ʻO Flea He pepeke kolo koko ia he maʻi maʻi nui a hiki ke lilo i pest. ʻO nā parasites nā parasites e noho ana ma waho o ka mea hoʻokipa (ʻo ia hoʻi, he ectoparasites lākou). Ma ke ʻano he agena nui e hoʻoili ana i ka make ʻeleʻele (maʻi bubonic) i ka wā waena, he loulou nui lākou i ke kaulahao o nā hanana i alakaʻi ʻia i ka make o ka hapaha o ko ʻEulopa heluna kanaka.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Bloch
Hoʻokumu ʻo Fleas i kahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā kolo i iho paha mai nā kūpuna Mecoptera (scorpions) kahi a lākou e kaʻana like ai i kekahi mau ʻano. Loaʻa i nā hui ʻelua kahi ʻōpū ooi, ka ʻokoʻa o ka moekolohe i ka nui o nā ganglia i ke aʻa nerve ventral, ʻeono mau ʻōpū o ke ākea, a me kahi ʻano ovary maʻalahi.
Loaʻa i nā kāne kahi ʻano sperm like, kū hoʻokahi i ka ʻano arthropod, kahi flagellum kelepona a i ʻole huelo i nele i ke apo waho o ʻeiwa tubule ma kahi o mitochondria (cell organelles). Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 200 miliona mau makahiki o ka palaoa i loaʻa ma ʻAukekulia. ʻO kekahi mau pulelehua fossil ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia mai Baltic amber (Oligocene) a like loa me nā ʻauʻa "modern".
Video: Bloch
Ma muli o ka hiki i nā ʻauʻa lele ke lele i luna a i ʻole kū i luna i kahi mamao he 200 mau manawa i ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino a hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki 200, ua wehewehe ʻia lākou he mau pepelu e lele me kā lākou mau wāwae. Kekahi ʻano laha, e noho nei i nā pūnana kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka honua a i ʻole nā wahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, kolo ma mua o ka lele.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka hoʻohana kuikawa ʻole o ka mana kūlohelohe o nā ʻūlū i loko o nā "flea circuses" kahi e huki ai i nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi a hana i nā hana ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻāleo
ʻO nā kolo liʻiliʻi, nā ʻūheu ʻole ʻēheu ʻole me nā cuticle ʻoʻoleʻa i nui nā hulu a hoʻohui pinepine ʻia i nā ʻōpala pālahalaha. Loaʻa nā ʻūlū mākua i ka nui mai kahi o 0.1 a 1 cm ka lōʻihi. Ma kahi o 2000 mau ʻano a me nā ʻāpana o nā ʻutu i ʻike ʻia, akā ua liʻiliʻi kēia ʻaoʻao i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui ʻelima ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, pālahalaha nui ia i waena o kekahi, e like me ka ʻūlū ʻiole a me nā ʻauole o ka ʻiole, e hali ʻia e nā poʻe a puni ka honua.
ʻO Anatomically, he hui like a like ʻole nā ʻūlehu makua, me nā loli hoihoi a me nā loulou maopopo i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻAe ke kino compressed iā lākou e neʻe wikiwiki ma waena o ka lauoho a i ʻole nā hulu o ka mea hoʻokipa, ʻoiai ke kuamoʻo o ke kua a i ʻole nā pale i lawelawe i ka heleuma i loko o ka hulu, ka lauoho a me nā hulu.
Hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou waha e omo i ke koko a hoʻokomo i nā nila nīnū e kōkua i ka komo ʻana o nā ʻutu i loko o ka ʻili o ka mea hoʻokipa a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā laha e hoʻolōʻihi i nā manawa i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mea hoʻokipa (e laʻa, nā lele kai pili). Ma ke ʻano he rula, ua ulu pono nā pulelehua e noho ana ma luna o nā pūʻulu diurnal, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻano mea e parasitize i nā mea mālama i lalo o ka honua (ʻo kahi laʻana, nā mole) a i ʻole nā holoholona i ka pō (no ka laʻana, nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa) hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻole nā maka a ʻaʻohe paha o lākou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻohālikelike nui ʻia nā adaptations o nā pulelo i nā wāwae lele. I ko lākou ulu ʻana, ua nalowale nā peʻa, e like me ka nui o nā kolo parasite. Eia nō naʻe, ua paʻa kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka hana lele a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka mīkini lele.
