Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) kekahi o nā ʻano paʻa paʻa nui, i ʻike ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka caviar me ka beluga a me ka paʻa. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Sevruga ʻo Star Sturgeon no ka mea o nā papa iwi hōkū i kona kino. Ua helu ʻia kēia iʻa me he mea ʻino loa. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻo Sevruga i nā pae oxygen haʻahaʻa, no laila pono ka oxygenation hou i nā mahina kau wela no ia.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Sevryuga
ʻO ka inoa maʻamau no kēia ʻano "Star Sturgeon". ʻO ka inoa ʻepekema ʻo "stellatus" kahi huaʻōlelo Latina e pili ana "uhi ʻia i nā hōkū." ʻO kēia inoa e pili ana i nā pā pōhaku e like me nā hōkū e uhi ana i ke kino o kēia holoholona.
Video: Sveruga
ʻO ka Stefgeon, kahi nona ka stellate Stormate, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻohana kahiko loa o nā iʻa iwi, i hānau ʻia i nā muliwai subtropical, temperate a subarctic, nā loko a me nā kahakai o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema. Hoʻohanohano ʻia lākou e ko lākou mau kino elongated, ka nele o nā unahi a me nā nui nui laha ʻole: ʻo nā Stormgeons mai 2 a 3 m ka lōʻihi ka laha, a ulu kekahi mau ʻano a hiki i 5.5 m. waha muliwai. ʻOiai kekahi o ka wai piha piha, he kakaikahi wale nō e lele i waho i ke kai ākea ma waho o nā wahi kai.
ʻAʻau ʻo Sevruga i ka wai kai akea, waikahe a me ka wai kai. ʻAi ʻia ka iʻa, molluscs, crustacean a me nā ilo. Noho nui ia i nā kīʻaha o ke Kai ʻEleʻele a me Caspian a me ke kai Azov. ʻO ka heluna nui loa o ka ʻāina ma Volga-Caspian. Aia he ʻelua mau pōʻai hānau hou no kēia laha. Hanau kekahi iʻa i ka hoʻoilo a i kekahi i ka puna.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ke sevruga
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona āpau o ka Sturgeon penei:
- ʻaʻole ke kuamoʻo ke kumu o ka iwi iwi, akā ka notochord o ka cartilaginous;
- ʻO ka fin dorsal kahi mamao loa mai ke poʻo;
- ulu ka larvae no kahi manawa lōʻihi, e ʻai ana i nā mea i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻeke yolk;
- ʻo ke kukuna mua o ka moʻo pectoral he kakalaioa;
- ma ke kino (ma ke kua, ʻōpū, ma nā ʻaoʻao) aia nā lālani o nā ulu nunui i kuhikuhi ʻia. Ma waena o lākou, uhi ʻia ka holoholona me nā tubercles bony liʻiliʻi, nā granule.
He iʻa kālepa waiwai ʻo Sevruga. ʻElua ona ʻano - ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna. ʻOkoʻa ia mai nā iʻa ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana Sturgeon i ka hiʻona. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka stellate Sturate kahi ihu kūpahi lōʻihi lōʻihi. Kaulana ka lae o kēia iʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i ka antena ke kuiki a me ka laumania i ka waha, ulu maikaʻi ʻole ka lehelehe lalo.
ʻO ke kino o ka stellate Sturate, e like me ka ihu, elongated, ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao a ma ke kua ua uhi ʻia me nā scutes, pili pono i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ke kino o kēia iʻa ʻulaʻula-ʻeleʻele i ke kala me kahi aniani uliuli-ʻeleʻele i ka hope a ma nā ʻaoʻao me kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻōpū.
