Nihi Kaʻa -ʻO kēia kahi mea kolo arthropod me nā wāwae ʻeono, no ka subclass o nā mea kolo eheu, ke kaʻina o nā dragonflies. ʻO ke kauoha o nā dragonflies i kēia manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o 6650 ʻano o kēia mau ʻano ʻelala. ʻO nā dragonflies ka nui o nā pepelu predatory i loaʻa ke poʻo kelepona, nā maka nui, kahi ʻōpū lōʻihi a wīwī, a ʻehā mau ʻeheu aniani moakaka. Loaʻa lākou iā lākou ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nō ke anuanu o Antarctica.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Dragonfly
ʻO Odonáta a i ʻole nā dragonflies he mau pepelu kolo e pili ana i ka ʻano arthropod, subclass insect winged a me ka ʻoka dragonfly. No ka manawa mua i wehewehe ʻia kēia kaʻawale e Fabrice ma 1793. ʻO nā dragonflies kahi kauoha nui loa, kahi e hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻano 6650. I kēia manawa, 608 mau ʻano i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea make, a 5899 mau ʻano o kēia mau mea kolo e noho nei i ko mākou honua i kēia au hou.
Māhele ʻia ka poʻe kolo o ka dragonfly i 3 mau suborder:
- ʻēheu nunui;
- isoptera;
- anisozygoptera.
ʻO ka Dragonflies kahi pūʻulu insect loa. Noho nā dragonflies mua i ka honua i ka wā Carboniferous o ka wā Paleozoic. Ua iho mai kēia mau mea kolo mai nā pepeke dragonfly nunui mega-neuras. ʻO nā Meganeuras nā ʻeleka nunui me ka ʻēheu o nā ʻēheu a hiki i 66 cm. Ma hope ua hānau ka mega-neuras i nā hui o kā lākou mau keiki: Kennedyina lāua ʻo Ditaxineurina, ua noho kēia mau pūʻulu pepeke i ka wā Triassic o ka wā Mesozoic. Nui lākou, ʻo nā ʻeheu o kēia mau ʻelima ma kahi o 9 cm ka lōʻihi. I ka wā hoʻomaha, pelu lākou ma lalo o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻeneto.
Wikiō: Dragonfly
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi ʻeke i nā ʻelima i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hopu ʻana i ka mea pio. I loko o ka wā Jurassic, hele mai nā pūʻulu aʻe: Lestomorpha a me Libellulomorpha i kēia mau mea kolo, ua ulu ka larva i loko o ka wai wai a ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā mokulele. Noho nā kolo o ka hui Libellulida iā ʻApelika, ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAukekulia i ka wā Triassic. Noho mau ʻo Mega-neuras ma Eurasia i kēlā manawa, akā i ka papa o ka ulu ʻana ua loli ko lākou kino a me kā lākou maʻamau. I ka wā Jurassic, ua hōʻea nā meganeurine i ka piko o ka ulu ʻana a noho a puni ʻo Eurasia. He "ʻie hahai holoholona" kā kēia mau mea kolo a hiki ke ʻimi holoholona pū me ia i ka wā o ka lele. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻololi kinoea i kēia hui e hoʻohana ana i ka epithelium respiratory, akā aia kekahi mau lamellar gills, i loli i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua oki ka hana ʻana i kahi hana kuapo a ua hoʻololi ʻia e nā ʻānā o loko.
I ka manawa like, ua ulu ikaika nā mamo a ka ʻohana Calopterygoidea mai ka mokuʻāina kumu. Ua ʻūʻī nā ʻeheu o kēia mau mea kolo, ua ʻaʻa a ua like ka nui o nā ʻeheu. I ka wā Jurassic, lilo nā pepelu o ka subiso Anisozygoptera i mea pālahalaha nui loa, a ʻo ka helu o ia mea e emi nui ana i ka wā Cretaceous, akā hoʻomau ka laulā kēia pūʻulu i loko o ka manawa holoʻokoʻa polygenic. I loko o kēia wā, aneane nalo nā ʻano dragonflies e like me Coenagrionidae, Lestidae a me Libelluloidea, a pēlā aku. Ua noho ʻia nā holoholona cainozoic e nā lāhui o nā dragonflies. I ka wā o ka Neocene, ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa ka ethnofauna mai ka mea hou. Ua hōʻole nui ka heluna o Zygoptera, akā ʻo Coenagrionidae lāua ʻo Lestidae i lilo i ʻano nui loa.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano dragonfly
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā helehelena dragonflies āpau. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kala o kēia mau mea kolo.
