Landrail - He manu waena kēia e pili ana i ka ʻoka manu e like a me ka ʻohana o nā kahu hipa. ʻO ka inoa Lākina ākea no ka manu ʻo "crex-crex". Ua kapa ʻia kēlā inoa ʻano like ʻole i ka manu no kāna uē kikoʻī. Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia ka crake i ka makahiki 1756 e Karl Linnaeus, akā ma muli o nā hemahema iki i ka wehewehe ʻana, no kekahi manawa ua manaʻo ʻia no ka ʻohana moa ka manu.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Corncrake
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻoka palaoa ma kahi o 250 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā maopopo leʻa e noho ana kēia manu ma Eurasia mai ka wā kahiko. ʻO nā moʻolelo hilinaʻi mua e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka palaoa i ka kenekulia ʻelua BC, i ka wā i noho ai kēia manu ma ʻEulopa a koe nā wahi ʻākau. No ka ʻohana nui manu manu e like me ka manu kalani ka Corncrake, akā ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā ʻelele o kēia ʻohana, maikaʻi like ia ma ka holo ʻana a me ka lele ʻana.
Video: ʻO Corncrake
Eia hou, he ʻano ʻē aʻe ko ka manu e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā manu ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano.
- mai ka nui o nā manu mai 20-26 kenimika;
- ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o 200 gram;
- ʻūheu o 50 mau kenimika paha;
- pololei a maʻalahi hoʻi i ka ʻāʻī;
- poʻo poepoe liʻiliʻi;
- nuku pōkole akā ikaika a kuhikuhi;
- nā wāwae ikaika, muscular me nā māiʻuʻu ikaika;
- kahi leo ʻano ʻole, kolohe, ʻike maopopo ʻia i nā nāhelehele a me nā ululāʻau.
Uhi ʻia ʻo Corncrake me nā hulu melemele-ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi me nā kiko ʻeleʻele i heleleʻi ākea ʻia i loko o ke kino. ʻO nā wahine a me nā kāne e like like ka nui, akā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o lākou. I nā kāne, uhi ʻia ke goiter (mua o ka ʻāʻī) me ka hulu oho, ʻoiai i nā wahine ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula.
ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o nā manu. Piʻi ka manu i ʻelua manawa i ka makahiki i ka wā puna a me ka lau. ʻOi aku ka mālamalama o ke kala o ka puna ma mua o ka hāʻule, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōmaka o ke kau, ʻoiai i kēia manawa o ka makahiki he lele lōʻihi ka manu i ka hema.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ke kōkā
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ke kōkō ma kona ʻano.
I ka huina, ʻokoʻa nā ʻepekema manu ma waena o ʻelua hui nui o nā manu.
- crake maʻamau ʻO kahi ʻano manu kuʻuna e ʻike mau ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. Noho kahi manu manu hānai ʻole a wikiwiki hoʻi i ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa mai nā kai mehana o Pokukala a i nā steppes Trans-Baikal;
- ʻŪlika ʻApelika. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o kēia ʻano manu mai ka palaoa i ka nānā aku a me nā ʻano. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka crake ʻApelika i ka nui. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o lākou ma mua o ko lākou Europa.
No laila, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke kaupaona o ka manu ma mua o 140 kalama, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino e like me 22 kenimika. I ka helehelena, like ka haki ʻApelika me ka thrush me ka nuku ʻoi a me nā maka ʻulaʻula. He kala hina-polū ko ka umauma o ka manu, a ʻike ʻia nā ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻōpū, e like me ka zebra. Noho kēia mau manu i kekahi mau ʻāina ʻApelika i ka manawa hoʻokahi a i kekahi manawa hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma ka palena me ka wao akua nui ʻo Sahara. ʻO ke hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia mau manu hiki iā lākou ke ʻauana ma hope o ka pulu o ka wai, a inā hiki mai ke kau maloʻo, e holo koke ke kōkō i nā kahawai a me nā kino wai ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ka uē o ke kūpaka palaoa ʻApelika me ka uē o "kry" a pālahalaha loa i ka savannah. Makemake ka manu ʻApelika iā ia ke ua a makemake ʻo ia e alualu i ke ahiahi a i ʻole i ke kakahiaka nui ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka lā. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻomanawanui ʻole o ka manu i nā kiʻekiʻe wela a hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaha i nā lā wela. ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻonohonoho nā ʻāpana kakā ʻApelika i nā kaua maoli me nā manu o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe no ka ʻāina a me ka wai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka helu o ka palaoa maʻamau e pili ana iā 40% o ka nui o nā manu, a ke emi mau nei ka heluna kanaka.