ʻO Sevruga kahi iʻa lahilahi, ʻike maʻalahi ʻia e kāna muʻu, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, lahilahi a pololei. Liʻiliʻi nā pale lateral. Hoʻomaopopo kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i nā stellate Sturate mai Sturgeon, i loaʻa i nā wai Finnish i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻO ka hope o ka stellate Sturate he ʻeleʻele hina-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻeleʻele paha, pale ka ʻōpū. Pālahalaha nā scute ʻaoʻao. He haʻahaʻa ʻo Sevruga i ka nui i ka nui o ka paʻa. ʻO kona kaupaona kaulike ma kahi o 7-10 kg, akā hiki i kekahi mau kānaka i ka lōʻihi ma mua o 2 m a me ke kaumaha o 80 kg.
Ma hea e noho ai ka hōkū Stefgeon?
Kiʻi: Sevruga i Lūkia
Noho ʻo Sevruga i ke kai Caspian, Azov, ʻEleʻele a me Aegean, mai kahi e komo ai i nā kahawai, me ka Danube. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēia laha i ka Middle and Upper Danube, kahi iʻa iʻa wale e neʻe i uka i Komarno, Bratislava, Austria a i ʻole Kelemania. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma ke kai Aegean a me Adriatic, a ma ke kai Aral hoʻi, kahi i lawe ʻia ai mai ke kai Caspian ma 1933.
I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana, ua komo pū kekahi stellate Sturateon i nā kahawai o ka Lower Danube, e like me nā kahawai ʻo Prut, Siret, Olt a me Zhiul. Ma ka Middle Danube, ua neʻe i ka muliwai ʻo Tisu (a hiki i Tokaj) a i nā wahi haʻahaʻa o kāna mau muliwai, nā kahawai ʻo Maros a me Körös, a me ka waha o ka muliwai Zagyva, nā wahi haʻahaʻa o nā kahawai ʻo Drava a me Sava a me ka nuku o ka muliwai Morava.
Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka hoʻoponopono a me ka pale ʻana o ka muliwai, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia kahi o nā stellate Sturate i loko o nā wahi i hopu ʻia o ke kai Caspian, Azov a me Black. Ua hoʻemi nui ʻia kahi o nā wahi e hoʻomohala ai, a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ala a me ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ma ka muliwai Danube e neʻe wale i nā dam Iron Iron.
Loaʻa ʻo Sevruga i nā wai pāpaʻu o ke kahakai a ma nā wahi pālahalaha o nā kahawai. ʻO nā holoholona benthic liʻiliʻi ka kumu nui o nā meaʻai no nā mākua, a he mea nui ka plankton i ka hānai ʻana i nā pae larval mua.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka stellate Sturgeon. E ʻike kākou i ka mea a kēia iʻa e ʻai ai.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka hōkū paʻa pua?
Kiʻi: Sevruga i ke kai
ʻO nā mea ʻehiku paʻa pinepine, e laʻa me ka stellate Sturate, ka lepo kulu i loko o nā loko a me nā kahawai, e hānai nui ana i ka crayfish, shrimp, snails, nā mea kanu, nā mea kanu wai, nā larvae, nā ilo silt a me nā molluscs.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua oki ʻo Sevruga i ka ʻai ʻana ke hoʻomaka ʻo ia e neʻe. Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hoʻi koke ia i ke kai, kahi e hoʻomaka ai e hānai hou.
ʻO Sevruga nā mea hānai o lalo maikaʻi loa no ka mea loaʻa iā lākou nā antennae maʻalahi ma ka ʻaoʻao o kā lākou ihu e ʻike ai i nā holoholona o lalo a me ko lākou waha loloa a huʻu e omo i kā lākou mea pio. He kū hoʻokahi nō hoʻi ka ʻōpū o nā stellate Sturate no ka mea hypertrophied nā paia o ko lākou ʻōpū pyloric i loko o kahi ʻōpū e like me ka ʻōpū, ua hana ʻia nā ʻōpū o nā mākua i epithelium ciliated, a ulu aʻe ko lākou ʻōpū hope i mau kiwikā.
