ʻO Tarpans - kahi ʻano mustangs o Eurasia. Noho lākou ma kahi o ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, e loli ana a hiki i nā kūlana paʻakikī o ke ola ma Siberia Komohana. Ua lilo kēia mau lio hulu waena i poʻe kūpuna o kekahi mau lio lio kūloko.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Tarpan
ʻO Tarpans nā kūpuna make o ka nui o nā ʻano lio o kēia mau lā. Ua unuhi ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "tarpan" ma ke ʻano he "lele mua", e ʻōlelo nei i ka manaʻo mua o ka poʻe ke nānā lākou i kēia mau lio. ʻO kēia mau lio hihiu, i hānai ʻia a hānai ʻia e kiʻi i nā ʻano hou.
ʻElua mau ʻāpana ʻo Tarpan:
- Noho nā tarpans o ka nahele ma nā wahi ulu lāʻau. He ʻano lokomaikaʻi ko lākou a he mau wāwae wīwī lōʻihi, akā i ka manawa like ua pōkole ke kino. ʻAe kēia kumukānāwai kino i nā lio e holo wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki, holo i nā ʻaihue;
- ʻO nā tarpe steppe he mau lio hou aʻe a momona. ʻAʻole lākou i makemake e holo, akā holoholo mau i ka ʻāina pālahalaha. Mahalo i ko lākou mau wāwae ikaika, hiki iā lākou ke kū ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope ma kahi kokoke i nā kumulāʻau, e kiʻi ana i nā lau lush ma nā lālā.
Aia he mana ʻelua e pili ana i ke kumu o ka tarpan. ʻO ka mea mua, he mau lio lūlū kāhiko. Ua pakele lākou a hānai maikaʻi ʻia e ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, kahi i hana i kahi hiʻohiʻona kū hoʻokahi no ka pā.
Video: Tarpan
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o nā lio hānai i hōʻole maʻalahi ʻia e Joseph Nikolaevich Shatilov, kahi mea kālaihonua a me ka ʻepekema nāna i nānā i kēia mau lio. Ua huki ʻo ia i ka nānā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe o nā tarpans i nā maʻi genetical i ʻano o nā holoholona ke pili pono; ua ʻike pū kekahi ʻo ia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ka tarpan, i loaʻa iki ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi i kekahi, akā i ka manawa like e noho ai i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa.
ʻAno like ke ʻano o ka tarpan hānai e like me ka lio home maʻamau: hāpai ʻo ia i nā ukana a mālama mālie i ka poʻe. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe ke hele a puni ka tarpan - kāna poʻe mamo wale nō, hele me nā lio kūloko, ua komo i kēlā ʻano aʻo.
I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano lio, i ka hānau ʻana o nā tarpans i komo pū:
- Poni ʻInikia;
- Poni Holani;
- poni scandinavian.
ʻO kēia mau ʻano lio a pau e like me ke ʻano like, ke kino pōkole a me ke kumukānāwai kino ikaika, ʻo ia ka mea ʻokoʻa nā tarpans.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka tarpan
Hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia ke ʻano o nā tarpans e nā kiʻi a me ko lākou koena. ʻO kēia mau lio pōkole, i ka mae wale ma mua o 140 cm, - ʻo kēia ka ulu ʻana o kahi pony ikaika. Ua hōʻea ke kino elongated i ka lōʻihi o 150 cm.ʻO nā pepeiao o ka tarpan he pōkole, lawe lima, me kahi poʻo nui a me kahi ʻāʻī pokole.
ʻOkoʻa ke poʻo o ka tarpan - he ʻano kūlike kona i ka ihu. Ua mānoanoa kona kapakomo, kahi kapa komo paʻa - ʻo kēia ke ʻano o ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o nā holoholona i ka hau. Pahu iho ka ʻahu, ka wili iki. I ka hoʻoilo ua ulu aʻe ia, i ke kauwela hoʻolei nā lio.