I ke kino o kahi pepeke, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia mau mea:
- poʻo me nā maka nunui;
- kino ʻālohilohi waihoʻoluʻu;
- umauma;
- ʻeheu mōakāka.
ʻO kēia mau mea kolo, e like me ka lāhui, hiki ke ʻano like ʻole: ʻo nā dragonflies liʻiliʻi loa he 15 mm ka lōʻihi, a ʻo ka mea nui loa ma kahi o 10 cm ka lōʻihi. Nui ke poʻo, hiki ke kaʻapuni iā 180 °. Ma ke poʻo o kahi dragonfly aia nā maka, kahi o ka nui o ommatidia, aia ko lākou helu mai 10 a 27.5 tausani. Hiki i nā ommathies lalo ke ʻike i nā kala, a ʻo nā mea kiʻekiʻe wale nō i nā kinona o nā mea. Mahalo i kēia hiʻohiʻona, hiki i ka dragonfly ke hoʻonohonoho pono iā ia iho a maʻalahi e ʻike i kāna mea pio. Ua pehu ka ʻāpana parietal; aia ʻekolu mau ocelli ma ka piko. ʻO nā antennae o kahi dragonfly he pōkole, subulate, me 4-7 mau ʻāpana.
Mana ka waha, hana ʻia e nā lehelehe pālua ʻole - luna a lalo. ʻO ka lehelehe lalo he 3 lobes, e uhi ana i nā ā lalo haʻahaʻa ikaika. ʻO ka luna he ʻano o ka pā pōkole, kahi e elongated i ka ʻaoʻao transverse, ua uhi ʻia ka iwi ā luna. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka lehelehe o lalo ma mua o ka mea kiʻekiʻe, mahalo i hiki i ka nūpepa ke nau i ka mea pio i ka wā lele.
Aia nā umauma i 3 mau ʻāpana: ka prothorax, metathorax, a me ka mesothorax. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka umauma he ʻāpana o nā lālā, a aia nā ʻeheu o kahi ʻekaleka ma ka waena a me ka hope. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mua mai ka waena. Hoʻopili ʻia ka waena a me ka hope o ka pahu a hana i kahi synthorax, i ʻike ʻia ma hope o ka umauma. Hoʻopalahalaha ʻia ke ʻano o ka umauma mai nā ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka umauma ma ke kua i kipaku ʻia i hope. Aia ka mesothorax ma luna o ka metathorax, kahi e hoʻopili ai nā ʻēheu ma hope o nā wāwae. Māhele ʻia ka pronotum i 3 mau puʻupuʻu; aia ka ʻūlū waena ma waena o ka indentation. ʻO nā ʻāpana kahi e kau ai nā ʻeheu he hypertrophied pleirites.
Mālamalama nā ʻeheu, i loko o ʻelua mau chitinous, i hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā me kēia e kāna ʻōnaehana ponoʻī o nā uaua. Hoʻopili kēia mau uaua i kekahi i kekahi, no laila like ka pūnaewele o lākou i hoʻokahi. Paʻa a paʻa ka venation. He ʻokoʻa nā ʻōnaehana ʻokoʻa o nā ʻenekini ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka ʻōpū o kahi dragonfly e hoʻopuni ʻia a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia. I nā ʻano laha ʻole, pālahalaha ia. Hana ka ʻōpū i ka hapa nui o ke kino o ka pepeke. ʻO 10 mau ʻāpana. Ma nā ʻaoʻao nā ʻāpana spittoon, e ʻae ai i ka dragonfly e pelu. Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana āpau ma mua o 9 a me 10. I ka hopena o ka ʻōpū, aia he 2 anal appendages i nā wahine, 3-4 i nā kāne. I nā wahine, aia nā genital ma ka hope o ka ʻōpū, i nā kāne, aia ke kino hōʻuluʻulu ma ka ʻāpana 2 o ka ʻōpū, a aia nā vas deferens ma ka ʻumi hapa o ka ʻōpū. Kūleʻa a hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻaoʻao a paʻa i nā ʻūhā, coxa, tibia, vetluga, nā wāwae. He kakalaioa ma nā lālā.