Ma nā mea lele lele, kahi protein rubbery i ʻike ʻia ʻo resilin e hana i kahi hinge e hoʻopili i nā ʻeheu i ke kino. Hoʻokomo ka resilin i ka compression a me ka haunaele i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia pāheu ʻēheu, a hoʻoili ʻia ka ikehu i mālama ʻia ma o ka hopena rebound e kōkua ai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kēlā me kēia kūʻē aʻe.
Mālama ʻo Fleas, ʻoiai ko lākou kūlana ʻole ʻēheu, i kā lākou lahilahi ma ka lipine kahi e hoʻopili ai nā wāwae i ke kino. Ke kūpikipiki ka ʻūlū, kaomi ʻia nā pads elastis a mālama ʻia ia i kēia mokuʻāina e kahi ʻano paʻa paʻa i nā mākala. I ka manawa ma mua o ka lele, hoʻomaha nā mākia paʻa a hoʻoili ʻia ka ikehu ma nā pad resilin ma o nā wāwae. Hoʻokumu kēia i kahi hopena leverage e pahu i kēlā me kēia pahu pahu a me ka wāwae i ka honua a pēlā e lele ai ka ʻūleʻa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻāleo?
Kiʻi: ʻĀleʻa pipi
Loaʻa nā ʻano kūleʻa ʻōiwi i nā wahi polar, temperate a me nā tropical tropical. ʻO Fleas, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Xenopsylla cheopis, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā mea lawe nui o murine (endemik) typhus, kahi maʻi maʻi kanaka. ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi kaʻi a me nāʻiole. Manaʻo ʻia nā leʻaleʻa he mea nui no ka mālama a hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi i kaupalena ʻia i nā rodents a me nā māmela ʻē aʻe, e like me ka tularemia a me ka encephalitis Lūkini kauwela-kauwela.
Lawe ʻo Fleas i kaʻu myxomatosis, kahi maʻi viral o nā lāpaki i hoʻohana pono ʻia e kaohi ʻana i nā lāpaki i nā wahi kahi e nui ai nā mea ʻino (eg Australia). He lawe paha ʻo Fleas i nā ilo worari canine a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kikowaena waena no ka tapeworm maʻamau (Dipylidium caninum) o nā ʻīlio a me nā pōpoki, a i kekahi manawa nā keiki. Inā hoʻomake ʻia, hiki i nā holoholona ke hōʻeha nui a pepehi ʻia paha e nā nahu ʻōleʻa a, ʻo ka hopena, lilo ke koko. Hiki i nā pale i ka parasitism mai nā mites waho, nā ilo nematode o loko, a me nā maʻi koʻohune, fungal a me nā protozoan.
Hoʻopomo ka wahine i loko o ka pulelo i loko o ka ʻili o kāna mea hoʻokipa, ma nā wāwae pinepine, a noho i kahi cyst e hoʻopuni iā ia. Hoʻopili ka ʻili nui me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka cyst, ʻoiai ulu ka ʻōpū o kahi puloa hāpai i ka nui o ka pī; hiki i nā maʻi ʻelua ke lilo i komikia koʻikoʻi.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai nā ʻōleʻa a pehea e hana pū ai me lākou. E nānā kāua i ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻāleo?
Kiʻi: lele ma luna o kahi holoholona
Hānai wale nā mea leʻaleʻa i ke koko o nā māmela (me nā kānaka), a me nā manu. Hiki i kahi maʻi lele ke alakaʻi i ka wela o ka ʻili a me ka makaʻu nui. ʻOiai he nui nā holoholona i loaʻa i ka pale āpau ma hope o ka hopu mau ʻana a i ʻole hoʻi i ka hopu hou ʻana, hiki i nā kānaka (keu hoʻi i nā kānaka) i kekahi manawa ke noʻonoʻo ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana a hoʻomohala i nā maʻi āpau.