Akā ʻoi aku ka like o kēia mau manu ma mua o nā ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, ʻoiai nā ʻeheu ikaika, kūpeʻe ke kikina i ka lewa. Piʻi wiwo ʻole kēia mau manu i ka lewa (ma ke ʻano he kūlana, inā wale nō i ka weliweli loa), lele he mau mika a iho hou i ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, uku maikaʻi ʻia ka huehue a me ka lohi i ka lewa e ka ʻaukā palaoa me ka holo wikiwiki a me ka ʻeleu i ka honua. ʻAʻole holo ka manu me ka nani wale, huikau nā ala, akā hūnā hoʻi me ke akamai, no laila ʻaʻohe o ka poʻe hahai holoholona e loaʻa ka manawa kūpono e ʻike i ko lākou wahi moe.
A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻimi kikoʻī no kēia mau manu. Ua kī ʻia wale lākou i ka hihia o ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana no nā pāʻani ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pinepine, kī ʻia ke kōkō i ka wā e alualu ana i ka ʻile a i ʻole nā ʻāpō, e hoʻāla hewa ʻole nei i kēia mau manu kūpilikiʻi ma ka ʻeheu. Ma muli o ka lele weliweli, ua ulu ka moʻolelo i ka hele ʻana o ka palaoa i ka hoʻoilo ma ka wāwae. Maoli, ʻaʻole pololei kēia. ʻOiai kūpilikiʻi nā manu i ka lewa, loli ko lākou ʻano i nā wā lele lōʻihi. Pāleʻa maikaʻi ʻo Corncrake a paʻa ikaika i nā ʻeheu a uhi i mau tausani mau kilomita i nā mahina hāʻule. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā manu ke piʻi i luna a make pinepine ke kuʻi ʻia e nā laina uila a i ʻole nā hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe.
Ma hea e noho ai ka palaoa?
Kiʻi: Corncrake ma Lūkia
ʻOiai ke ʻano unpretentiousness, pīhoihoi kēia mau manu i ke koho ʻana i kahi pūnana. Inā paha he 100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua manaʻo nui nā manu ma nā wahi āpau o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, i kēia manawa ua loli maoli ke ʻano. Noho ka hapa nui o ka palaoa i ka panalāʻau o Lūkia hou. Ua koho nā manu i ke ala waena a manaʻo maikaʻi ʻaʻole wale i nā mālama a me nā mālama, akā ma kahi kokoke hoʻi o nā kaona liʻiliʻi.
ʻO kahi laʻana, noho ka heluna nui o ka palaoa i ka Meschera National Park, ma nā wahi kahe o ka Oka a me Ushna. Noho ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kōkahi i ka taiga, nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina. Ke hoʻomaka nei mai Yekaterinburg a i Krasnoyarsk, ua manaʻo ʻia nā holoholona o ka palaoa i kekahi mau haneli mau kānaka.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka manu ma kapa o ka Angara a ma nā kuahiwi o nā mauna Sayan. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, koho nā ʻāpana kihi i nā pūnaewele kālai lāʻau no ka pūnana ʻana, kahi i ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā taiga o Lūkia. ʻO nā manu e noho ana i ʻApelika e hoʻāʻo hoʻi e noho kokoke i nā wai nui a me nā kahawai. ʻO kahi laʻana, aia ma ka muliwai ʻo Limpopo, nui ka lehulehu o ka palaoa, e ulu pono ana i nā aniau wela a me nā maloʻo.
ʻO nā kahakaha kikoʻī ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā manu ke paʻi pono i nā wahi i pale ʻia, hoʻohana wikiwiki ʻia i ka ʻāina mahiʻai a makemake pinepine e alualu i nā māla me nā ʻoka a me nā mea kanu.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka palaoa. E ʻike kāua e ʻai ai ka dergach.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻoka palaoa?
Kiʻi: Manu Corncrake
ʻO ka manu he omnivorous. A inā hānai ka hapa nui o nā manu i nā mea kanu a mea ʻai holoholona paha, a laila mākaukau ka palaoa me ka kū like like e ʻai i nā mea ʻelua.
ʻO ka pinepine, ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā mea holo hulu e ʻimi i nā pepeke aʻe:
- ʻenuhe honua;
- nā ʻano kīʻaha āpau;
- ʻūhini a me nā ʻūhini;
- ʻenuhe a me nā millipedes;
- slug;
- butterflies.
ʻAʻole e hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ʻo Corncrake i nā pepeke liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe āpau i hiki iā lākou ke hopu. ʻO ka nuku pōkole a ikaika hoʻi o ka manu e ʻae iā ʻoe e kiʻi i nā hua, kanu i nā ʻanoʻano a me nā wana ʻōpio o nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka komo ʻana o ka palaoa i ka cannibalism a hoʻopau i nā pūnana o nā manu ʻē aʻe a ʻai i nā pūpū, a me nā moa hānau ʻole. Mai hoʻowahāwahā i ka palaoa a me ke kino, hoʻopili au i nā kupapaʻu o nāʻiole, nā rana a me nā moʻo i ka papa kuhikuhi.