Ma hea e noho ai ka dragonfly?
Kiʻi: dragonfly
Ua palahalaha nā dragonflies ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau mea kolo, aia wale nō ma Antarctica. Hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻano laha o kēia mau ʻano kolo i ka ʻāpana Indo-Malay. Aia ma kahi o 1,664 ʻano o nā dragonflies. ʻO ka Neotropics kahi home i nā ʻano 1,640. A ʻo kekahi, makemake nā dragonflies e noho i nā Afrotropics, ma kahi o 889 mau ʻano e noho ana ma laila, ma ka wahi ʻo Australia aia ma kahi o 870 mau ʻano.
I nā ʻāina me ke aniau akahai, noho nāu o nā dragonflies, aia kēia ma muli o ka thermophilicity o kēia mau pepeke. Aia 560 mau ʻano ma ka Palaearctic, 451 ma ka Nearctic. No ke ola, koho kēia mau mea kolo i nā wahi me kahi ʻano mahana a me ka mahana. ʻO ka noho ʻana o kahi waihona wai i mea nui no nā dragonflies; i ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua i loko o ka wai, nā hua a me nā larva i loko o ke kai. Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha, ʻano like ʻole nā dragonflies i ke koho ʻana o nā waihona wai a me ka pono e noho kokoke i ka wai. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻike nā dragonflies o ka lāhui Pseudostigmatinae me nā waihona wai liʻiliʻi o ka underbrush. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā loko wai liʻiliʻi, nā loko a i ʻole nā lua i hoʻokahe ʻia no ka hānau ʻana. Noho kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe kokoke i nā muliwai, nā loko a me nā loko.
Noho ko Larvae i ko lākou ola i ka wai, a ʻo ka poʻe mākua, ua aʻo e lele, hiki ke lele i kahi mamao. Loaʻa i nā nāhelehele, nā kihi ulu lāʻau. Aloha nā dragonflies e bask i ka lā, he mea nui ia na lākou. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, lele nā dragonflies i nā ʻāina me nā anilā mahana. Lele kekahi mau dragonfly a i 2900 km. I kekahi manawa neʻe nā dragonflies i nā helu nui loa. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hāmeʻa i hiki i ka 100 miliona mau kānaka. Akā pinepine pinepine ʻole nā dragonagies hele hewa i nā hipa, akā lele wale.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka dragonfly. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka mea a ka dragonfly e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Dragonfly i kūlohelohe
ʻO nā dragonflies nā pepelu kolohe. ʻAi nā mākua i ka aneane o nā ʻano kolo āpau e noho ana i ka lewa.
Pākuʻi ʻia ka papaʻai o nā dragonflies:
- makika;
- lele a me nā midges;
- mole;
- nalo;
- punawelewele;
- iʻa liʻiliʻi;
- moonihoawa.
ʻAi nā lūlū dragonfly i nā makika a lele nā larvae, nā crustacea liʻiliʻi, nā iʻa iʻa.
Wahi a nā ʻano lawaiʻa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau mea kolo i mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa.:
- ʻimi ʻimi manuahi e alualu ai i ka papa kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopili kēia pūʻulu i nā lāhui o nā dragonflies me nā ʻeheu ikaika a hoʻomohala ʻia hiki ke lele maikaʻi a wikiwiki hoʻi. Hiki i kēia mau laha ke hoʻohana i ka ʻimi ʻūlū, akā ʻo ka pinepine pinepine lākou e alualu wale i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 a 9 mau mika ma luna o ka honua;
- manu lele manuahi ʻaihue ʻimi holoholona i ka pae waena. ʻImi kēia mau dragonflies i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 mau mika. Ke ʻimi nei lākou i ka meaʻai i nā manawa āpau, e hoʻomaha ai hiki iā lākou ke noho ma ka mauʻu no kekahi mau minuke, a laila hoʻomaka hou i ka hopu holoholona;
- lele kia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano e kona ʻano hana ʻimi ʻokoʻa. Noho mālie lākou i nā lau a i ʻole nā kumu o nā mea kanu, e nānā ana no ka mea pio, mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa haki lākou i ka hoʻouka kaua;
- nā lūlū e noho ana i ka pae haʻahaʻa. Alualu kēia mau moonihoʻi i nā ulu lāʻau o ka mauʻu. Lele mālie lākou mai kekahi mea kanu a i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea kolo e noho ana ma luna o ka mea kanu. ʻAi kēia ʻano i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia e noho ana ma luna o ka mea kanu, a ʻaʻole ʻai i ka wā o ka lele.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka Cannibalism ka mea maʻamau loa i nā ʻano dragonfly āpau. Hiki i nā lūlū makua ke ʻai i nā dragonflies a me nā lū liʻiliʻi. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā wahine ma hope o ka male ʻana ke hoʻouka i ke kāne a ʻai iā ia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Blue dragonfly
I ko mākou ʻāina, noho nā dragonflies mai ka hopena o ʻApelila a ʻOkakopa. I nā ʻāina mehana a me nā tropical, ola kēia mau mea kolo i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā dragonflies nā pepelu me ka nohona diurnal. ʻO ka hana nui i ka wā ʻoluʻolu a mehana.