Nā ʻanoʻano e hōʻeha i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona e komo pū:
- ʻāleʻa popoki (Ctenocephalides felis);
- ka mea i kapa ʻia he pulelo kanaka (Pulex iranans);
- ʻūlio ʻīlio (Ctenocephalides canis);
- ʻāleʻa paʻa (Echidnophaga gallinacea);
- ʻāpana kūleʻa (Tunga penetrans);
- ka moa moa ʻEulopa (Ceratophyllus gallinae), hiki ke parasitize i nā manu moa;
- ʻaleʻa moa komohana (Ceratophyllus niger) ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO kekahi mau ukana, kahi e hānai nui ai i nā koʻokoʻo a i ʻole nā manu, i kekahi manawa hoʻouka i nā kānaka, keu hoʻi i ka loaʻa ʻole o kā lākou mea hoʻokipa maʻamau. Ke make nāʻiole i ka maʻi bubonic, ʻo kā lākou mau puloa pololi, nā mea i maʻi ʻia me ka maʻi bacillus a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻoili i ka maʻi i nā kānaka, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā hale i hoʻopiha nui ʻia me nāʻiole.
ʻO ka ʻiole ʻiole hikina (Xenopsylla cheopis) ka mea lawe maikaʻi loa i ka maʻi ahulau, akā ʻo nā ʻano ʻelele ʻē aʻe (e like me Nosopsyllus flaviatus, Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Pulex allerans) hiki ke hoʻoili i ka maʻi i nā kānaka. ʻOiai aia kekahi mau maʻi ahulau i ka tropical tropical a me kekahi mau wahi temperate, hiki ke kaohi ʻia ka maʻi i loko o nā kānaka me ka diagnostics a me nā lāʻau ʻaloʻalo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka Plague (ululāʻau ululāʻau) kahi maʻi ākea i waena o nā haneli he nui o nā ʻano koʻokoʻo ʻāhiu a puni ka honua, i kākoʻo ʻia i kēia mau heluna e nā ʻōlepele e parasitize i kēia mau holoholona. ʻIke ʻia he ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau ʻano o nā ʻutu he hiki ke maʻi ʻia me ka maʻi bacillus, a he 10 mau ʻano ʻē aʻe he mau halihali o ka ʻano maʻamau o ka maʻi kūlanakauhale.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: puaʻa kolo
Kekahi mau ʻūlū (ʻo kahi laʻana, nā ʻenekena ʻōpelu) kikoʻī loa i ke koho ʻana o ka poʻe hoʻokipa, ʻoiai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻano mammal like ʻole. ʻAʻole hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka pīpī pīpī i ka pōpoki kūloko wale nō, akā ʻo nā ʻīlio hoʻi, nā ʻalopeke, nā mongoose, nā posum, nā leopadi a me nā mea ʻimi ʻē aʻe, me nā kānaka, inā ʻaʻole loaʻa kāna mau hoʻokipa maʻamau.
Pili nā māmele pili i ka parasitize fleas, kahi e pili ai iā lākou iho. No laila, ʻo ka piko o ka lāpaki (Ochotona) e noho nei i nā kuahiwi pōhaku ua loaʻa i nā ʻano kūpuna ʻelua o nā ʻutu, a loaʻa pū ʻia hoʻi ma nā piko o nā kuahiwi o ʻAsia, e hōʻike ana i ka pilina pili pono ma waena o kēia mau hoʻokipa kaʻawale honua. Ua hoʻopili iki nā ʻāleo manu i kā lākou poʻe hoʻokipa. He mau hiʻohiʻona ko lākou i like, ʻo kekahi o nā mea i ʻike maopopo ʻole ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā waihona i luna o ka umauma, kahi e hoʻokau ai iā lākou i loko o ka hulu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAi ʻole nā mōneka i nā ʻutu, ʻaʻole hoʻi nā lio a me ka nui o nā ungulate. ʻO ka hui kōpaʻa ʻoi loa o nā mamamals nā rodents. ʻO kā lākou maʻa o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pūnana i loko o nā lua e paipai i ka ulu ʻana o nā lāpau lele. ʻO nā holoholona me ka ʻole o kahi noho paʻa e lawe i nā ʻutu liʻiliʻi.
ʻOiai ʻai ʻelua i ka lele kolohe a ʻai pinepine i ke koko, ola lākou i nā manawa like ʻole, me ka nānā ʻole i ka mea hoʻokipa. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i kahi ʻelima lāpaki ke ola no ʻeiwa mau mahina i nā mahana ma kahi kokoke i ke kiko hau me ka hānai ʻole.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Kī liʻiliʻi
Loaʻa nā kikoʻī pōʻaiapuni no kekahi mau ʻano wale nō. ʻEhā o lākou pae o ke ola - he hua manu, kahi larva, a pupa, a me kahi mākua. Kau ʻia nā hua oval keʻokeʻo pearly ma ke kino, pūnana, a i ʻole kahi e noho ai ka holoholona hoʻokipa.
