou aʻe i ka wā maloʻo ma mua o ka wā kau. Hiki iā Congoni ke kiʻi i nā meaʻai momona mai nā mauʻu mauʻu maloʻo. ʻAe kā lākou mau mea nau nau i ka holoholona e ʻai maikaʻi a i ke kau maloʻo, he manawa paʻakikī ia no ka hānai ʻana i nā artiodactyls. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holoholona i ka hopu ʻana a me ka nau ʻana i ka pana liʻiliʻi o nā mauʻu mau i kēlā mau manawa ke loaʻa ʻole ka meaʻai. Ua ʻae kēia mau mana kūikawā i ka laha e lanakila ma luna o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ua alakaʻi ʻia i kahi hoʻolaha maikaʻi i ʻApelika.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Congoni i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO Congoni nā holoholona kaiaulu e noho nei i nā pūʻulu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia o 300 mau kānaka. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pili like nā neʻe ʻana o nā pūʻā puaʻa a ʻano pinepine e hoʻopuehu. ʻEhā ʻano o nā holoholona i loko o ka hale: nā kāne makua ma kahi ʻāina, nā kāne kāne ʻaʻohe pili i ka ʻāina, nā hui o nā kāne ʻōpio a me nā pūʻulu wahine a me nā holoholona ʻōpio. Hoʻokumu nā wahine i nā pūʻulu o 5-12 mau holoholona, hiki i kēlā me kēia ke loaʻa i ʻehā mau hanauna o nā keiki.
Manaʻo ʻia he mana nui ko nā pūʻulu wahine a hoʻoholo kēia mau pūʻulu i ka hui kaiaulu o ka pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa. Ua ʻike ʻia nā wahine e hakakā kekahi i kekahi mai kekahi manawa. Hiki i nā keiki kāne kāne ke noho me ko lākou makuahine a ʻekolu mau makahiki, akā haʻalele mau i ko lākou mau makuahine ma hope o 20 mau mahina e hui pū me nā hui o nā kāne ʻōpio ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o nā makahiki o 3 a me 4, hoʻomaka paha nā kāne e hoʻāʻo e hopu i ka ʻāina. He huhū nā kāne a e hakakā huhū inā ʻaʻa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻaʻole neʻe ʻo Congonis, ʻoiai i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi e like me ka maloʻo, hiki i ka lehulehu ke hoʻololi i kona wahi me ka nui. ʻO ia ka mea neʻe liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana Bubal, a hoʻohana pū i ka wai liʻiliʻi loa a loaʻa ka helu metabolic haʻahaʻa ma waena o ka ʻohana.
ʻO ke kaʻina o nā neʻe ʻana o ke poʻo a me ka lawe ʻana i kekahi mau kū ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana. Inā ʻaʻole lawa kēia, kūlou nā kāne i mua a lele me ko lākou mau kiwi i lalo. Kū nā ʻeha a me nā make akā kākaʻikahi ia. Ua noa nā wahine a me nā holoholona ʻōpio e komo a haʻalele i nā panalāʻau. Lilo nā kāne i ko lākou ʻāina ma hope o 7-8 mau makahiki. ʻEleu lākou, hana ka hapa nui i ke ao, hānai i kakahiaka nui a i ke ahiahi a hoʻomaha i ka malu kokoke i ke awakea. Hana ke kongoni i nā kani quacking a me nā kaniʻuhū. Hoʻoikaika nui nā holoholona ʻōpio.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Congoni Cub
Pāleʻi lākou i ka congoni i loko o ka makahiki, me nā piko he nui e pili ana i ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. Hana ʻia ka hana hānau ma nā wahi i pale ʻia e nā kāne mehameha a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā wahi ākea ma nā kula a me nā kualono. Ke hakakā nei nā kāne no ka noho aliʻi, a ma hope e hahai ka kāne alpha i ka wahine i hāʻule inā aia ʻo ia i ka estrus.
I kekahi manawa hoʻonui ka wahine i kāna huelo i mea e hōʻike ai i kona maʻalahi, a hoʻāʻo ka kāne e ālai i kāna ala. I ka hopena, kū ka wahine ma kahi a ʻae i ke kāne e piʻi ma luna ona. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ka hoʻopili ʻana, pinepine hou ʻia, i kekahi manawa ʻelua a ʻoi paha i kēlā me kēia minuke. I nā pipi nui, hiki i ka moena ke hana me nā kāne. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ke kūpili ke komo aku kekahi kāne a kipaku ʻia ka mea komo hewa.
Hoʻololi ka hoʻoulu ʻana mai kēlā kau a kēia kau e pili ana i ka heluna congoni a i ʻole nā ʻāpana. ʻIke ʻia nā piko hānau mai ʻOkakopa a Nowemapa ma ʻApelika Hema, Kekemapa a Pepeluali i ʻAitiopa a me Pepeluali a Malaki ma Nairobi National Park. Lōʻihi ka manawa hānau ma kahi o 214-242 mau lā a maʻa mau ka hopena i hānau ʻia hoʻokahi pēpē. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana, hoʻokaʻawale nā wahine iā lākou iho i nā wahi ulu e hānau keiki.
Kūlike ʻokoʻa kēia mai nā hana maʻamau a ko lākou mau hoahānau wildebeest, i hānau i nā hui ma nā kula ākea. A laila hūnā nā makuahine Congoni i kā lākou ʻōpio i hūnā ʻia i ka nāhelehele no nā pule he nui, hoʻi wale nō e hānai. Ua ukuhi ʻia nā ʻōpio ma 4-5 mau mahina. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola he 20 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka kongoni
Kiʻi: Kongoni, a i ʻole antelope bipi
He hilahila ʻo Congoni a makaʻala loa me nā ʻike i hoʻomohala nui ʻia. Hiki i ke ʻano mālie maʻamau o ka holoholona ke lilo i huhū inā hoʻonāukiuki ʻia. I ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, koe ka mea hoʻokahi e nānā i ke kaiapuni i mea e aʻoaʻo ai i ke koena o ka ʻohana e pili ana i ka pilikia. ʻO ka pinepine, piʻi nā kiaʻi i nā puʻu termite e ʻike a hiki i ka hiki. I nā manawa o ka pilikia, nalowale ka pūʻā holoʻokoʻa i hoʻokahi ala.