ʻO ka hiʻu o ka lōʻihi waena, manoanoa, ʻeleʻele, e like me ka mane. I ke kauwela, ua loaʻa nā lio i kahi ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele, ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele melemele. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomālamalama nā lio, a lilo i ʻulaʻula a i ʻole muscular. ʻO kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele lahilahi, ʻano o nā lio hihiu, holo ma ke kua mai ka ʻāʻī a i ka croup. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kaha ma nā wāwae e like me nā kaha zebra.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO nā hoʻāʻo e hana hou i ka tarpan ma o ka hoʻōla hou ʻana i kēia laha i ka hopena paʻakikī - ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea hoʻohua ke kanu i kahi mane kū i ka manawa like me ka ihu humpbacked.
Ua like ka mane me ka mane o nā lio o Przewalski - mai nā huluhulu mānoanoa, kū. Ua ʻokoʻa iki ka tarpan nahele mai ka paepae i ka ulu a me ke kumukānāwai, akā i ka nui he ʻano like nā lio me kekahi.
Ma hea kahi i noho ai ka pā?
Kiʻi: Tarpan Lio
Noho ʻo Tarpan i kahi āpau, steppe ulu, wao akua a me nā ululāʻau o Eurasia. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia, e kuhikuhi ana i nā kiʻi pōhaku, kahi e hōʻike ai i nā lio hihiu me nā kauā zebra ma ko lākou mau wāwae.
Mai ka manawa o Helene Kahiko, ua noho nā tarpans i nā panalāʻau e hiki mai ana, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia mai nā kumuwaiwai i kākau ʻia.
- Pōlani;
- Kenemaka;
- Kuikilana;
- Pelekiuma;
- Palani;
- Kepania;
- kekahi mau wahi o Kelemania.
Hoʻonui ikaika ʻo Tarpans, e hoʻolaha ana iā Belarus a me Bessarabia, e noho ana i nā steppes kokoke i ka Black a me Azov Seas a hiki i ke kapakai ʻo Caspian. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka noho ʻana o nā tarpans ma ʻAsia, Kazakhstan a me Siberia Komohana.
Mea hoihoi: Aia kekahi hōʻike e hōʻea loa lākou i ka ʻākau, akā ʻaʻole i komo nā aʻa i nā aʻa nui i ke anu.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā poʻe Tarpan ke noho i nā ʻāina i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka poʻe ma ke ʻano he mahiʻai, no laila ua hoʻokuʻi ʻia nā lio i ka nahele. ʻO kēia kahi i ʻike ʻia ai kahi ʻāpana o ka tarpan - nahele, ʻoiai ʻo ka lio e noho wale ana i nā steppe. Noho ʻo Tarpans ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 19, ʻoiai ma ʻEulopa ua luku ʻia lākou i ka Middle Ages, a ma nā wahi hikina o ʻEulopa - i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18.
He aha ka ʻai a ke kalo?
Kiʻi: Tarpans Pau ʻole
ʻO Tarpan kahi mea kanu, e like me nā lio a pau. ʻAi lākou i ka mauʻu maloʻo a me ka mauʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ma lalo mau o ka wāwae o nā holoholona. Ma muli o ka nui o ka nui o nā lio, a haʻahaʻa ka mauʻu i nā calorie, pono e ʻai nā lio a puni ka uaki.
Inā i ka lā ʻaʻohe pilikia me ka meaʻai, a laila i ka pō kū kekahi o nā lio me ke ea o ko lākou poʻo, a ʻai kekahi. Hoʻololi nā lio e mālama i ko lākou ʻōpū i piha. No laila ua hōʻoia lākou i ka palekana o ka pūʻali - ʻo nā lio me ko lākou mau poʻo i hāpai ʻia e ʻike paha i kahi pilikia kokoke.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: E like me ka reindeer, hiki i nā tarpans ke ʻai wale i kahi ʻīlemoni a iole hihiu paha ma ka palu ʻana iā ia me ka mauʻu.