Liʻiliʻi a wāwae ʻole hoʻi ka larva a hānai i nā ʻōpala ʻokanika e like me nā fiku maloʻo, nā ʻāpana maloʻo o ka ʻili, nā ʻupena make, a i ʻole nā koko maloʻo i loaʻa i ka pūnana o ka mea hoʻokipa. Holo wikiwiki nā ʻelemakule mākua i ke koko hou i loko o ka ʻōpū e hana i nā feces e hānai i kā lākou mau keiki, kahi mea e pono ai ka metamorphosis kūleʻa o kekahi ʻano lōkō nui.
Ma hope o ʻekolu (i nā hanana kakaikahi, ʻelua) molts, wehe ka larva i kahi cocoon silika, kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻōpala mai ka pūnana a komo i ka papeti pappet. Lilo ka pupa i kanaka makua i kekahi mau lā a i ʻole mau mahina. Hiki i kekahi ʻano loli ke komo i kahi kūlana stunted o ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ka hopena o ka wā pupil a ʻaʻole e oʻo a hiki i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai kahi mea hoʻokipa. Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha a i ʻole nā kūlana kaiapuni, ka manawa i koi ʻia no ke ola holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa he ʻokoʻa mai ʻelua pule a i mau mahina.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ke ola o kahi ʻelele makua mai kahi mau pule (e like me Echidnophaga gallinacea) a i hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻoi (Pulex allerans).
ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni ola o ka pīpī lāpaki ʻEulopa (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) a me kāna mea hoʻokipa e hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia. Hoʻonohonoho pololei ʻia ka hoʻomohala moekolohe o nā kāne a me nā wahine. No laila, ʻo nā hua o kahi wahine kūleʻa wale nō ke kūleʻa inā ʻai ʻo ia i ka lāpaki hāpai.
Ke hānau ʻia nā lāpaki ʻōpio, oʻo nā ʻelua o nā ʻutu a haʻalele i ka makuahine no nā keiki moa a me ka pūnana, kahi a lākou e hoʻopili ai a hoʻomoe ai i nā hua manu, no laila e hāʻawi ana i nā larva kūleʻa me kahi kūpono kūpono no ke kūkulu ʻana. Inā kāohi ʻia ka homone wahine o ka rabbit wahine e ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o kahi progestin synthetic (contraceptives), e pau nō hoʻi ka ulu ʻana o ka wahine.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi hihia like i waena o nā ʻano puloa ʻē aʻe, ua palapala ʻia ʻaʻole emi nā momona o ka ʻiole i ka hānai ʻia ʻana i nāʻiole pēpē ma mua o ko lākou mau mākua, a ʻoi aku ka momona o ka ʻiole ʻiole (Leptopsylla segnis) ke hānai ʻia i nā ʻohana nui. ma mua o nā ʻiole mākua pākahi. No laila, ʻoi aku paha ka nui o nā hopena o nā homone hoʻokipa ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā pulaka
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻāleo
ʻO nā ʻenemi o nā ʻutu he poʻe e hoʻāʻo nei i nā ʻano āpau e kāpae iā lākou. Ke hana pū ʻana me nā ʻāleo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka pūnana a kahi ʻāpala o ka mea hoʻokipa, kahi kahi e ulu ai nā ʻūlū, a me ka mea hoʻokipa i loaʻa i ka maʻi, ʻoiai ke ulu pinepine nei nā pae ʻōpio mai ke kino o ka mea hoʻokipa.
No nā holoholona i loaʻa i ka maʻi, e hoʻohana i ka lepo pāʻoihana, ʻehu a aerosol paha i loko o kahi insecticide a mea ulu ulu paha. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau ʻāpana kūleʻa ua kūpaʻa i kekahi mau insecticides a koi ʻia nā mea hou. No ka mālama ʻana i nā larvae a me nā ʻelele makua mai kahi hoʻokipa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā meaola insecticides a i ʻole nā mea hoʻomohala ulu i nā peni a me nā pale o nā holoholona i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia nā repellents i ka pale ʻana i nā lele lele.
Hoʻopau ʻia ka pōʻai ola o ka ʻutu i ka wā e iho nā mahana ma lalo o 21 kekelē Celsius a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka wai i luna. No laila, ke holoi anuanu ʻana i nā wahi moe a i ʻole ka waiho ʻana i nā mea ma waho i ka wā o ke anuanu e hiki ke kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi kūleʻa ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ana ʻē aʻe.