Huli ʻia nā kongoni e:
- liona;
- nā leopadi;
- hyenas;
- ʻīlio hihiu;
- cheetahs;
- nā ʻīlio hae;
- ʻōpala.
ʻIke loa ʻia ʻo Congoni i ka hānai holoholona. ʻOiai ʻano ʻē iki lākou, hiki iā lākou ke piʻi i ka wikiwiki o 70 a 80 km / h. Makaʻala loa nā holoholona a akahele hoʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ungulate ʻē aʻe. Hilinaʻi nui lākou i ka maka o ka maka e ʻike i nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO ka heʻe ʻana a me ka hehi ʻana o ka mākia he mea hōʻailona ia no kahi pilikia e hiki mai ana. Ua haki ʻo Congoni i hoʻokahi ala, akā ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi o nā lālā kau bipi i hoʻouka ʻia e kahi mea ʻino, hana lākou i ka 90 ° huli ma hope o 1-2 mau ʻanuʻu i ke kuhikuhi i hāʻawi ʻia.
ʻO ka wīwī o ka congoni, nā wāwae lōʻihi e ʻae ai e pakele wikiwiki i nā wahi hāmama. I ka hopena o kahi hoʻouka kaua koke, hoʻohana ʻia nā pepeiaohao formidable e pale aku i kahi predator. ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā maka e ʻae i ka lio e nānā mau i ke kaiapuni, ʻoiai ʻo ia e ʻai ana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka congoni
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka heluna nui o ka congoni i 362,000 holoholona (me Liechtenstein). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia heluna holoʻokoʻa e ka helu o nā mea i pakele o A. caama ma ka hema o ʻApelika, kahi i koho ʻia ma kahi o 130,000 (40% ma ka ʻāina pilikino a 25% ma nā wahi pale). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua emi ʻo ʻAitiopa ma mua o 800 mau lālā o ka lāhui Swain e ola nei, me ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu e noho ana i nā wahi pale.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: nā subspecies lehulehu loa, ke ulu nei ia, ʻoiai ma nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i loaʻa kahi ʻano e hōʻemi i nā helu. Ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole hoʻokō ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa i nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ke kūlana o ka hoʻoweliweli a me ka ʻaneʻane make.
Kuhi ʻia nā heluna kanaka no nā mea i koe i koe: 36,000 Komohana ʻApelika Komohana (95% i loko a puni nā wahi pale); 70,000 Lelwel (ma kahi o 40% i nā wahi i pale ʻia); 3,500 Kenyan kolgoni (6% ma nā wahi i pale ʻia a me ka hapanui ma nā mahiā); 82,000 Liechtenstein a me 42,000 Congoni (A. cokii) (ma kahi o 70% ma nā wahi pale).
ʻO ka helu Torah e ola nei (inā loaʻa) ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia. Ua ʻike paha ʻo A. lelwel i kahi emi nui mai ka makahiki 1980, ke koho ʻia ka huina ma> 285,000, ka hapa nui ma ka CAR a me Sudan hema. ʻO nā noiʻi hou i hana ʻia i ka wā maloʻo ua helu ʻia he 1,070 a me 115 mau holoholona. He hōʻemi nui kēia mai ka koho ʻia ma luna o 50,000 mau holoholona i ke kau maloʻo 1980.
Kiaʻi Congoni
Kiʻi: Kongoni
ʻO Congoni Swayne (A. buselaphus swaynei) a ʻo Congoni tora (A. buselaphus tora) ke hoʻoweliweli nui ʻia ma muli o nā heluna liʻiliʻi a emi hoʻi. ʻEhā mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka IUCN ma ke ʻano he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa paha, akā e loiloi ʻia me he mea weliweli loa lā inā ʻaʻole lawa nā hana e hoʻomau nei i ka mālama ʻana.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka helu heluna kanaka, akā wehewehe ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā pipi i nā wahi hānai o ke kolgoni a, i kahi mea liʻiliʻi, ka luku ʻana i nā wahi noho a me ka ʻimi holoholona. ʻ noteslelo ʻo Kindon "ʻo ia paha ka contraction holoholona ikaika loa i kū i ka pae o nā ruminants āpau o ʻApelika."
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma ka moku ʻo Nzi-Komoe, ua hāʻule nā helu he 60% mai ka 18,300 i ka makahiki 1984 a hiki i kahi o 4,200. E lilo ka mahele o ka hapa nui o nā mea lawelawe congoni i kahi āpau a hiki i ka palena o nā wahi e mālama pono ʻia ai ka ʻimi holoholona a me nā holoholona. a me nā wahi noho.
ʻO Congoni hoʻokūkū me nā holoholona no nā wahi hānai. Ua hōʻole nui ʻia kāna mau helu i loko o kāna pae, a hoʻonui ʻāpana ʻia kāna mahele ma muli o ka hoʻokahuli a hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā wahi noho a me nā holoholona.Ua hala kēia ma luna o ka hapa nui o ka pae mua, ke emi nei kekahi poʻe nui i kēia manawa ma muli o ke kāʻili ʻana a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe e like me ka maloʻo a me nā maʻi.
Lā hoʻopuka: 03.01.
Lā hou: 12.09.2019 ma 14:48