Ua ʻai ʻo Tarpans i kēia mau meaʻai:
- limu a me lichen. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā lio ke huki iā lākou iho i nā lālā lāʻau ma ke kū ʻana ma nā wāwae o hope e ʻohi i nā lau ʻōpio;
- nā aʻa a me nā ʻanoʻano i ka wā hoʻoilo, ke loaʻa ka meaʻai liʻiliʻi - ʻeli nā lio i nā meaʻai mai lalo o kahi papa o ka hau;
- Hānai pū kekahi ʻo Tarpans i kekahi manawa i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, ʻai i nā mea kanu a ʻohiʻohi i nā hua ulu haʻahaʻa. Ma muli o kēia, ua kī ʻia a ua hoʻokau ʻia paha nā tarpans i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Lio paʻa ikaika ʻo Tarpan. Hiki iā lākou ke hele me ka ʻai ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi, a loaʻa ka wai mai ka mea kanu mea ʻai a i ʻole ka hau. Ma muli o kēia, ʻoluʻolu lākou e like me nā lio kūloko, akā paʻakikī e hoʻomaʻamaʻa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Tarpan
Ua noho ʻo Tarpans i nā kau o 6-12 kanaka. Aia kekahi kāne kāne nui i nā kau bipi, a he kuleana kona e male me nā kāne āpau, a me nā kāne o nā makahiki like ʻole. He hierarchy maopopo ko nā lio e pili ana i ka mālama pono ʻana.
No laila ma waena o nā mares kahi hanana maopopo: kahi wahine wahine alpha kahiko, nā wahine ʻōpio a me nā keiki kāne. Hoʻoholo ke kūlana i ka mea mua e hele i ka wahi wai, nāna e hānai i ka ʻāina hou; koho pū nō hoʻi nā maka i kahi e hele ai ka pipi. Kaupalena ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka lio lio tarpan - uhi wale ia i nā wahine i ka wā hānau a pale i ka pūʻā mai nā pilikia kūpono.
He lio hilahila ʻo Tarpans i makemake e holo. I ka hopena o kahi hoʻouka kaua e nā mea ʻino, hiki i nā lio ke piʻi i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 50 km / h. Makaʻu nō hoʻi nā lio i nā kānaka, ʻoiai hiki ke maʻa i ko lākou helehelena a ʻae ʻia e nānā iā lākou mai kahi mamao aku.
Hiki i nā lio ke hoʻonāukiuki. Aia kekahi hōʻike e hōʻoia ʻole i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e mālama i ka tarpan ma muli pono o ka ʻino o nā lio. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mares, keu hoʻi inā hoʻāʻo lākou e hoʻopili i nā māla haʻahaʻa.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike inā huhū kahi tarpan i ke kūlana o kāna mau pepeiao. Kaomi ka lio i kona mau pepeiao i hope, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona poʻo, hohola iā ia i mua o ia iho - i kēia kūlana, hiki i ka tarpan ke nahu a piʻi aʻe paha. Akā, ma ke ʻano he rula, holo aku nā tarpans a hiki i ka nānā ʻana o kekahi mea kokoke.
I ka lā a pau e ʻimi nei kēia mau lio i ka meaʻai. I kekahi manawa ua hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka holo ʻana o kahi pūʻā tarpan ma luna o ka ʻanuʻu - ʻo kēia ke ʻano o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o nā lio, ka pīpī ʻana i ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. ʻO ka hapanui o ka manawa, hānai mālie nā lio, i kekahi manawa e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ko lākou poʻo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Tarpan Cub
Hoʻomaka ka wā hānau hānai i ke kau mua. ʻO ka maʻamau mākaukau nā mākeke e hānau i ka makahiki ʻekolu, nā lio i ʻehā a ʻelima paha makahiki, akā he kakaikahi nā lio e loaʻa ka manawa kūpono e hoʻomau i ka heihei. ʻO nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka hierarchy ʻoʻoleʻa o nā lio.