ʻO nā hale paʻa stellate home, kahi i loaʻa i nā loko wai pilikino, pono i nā huaora, ka aila, nā minelala a ma ka liʻiliʻi he 40% protein (ʻo ka hapa nui mai ka iʻa iʻa). Ma waena o nā wikamina hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka momona, koi lākou i nā huaora A, D, E a me K. ʻO kā lākou mau huamona hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka wai me B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6, B5, B3 (niacin), B12, H, C (ascorbic acid), a me ka folic acid.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: iʻa Stellate Sturate
ʻOiai ʻo stellate Sturate ka mea nui o ka aquaculture ma ke ʻano he waiwai waiwai o nā hua, aia ka hemahema nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka biology a me ka lawena o kēia laha i ka nāhelehele (home range, aggregation, aggression, for example), a me nā ʻano o ka mahiʻai (aggression, enrichment of the environment ke kaiapuni, ke koʻikoʻi a me ka luku ʻana). ʻO ka nele i ka ʻike ʻaʻole paʻakikī wale i ka loiloi i ka mokuʻāina o kona noho maikaʻi ʻana, akā hoʻopīpī hoʻi i ka ʻaneʻane o nā manaʻolana o kona hoʻomaikaʻi.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka Stefgeon he lula me ka mahalo i ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Holo nā ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana he nui ke ʻano o kekahi mau lāhui i ka hana like ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana muliwai hoʻokahi, a mākou e kapa nei he "spawning pālua". Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pūʻulu ʻōnohi ma ke ʻano he heihei hoʻoulu wai.
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā pūʻulu hanau ʻokoʻa no kekahi mau ʻano Steregeon a puni ka honua. Kūlua ka lua ʻana i nā ʻano Euregian Sturgeon. I ke kai ʻeleʻele a me Caspian he nui kekahi mau lāhui me nā lāhui puna a me himal: beluga, Russian Rusgeon, kākalaioa, stellate Sturate, sterlet. Komo ka hui wai i loko o ka muliwai i ka wā o ka pūnāwai me nā gonad aneane mākua a hemo ma hope koke iho o ke komo ʻana i ka muliwai. Komo ka hui heme i ka muliwai i ka manawa like a ma hope koke paha o ka hui puna, akā me nā oositita ʻōpio ʻole.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Sevryugi mai ka puke Red
Puka mai kēia ʻano ma nā kapa o nā muliwai i kahe ʻia e nā kahawai wai a ma luna o ka papa pōhaku o ke kahawai me nā kahe wikiwiki. Waiho ʻia nā hua i loko o nā moena o nā pōhaku i hoʻopuehu ʻia, nā ʻiliʻili a me nā ʻiliʻili i kāwili ʻia me nā ʻāpana pūpū a me ke one mānoanoa. ʻO nā kūlana e huahua mai ana ʻoi loa me nā helu kahe o ke kahe kiʻekiʻe a me lalo o nā ʻiliʻili maʻemaʻe ʻO ka hōʻemi o ke kahe o ke kahe ma hope o ka hānau ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hua manu hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nalo embryo. Ma ka muliwai Danube, hana ka hanau ʻana mai Mei a Iune i nā mahana ma waena o 17 a me 23 ° C. ʻAʻole ʻike nui ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻano spawning o kēia ʻano.
Ma hope o ka hatching, noho nā lālani stellate Sturgeon ʻaʻole wale ma lalo a ma waena o nā wai o ka muliwai, akā ma ka ʻili pū kekahi. Holo lākou i lalo, a hiki i ko lākou hiki ke neʻe ikaika ke hoʻonui i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala aʻe. Hoʻohuli ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻōpio ma ka Danube e nā lako meaʻai, kēia manawa a me nā kūpikipiki. Hele lākou i lalo i ka hohonu o 4 a 6 m. ʻO ke ola o ka muliwai mai Mei a ʻOkakopa, a hoʻomaka ka hānai hana ke hiki aku ka larvae i 18-20 mm.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hiki i Sevruga ke piʻi ma luna o 2 mau mika i ka lōʻihi a me ka lōʻihi o nā makahiki 35. No nā kāne a me nā wahine e oʻo, lawe ʻia i 6 a me 10 mau makahiki. Hiki i nā wahine ke waiho ma waena o nā hua he 70,000 a me 430,000, kaukaʻi ʻia i ko lākou nui.