Inā pono, hiki i ka ʻoka palaoa ke iʻa, hopu i ka ʻai, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā tadpoles. Nui ka ʻai a ka manu, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka lā e loaʻa ai ka ʻai ponoʻī i ke kōkō. Ke hiki mai ka manawa e hoʻoulu a hānai i nā moa, alualu pinepine nā manu i nā manawa he nui.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, wehewehe ka papaʻai i nā kumu o ka corncrake kahi manu neʻe a, ʻoiai ʻo ka lele weliweli, koi ʻia e uhi i kahi mamao loa. I ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻohe mea ʻai a ka corncrake, ʻoiai make nā pepeke āpau a i ʻole hibernate. Holo ka manu i kahi lele lōʻihi, a i ʻole ʻaʻole e make wale i ka pōloli.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Crake, a i ʻole dergach manu
ʻO Crake kekahi o nā manu huna loa e noho ana ma Rūsia. ʻOiai ʻo ka makaʻu ʻole i ke kanaka, a manaʻo nui i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hopu i ka maka o ka poʻe. He kino kahawai ko ka manu a he poʻo elongated kona. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai i ke kōkō ke neʻe wikiwiki i ka mauʻu a me nā nahele, me ka hana ʻole me ka hoʻopā a neʻe ʻana paha i nā lālā.
Manaʻo ʻia he ola wale kēia manu ma ka ʻāina, akā ʻaʻole pēlā ka hihia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kāhea iā ia ka moa, akā hiki iā ia ke hele wāwae i ka wai a me nā iʻa. ʻAʻole manaʻo ka kānana kolohe a makaʻu hoʻi i ka wai a mākaukau e ʻau i kēlā me kēia manawa kūpono kūpono.
ʻO ka maʻamau, nocturnal ka manu a ʻike ʻia nā piko ʻoi loa o ka hana i ka palaoa i ke ahiahi a me ke kakahiaka. I ke ao, hoʻāʻo ka manu e peʻe a ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe, nā holoholona a me nā manu ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻole makemake ʻo Corncrake e lele, akā ʻoi aku ka makemake o kēia manu e noho ma nā lālā lāʻau. ʻOiai ʻo nā kiaʻi manu manu ʻike i ka paʻi kiʻi ʻana i kahi kōkoi ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau i kekahi mau manawa, ke peʻe nei ia mai nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona a i ʻole nā mea ʻehā ʻehā wāwae. ʻO nā wāwae o ka manu he maikaʻi no ka holo ʻana, akā maikaʻi ʻole maikaʻi ʻole no ka noho ʻana ma nā lālā.
ʻO ka hiki ke neʻe i ka palaoa ka mea hānau a hoʻoilina. ʻOiai inā hānai ʻia nā manu i ke pio ʻana, a laila i ka hāʻule e ʻimi lākou e lele i ka hema.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻĀina moa
Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, ʻo nā kāne ka mea mua e hoʻi i nā pūnaewele pūnana. Hana kēia i ka waena o Mei-mua o Iune. Hiki mai nā wahine i kekahi mau pule. Hoʻomaka ka wā rutting. Kāhea ke kāne i nā kani rhythmic ʻalalā a hoʻāʻo i nā ala āpau e kāhea aku ai i ka wahine. Hana ʻia ka moena i ke ahiahi, i ka pō, a i ʻole i ke kakahiaka nui. Ke hiki i ke kāne ke kāhea aku i ka wahine, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i kahi hulahula moena, kāwili manuahi i nā hulu ma kona huelo a me nā ʻēheu, a hāʻawi nō hoʻi i ka wahine me ka makana ma ke ʻano o nā ʻelima i hopu ʻia.
Inā ʻae ka wahine i ka mōhai, a laila hana ke kaʻina moena. Ma ke ʻano he rula, i ka wā hānau, noho ka ʻili palaoa i nā hui o 6-14 mau kānaka ma kahi mamao iki mai kēlā me kēia. He polygamous ka Corncrake, a no laila ke kaʻawale loa ka mahele ʻana i nā pālua. Hoʻololi maʻalahi nā manu i nā hoa a ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoholo ʻia kahi o nā momona o nā kāne i kū ai.
I ka hopena o ka wā hānau, hana ka wahine i kahi pūnana liʻiliʻi ma ka lepo. Kāmele maikaʻi ʻia ia e nā mauʻu kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā lālā nahele a paʻakikī loa e ʻike. I ka pūnana aia he 5-10 mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeleʻele kiko kikokiko, i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka wahine no 3 mau pule. ʻAʻole komo ke kāne i ka hana hoʻoulu a hele e ʻimi i kahi ipo hou.