I loko o ka pā o ka pā, hoʻokahi wale nō lio lio a me nā kāne kāne makua ʻole. I ka wā hānau, he mau ʻēheu o ka lio ka mea i mākaukau e hoa. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻohe lio ʻokoʻa moekolohe i ka pipi.
Ua kipaku ʻia nā keiki hānai makua i waho o nā holoholona e hana i kā lākou holoholona ponoʻī. Ma ke ʻano he rula, he lio lio kipaku ʻia mai ka ʻohana he hiki ke ʻaʻa i ka "hoʻoholo" a ke alakaʻi a komo i ka hakakā me ia. ʻAʻole ʻike ka lio lio ʻōpio i nā kaua, no laila, ma ke ʻano he rula, kipaku maʻalahi ke alakaʻi i nā lio ʻōpio.
ʻO nā lio ʻōpio, e haʻalele ana, lawe pinepine lākou me lākou i mau wahine haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a lākou i "kamaʻilio" ai i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā lio lio ke lanakila i nā koa mai nā lio ʻē aʻe, e hana ana i nā pūʻā nui.
He lio lio hoʻokahi. ʻO ka pinepine, hele aku lākou i nā holoholona i ka wā hānau e kiʻi i kahi wahine wahine. A laila hoʻokūkū ka alakaʻi lio i nā hakakā hōʻike, he koko loa a loko ʻino hoʻi. Hoʻopili nā lio i nā ʻāʻī o kēlā me kēia, paʻi kekahi i kekahi me ko lākou mua a me nā ʻāpana hope. I loko o ia mau kaua, ua loaʻa nā ʻeha i ka tarpan nāwaliwali, i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole kūlike me ke ola.
Hapai nā lio i nā mahina 11. ʻO ka hopena, ua hānau ka wahine wahine i hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi - ʻelua mau keiki kāne, a i loko o kekahi mau hola ua mākaukau e kū i luna. Pāʻani nā pīpī a mālama mua ʻia me ko lākou makuahine, a ma hope me nā keiki kāne ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā lio lio hoʻokahi a me nā keiki i hopu ʻia no ka hana ʻōpala. I ka manawa like, hiki i ko lākou mau makuahine ke hele pū i nā paddock no ke keiki lio pio, no laila ua loaʻa i ka poʻe i ʻelua mau lio i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Ua ʻae ʻoluʻolu nā mares i nā pua o nā lio kūloko, kahi i lawe koke ai lākou i ke kūlana o nā mea kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai he ʻano maikaʻi ko lākou.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o Tarpan
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka tarpan
Ma muli o ka noho ʻana o nā tarpans ma nā wahi he nui, ua hālāwai lākou me nā ʻano heihei he nui. ʻO ka noho ʻana i nā steppe i maʻalahi iā lākou i ka mea pio i ka manawa like, akā i ka manawa like me ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka poʻe tarpans i ko lākou wikiwiki a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ka lohe, ka mea i hoʻokuʻu iki ʻole iā lākou. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, ʻike ka lio i ka makaʻu mai kahi mamao aku a hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona i ka pūʻā holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ua hālāwai nā tarpans me kēia mau mea ʻaihue:
- ʻīlio hihiu. ʻO nā ʻāhi o nā ʻīlio hae nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o nā lio. ʻO nā Wolves, e like me nā lio, he ʻano nohona maopopo e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻomohala i nā hana hoʻouka. Ua hoʻouka kekahi hui o nā ʻīlio hae i ka pūʻā, hahau i nā keiki kāne ʻōpio a i ʻole nā lio ʻelemakule mai ona aku, a laila hoʻokuʻi iā lākou e hoʻohālua i nā ʻīlio hae ʻē aʻe;
- na Bea. Hiki i kēia mau mea ʻino ke hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, akā ʻaʻole paʻa i ka tarpans. Manuahi a wikiwiki hoʻi nā lio, a lohe maʻalahi hoʻi a honi lākou i ka bea i ʻike ʻole pehea e ʻūlū mālie aku ai i ka pūʻā;
- ʻOi aku ka cougars, lynxes a me nā pōpoki nui ʻē aʻe i ka ʻimi holoholona. Ua kolo mālie nā pōpoki i nā mea i hōʻino ʻia, e lālau ana i nā keiki i ulu a lawe wikiwiki iā lākou me lākou.