Hiki i nā hana Preventive ke pale aku i nā huhū a me ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i nā holoholona. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pale ʻana i nā ʻauwa ma mua o ka hemo ʻana o ka maʻi. Hiki iā 6 mahina ke hoʻopau loa i nā ʻōleʻa, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻomau i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke ola ʻōleʻa i nā wahi huna ʻē aʻe o ka home a me nā holoholona, e hōʻalo ana i ka holo ʻana i ka hakahaka a i ʻole nā hana kino a me nā kemika e hoʻopau iā lākou.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Bloch
ʻOiai ʻo ka mahele ʻauhau o nā pūʻulu ʻele kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hoʻohui ʻia o nā ʻano morphological trivial trivial, hōʻike lākou i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hui. Ma ka pae ʻohana a i ʻole generic, hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma ke ʻano o ke poʻo a me ka umauma, kahi o nā Combs, nā hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea mālama kāne a me nā mea hānau wahine, ka chaetotaxy (kūlana bristle), a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka heluna lehulehu i kēia mau lā i mau ʻohana nui, ʻo ka helu kikoʻī e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho i hoʻohana ʻia. Hoʻomaopopo ka ʻōnaehana maʻamau i nā superfamily 10, e like me Pulicoidea, Malacopsylloidea, Ceratophylloidea, Coptopsylloidea, Ancistropsylloidea, Pygiopsylloidea, Macropsylloidea, Stephanocircidoidea, Vermipsylloidea, a me Hystrichopsylloidea.
Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe ke ʻike i nā ʻohana ʻelima a ʻewalu paha. Hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana nui i ʻelima mau ʻohana nui o kahi papa mua i hāʻawi ʻia ma 1982 e Francis Gerard Albert Maria Smith. Ma hope, ua hilinaʻi ka poʻe loea ʻē aʻe i kēia ʻōnaehana, hoʻolauna i nā hui hou a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pūʻulu e kū nei ma muli o nā like a me nā ʻokoʻa i nā hanana o ka ʻōpū, ke poʻo a me ka umauma.
Penei ke ʻano o kēia ʻōnaehana:
- ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe Pulicoidea. Pākuʻi ʻia nā peʻa pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio, nā peʻa iole hikina, nā ʻauwa kūpili a me nā ʻauʻa kanaka, nā ʻauwa komo, nā ʻau manu a me nā lāpaki. Hoʻopili pū me ka ʻohana Pulicidae, me ka genera Pulex, Xenopsylla, Tunga, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe;
- ʻohana Malacopsylloidea. Loaʻa nā ʻōleʻa a pau i kēia ʻohana i nā rodents. Nā ʻohana 2, Malacopsyllidae a me Rhopalopsyllidae;
- superfamily Ceratophylloidea. Loaʻa nā leʻaleʻa i kēia superfamily ma nā rodents a me nā opeapea. ʻO nā ʻutu āpau i loaʻa ʻole nā hui pūʻulu i helu ʻia i nā ʻohana ʻekolu ʻē aʻe no Ceratophylloidea, a he ʻohana 12 hoʻi;
- ʻOhana Vermipsylloidea ʻO kēia nā mea lele kolohe. Loaʻa i ka ʻohana nui hoʻokahi ʻohana Vermipsyllidae;
- ʻohana Hystrichopsylloidea. ʻO kēia ka nui o nā ʻole rodent. Kūleʻa lākou maʻamau a puni ka honua. Nā ʻohana ʻelua, ʻo Hystrichopyllidae a me Ctenophthalmidae.
ʻO Flea ʻo ia kekahi o nā parasite maʻamau i nā pōpoki, ʻīlio a me nā holoholona hulu hulu ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia e pōpilikia kēlā me kēia pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio hoʻi i kahi maʻi lele i kekahi manawa i ko lākou ola. ʻAʻole hōʻoluʻolu wale nā ʻleo, hiki nō hoʻi iā lākou ke hoʻonāukiuki loa i kāu pipi a hoʻohauʻoli nui ʻole iā lākou.No laila, ke hoʻomaka nei kahi hakakā kūʻē i nā ʻauʻa.
Ka lā paʻi: 08/20/2019
Lā hou: 08/20/2019 ma 23:02