E like me nā sturgeon ʻē aʻe, komo ka Stellate Stiffate i ka muliwai ʻo Danube e huki ai no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki, akā aia ʻelua mau manawa kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻomaka kēia kaʻina i Malaki ma kahi mahana o ka wai o 8 a 11 ° C, hiki i kona ikaika i ʻApelila a hoʻomau a Mei. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka neʻe nui ʻana e hoʻomaka i ʻAukake a hoʻomau a hiki ʻOkakopa. Makemake kēia ʻano i nā wahi hoʻomehana ma mua o nā paʻa paʻa ʻo Danube ʻē aʻe, a kū nā kahe ana o kāna wai i nā mahana o ke kai ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o stellate Sturgeon
Kiʻi: Sevryuga
ʻO nā ʻenemi o sevruga he poʻe. ʻO ka wā ʻōpio ʻoi loa (6-10 mau makahiki) e maʻalahi ai lākou i ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hōʻemi ʻia kā lākou helu i nā ipu nui he 70% ma mua o ke kenekulia i hala. I loko o nā makahiki 1990, ua māhuahua ka nui o nā iʻa ma muli o ka lawaiʻa kū kānāwai ʻole ma mua. ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka Basin Volga-Caspian wale nō i koho ʻia he 10 a 12 mau manawa ka palena kānāwai.
ʻO ke kahe kahe o ka muliwai a me ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke kumu ke kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o nā helu stellate Sturate i ka 20 kenekulia. I loko wale nō o ke kīʻaha Volga-Caspian, kuhi ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma 10-12 mau manawa ma mua o ka hopu ʻana i ke kānāwai. Kū like ke kūlana like ma ka muliwai Amur. ʻO ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ʻana a me ka ʻimi lawaiʻa ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka hopu ʻana i ke kānāwai ma ka honua a ʻoi loa hoʻi i ka ipu nui o stellate Sturate - ke kai Caspian.
ʻO Caviar nā hua moa paʻa ʻole. No nā gourmets he nui, ka caviar, i kapa ʻia "nā momi ʻeleʻele", kahi mea ʻai maikaʻi. ʻEkolu mau ʻano Stiffgeon pāʻoihana e hoʻopuka i ka caviar kūikawā: beluga, Sturgeon (Russian Stiggeon) a me Stellate Stiffate (Hōkū Stefon). Aia ke kala a me ka nui o nā hua i ka ʻano a me ke kahua o ke oʻo o nā hua.
I kēia lā ʻo ʻIrani a me Rūsia nā mea kūʻai nui i ka caviar, ma kahi o 80% o ia mau mea i hana ʻia e ʻekolu mau ʻano Stefgeon ma ke kai Caspian: Lūkini paʻa Lūkini (20% o ka mākeke), stellate Sturateon (28%) a me Persian Sturgeon (29%). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā pilikia o ka stellate Sturate ka hopena o ka wai, nā waikahe, ka luku a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kahawai kūlohelohe a me nā wahi noho, kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā ala neʻe a me nā wahi o ka hānai ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: iʻa Stellate Sturgeon
Noho pinepine ʻo Sevruga i ka waena a ma luna o Danube a ua luku ʻia mai ka mahele kiʻekiʻe ʻo Danube a me ka ʻaoʻao Hungarian-Slovak o ka Middle Danube, no ka mea he mau kānaka wale nō e hoʻokele i nā sluices ma nā Iron Gate dams. ʻO ka hōʻike hope loa i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻāpana Slovak i lawe ʻia ma Komarno ma Pepeluali 20, 1926, a ʻo ka mea hope loa mai ka ʻāpana Hungarian i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Mohacs ma 1965.