ʻO nā mea nāwaliwali loa e pili ana i nā mea hōkū he tarpans nahele. ʻAʻole kahi ulu ka nahele no kēia mau lio, no laila ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana paʻa i waiho nui ʻia. Ua lilo lākou i mau maka o nā ʻīlio hae a me nā bea, ʻaʻohe manawa e pakele ai i nā ʻaihue.
Akā ua ʻike ka poʻe lepe pehea e pale aku ai iā lākou iho. ʻIke pinepine ka lio i ka ʻaihue ʻaihue ʻana, a inā lohi ke ala ʻana, hiki ke hele i ka hoʻouka e hoʻoweliweli i nā mea hoʻouka a kūʻai i ka manawa no ka pūʻā. Ua hōʻoia kēia hoʻolālā i ka helu ola kiʻekiʻe o nā tarpans ma waena o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Tarpan Lio
Pau nā Tarpans i ka hopena o nā hana a ke kanaka.
Nui nā kumu o ka make ʻana.
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāina kahi i noho ai nā tarpans i ko lākou kūlohelohe;
- Ua luku nā Tarpans i nā mahiʻai mahiʻai ma nā ʻāina hou i kūkulu ʻia, ʻo ia ke kumu i alualu ʻia ai lākou - kī lākou i nā lio, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokupu;
- ma muli o nā hana a ka poʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka lako o ka tarpan - i ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole hiki i nā lio ke loaʻa ka meaʻai, ʻo ia ke kumu i make ai lākou i ka pōloli a i ʻole hele i nā wahi mahiʻai, kahi i kī ʻia ai lākou;
- ʻO ka inaina o ka poʻe i ka tarpan ka mea i lawe pinepine i nā lio i nā holoholona kūloko o nā holoholona;
- ʻo kaʻiʻo tarpan ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻono, a he mea ia i kōkua i ke kī ʻana o nā lio. He paʻakikī nā Tarpans e hopu me kahi lasso ma muli o ko lākou wikiwiki, no laila ʻo ka pū kahi ala maikaʻi loa e kiʻi ai i kahi ʻumeʻume.
ʻO nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻāla hou i ka ʻano tarpan i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20 i Polani. No ka hybridization, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Polish Konik - kahi ʻano lio kokoke loa iā Tarpan. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻāla hou iā Tarpan, akā ua loaʻa ka lio a me ka ikaika i nā lio Polani, a lilo i mau lio ikaika.
Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā moʻopuna o nā lio huakaʻi i Belovezhskaya Pushcha i ka makahiki 1962. ʻO kēia mau lio e pili kokoke ana i ka hiki o waho a me nā hiki i ka tarpan. Minamina, ma muli o ka loli o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka ʻāina, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka papahana hoʻōla tarpan, a ua kūʻai ʻia kekahi o nā lio, a ua make wale kekahi.
Tarpan noho i kahi wahi nui i ke kaiaolaola, no laila, ke holo nei kekahi papahana e hoʻihoʻi i ka laha a hiki i kēia lā. Manaʻo nā biologists ʻo ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā tarpans i ka nahelehele e kōkua ia i ke kaulike ʻana i ke kaiaolaola. Lana ka manaʻolana e noho koke kēia mau lio i nā wahi he nui o ka honua.
Lā paʻi: 08/14/2019
Lā hou: 14.08.2019 ma 21:38