Hānau ʻia nā Chicks ma hope o 20 mau lā. Ua uhi paʻa ʻia lākou me ka fluff ʻeleʻele a ma hope o 3 mau lā ua hoʻomaka ka makuahine e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou e kiʻi i ka meaʻai. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, hoʻomau ka hānai ʻana o ka makuahine i nā moa no hoʻokahi mahina, a laila hoʻomaka lākou e noho kaʻawale, a haʻalele i ka pūnana. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, hiki i ka ʻoka palaoa ke hoʻoulu i 2 mau keiki i kēlā me kēia kau. Akā ʻo ka make ʻana o nā moa mai ka ʻōpala mua a i ʻole ke anilā maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻomaka o ke kauwela hiki ke hoʻokau i ka hui hou ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka palaoa
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ke kōkō
ʻAʻohe o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ke kūpale mākua. Mālama nui ka manu, holo wikiwiki a hūnā maikaʻi, a paʻakikī loa e hopu. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio ka makaʻu nui. A hiki i ka lele ʻana o nā moa a aʻo e holo wikiwiki, hiki i nā ʻalopeke, nā lynxes, a i ʻole nā ʻīlio raccoon ke hopu iā lākou. Hiki i nā pōpoki kūloko a i ʻole nā ʻīlio hānai ke hoʻopau i kahi pūnana a ʻai paha i nā keiki keiki.
Akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻenemi o ka ʻoka palaoa ʻApelika. Ma ka ʻāina ʻeleʻele, hiki i kahi manu makua ke hopu ʻia e ka pōpoki hihiu, nā servals a me nā ʻio ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻole hōʻole nā moʻo kolohe e ʻahaʻaina i nā hua manu a i ʻole nā keiki hou. ʻO nā pōpoki hihiu e like me nā kauā e holoholo nei ma hope o nā ʻāpana o ka palaoa, ke hana lākou i ka hapa nui o kā lākou mea pio.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka makaʻu ka mea hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ka heluna manu. Ke piʻi nei ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana o ka hana a ke kanaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ke kahe o nā kahawai, papau o nā kahawai, ka palau ʻana o nā ʻāina hou - ke alakaʻi nei kēia āpau i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe wahi o ka wahi kōkō a e emi ana ka nui o nā manu i ke kikowaena waena o Lūkia. Mālama wale ʻia kahi helu paʻa manu i nā wahi pale a me nā mālama.
Hoʻokumu nā laina uila uila kiʻekiʻe i ka hōʻino ikaika loa i ka lehulehu. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hiki i nā manu ke lele ma luna o lākou a puhi ʻia i nā kaula. Hana pinepine ʻia ʻo 30% o ka ʻohana e neʻe ana i ʻApelika e make i nā uea.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Manu Corncrake
ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ka palaoa i ka ʻāina o ka Russian Federation. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā manu maʻamau o ka ʻohana manuā. No ka 2018, aia ka helu o nā kānaka i ka pae o 2 miliona mau manu, a hōʻoia ʻia ka pau ʻana o ka palaoa ʻaʻole e hoʻoweliweli.
Akā i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka ʻai ʻana o ka palaoa. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma ʻEulopa Hema, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manu ma kahi o 10 tausani, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i nā helu kūpono, ʻoiai ke neʻe mau nei ka manu, e neʻe ana mai kēlā me kēia wahi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ke kūlana me ka palaoa kakā ʻApelika. ʻOiai ʻo ka heluna nui o ka heluna kanaka, he kūlana mālama honua ko ka ʻāpala palaoa ʻApelika, no ka mea aia ka makaʻu i ka emi wikiwiki ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. Ma Kenya, pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka palaoa i ka wā pau, no ka mea, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā manu i nā waiwai weliweli.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pōʻino nui i ka heluna kanaka o ka palaoa ʻApelika e nā ʻenehana mahiai holomua, kahi e hiki ai ke loaʻa nā mea kanu ʻelua i ka makahiki. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili mua (Iune mua) e alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe manawa o nā manu pūnana e hatch egg a hānai ʻōpio paha. Make nā paʻa lima a me nā ʻōpio ma lalo o nā pahi o nā mīkini mahiʻai, a alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻemi makahiki i ka heluna kanaka.
Landrail ola nei no kahi manawa pōkole loa. ʻO ka awelika o ke kō ʻana o ka palaoa he 5-6 mau makahiki, a makaʻu ka poʻe loea i ka wā e hiki mai ana e kū nā manu i kahi lua demographic a me ka emi nui o ka heluna kanaka, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ka lā paʻi: 08/17/2019
Lā hou: 08/18/2019 ma 0:02