Wahi a ka Red Book, hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka stellate Sturateon me ka make ʻana ma muli o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wai, ka hoʻohaumia wai, ka pale ʻana a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā kahawai kūlohelohe a me nā wahi noho. Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā mea i ʻike hou ʻia ma ka Danube, kokoke i ka make ʻana. ʻO ke kūlana o ka heluna kanaka i kēia manawa, kahi i loli nui ʻia e ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka wā i hala, a me ka wahi kikoʻī o nā kahua hoʻoulu wai i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Pono hou ka noiʻi e hoʻokō pono i nā hana mālama no kēia laha.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua ʻike ʻia 55,000 stellate stellate i make ma ke kai o Azov i ka makahiki 1990 ma muli o ka hopena o ka haumia. Hōʻike ka hāʻule 87% i nā lawaiʻa honua e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻole o nā ʻano lāhui.
ʻAʻole i lawaiʻa ʻia ʻo Stiffgeon wild (Common Sturgeon, Atlantic Stiggeon, Baltic Stiffon, European Sea Sturgeon) ma ke kahakai o Pinilana mai ka makahiki 1930. ʻO nā lāhui paha e komo i ke kai ma Finelani he stellate Sturate. Hiki iā lākou ke nalo pū ke make nā mea i mālama ʻia. Noho lōʻihi nā Sturgeons, no laila e lōʻihi paha kēia hana.
Palekana Sevruga
Kiʻi: Sevryuga mai ka puke Red
ʻAneʻane pau ʻia nā ʻano Stiffgeon i mea hoʻoweliweli. ʻO kā lākou ʻiʻo a me nā hua nui i makemake nui ʻia (ʻoi aku ka kaulana o ka caviar) i alakaʻi i ka lawaiʻa nui a me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kānaka. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka muliwai a me ka haumia i hāʻawi i ka emi ʻana o ka lehulehu. ʻO ka paʻa moana kai ʻEulopa, kahi manawa hope loa ma Kelemania, ua luku ʻia ma kahi o 100 mau makahiki i hala. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻi kēia ʻano i nā kahawai i Kelemania ma o nā hana hou.
ʻO ke Kumumanaʻo Honua e hakakā i ka luku ʻia o Sturgeons e kuhikuhi ana i nā kuhikuhi nui o ka hana no ka mālama ʻana i ka Stefgeon no 5 mau makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hoʻolālā ma:
- e paio ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana;
- hoʻihoʻi hou i ka nohona nohona;
- ka mālama ʻana i ka waihona ʻo Stefgeon;
- hāʻawi kamaʻilio ʻana.
Hana ʻo WWF i nā hana mālama ma ka honua ma nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāina. ʻO nā hana kikoʻī e pili ana i nā hana ma Austria (ʻike i ka Kelemania), Bulgaria (Bulgarian), Nūlani (Hōlani), Romania (Romanian), Lūkia a me ka muliwai Amur (Lūkia) a me Ukraine (ʻUkelena).
Hoʻohui ʻia, hana ʻo WWF i:
- ke kahawai ʻo Danube me kahi papahana kūikawā e hakakā i ka overexploitation o ka Sturgeon ma ka Danube;
- hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia o nā kahawai kūlohelohe o ka muliwai St. John ma Kanada.
Stellate sturgeon ʻO ia kekahi o nā lāhui paʻa paʻa ʻoi loa i ka honua. Ke kū nei kēia mau pilikua wai kolohe i nā hoʻoweliweli he nui i ko lākou ola. ʻOiai ke ola nei ma ka Honua no nā makahiki he mau miliona, hiki ʻole i nā stellate Stefatee ke maʻalahi i ka lawaiʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ko lākou wahi maoli. Hooweliweli ʻia ʻo Sevruga.
Lā paʻi: 08/16/2019
Lā hou: 16.08.2019 ma 21:38