I ke kakahiaka, hoʻāʻo nā dragonflies e bask i ka lā, e noho ana ma luna o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ʻāpana lāʻau. I ka wā o ke awakea o ka wela, lawe lākou i ke kūlana o "glare", kahi e kuhikuhi ai ka piko luminous o ka ʻōpū i ka lā. Hoʻoemi kēia i ka hopena o ka lā o ke kino o ka pepeke a kōkua i ka hōʻalo ʻana i ka wela.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻole hoʻohana nā dragonflies i ko lākou mau wāwae no ka neʻe, hoʻohana wale ʻia ia i ka wā o ka lawe a pae ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā lālā hope o hope e hopu i nā mea pio.
Hele nā dragonflies i ka hopu holoholona i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. Hoʻoikaika nui kekahi ʻano ma ka wanaʻao. I ke ao, hana nui nā dragonflies i ka hānau ʻana. I ka pō, peʻe nā pepeke i waena o nā mānoanoa o nā lau a me ka mauʻu. Noho ka hapanui o nā dragonflies.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma muli o ke ʻano o kā lākou mau ʻeheu, hiki i nā dragonflies ke lele wikiwiki loa, e huli i nā leʻaleʻa hoihoi i ka lewa, a neʻe i kahi mamao. Ma muli o ka maikaʻi o nā dragonflies ma ka lele ʻana, paʻakikī loa e hopu iā lākou no nā mea ʻino.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Dragonflies
Hele kēia mau mea kolo i ʻekolu mau hanana o ka hoʻololi.:
- hua moa;
- naiads a larva paha;
- pepeke makua (mākua).
Hiki i nā dragonflies ke hana i nā keiki ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Kūleʻa pono nā ʻino i ka lewa. Ma mua o ka male ʻana, hana nā kāne i kahi ʻano hulahula i mua o ka wahine. Lele lākou a puni iā ia, hana i nā mea maʻamau ʻole i ka lewa. Ma hope o ka male ʻana, hoʻomoe nā wahine i nā hua he 260 a 500. ʻO ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā hua manu ke ʻai nei iā lākou e nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, e like me nā dragonflies.
Eia kekahi, ka hoʻohaumia wai, a i ʻole ke kulu o ka mahana o ka ea. I nā kūlana maikaʻi, hatch ka larvae mai nā hua manu ma hope o kekahi mau lā ʻelua, akā pinepine i nā aniau temperate, hatch ka larvae i ka puna aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hiki i nā hua manu kope ke hoʻokahuli i hoʻololi ʻole a kū ʻia ka larva i ka puna aʻe.
Ua hake wale ʻia mai kahi hua manu, ʻo ka nui o nā larvae 1 mm. I kēia pae, ola ka larva no kekahi mau minuke wale nō, a laila hoʻomaka e hoʻoheheʻe. Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā subspecies, ulu ka larvae i nā manawa like ʻole a hala i kahi helu ʻokoʻa o nā molts. Hiki i nā lūlū ke hānai kūʻokoʻa a alakaʻi i kahi nohona i lalo o ka wai.
ʻO ka maʻa mau ʻole ka hana a nā larvae, lua i loko o ka lepo a hūnā paha ma waena o nā limu. ʻAi ka larvae dragonfly i nā larvae o nā makika a me nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe, ka ʻai o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā crustacean.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā dragonflies
Kiʻi: Blue dragonfly
ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o nā dragonflies:
- manu;
- iʻa ʻaihue;
- punawelewele orb-web, spider spider and tetranatids;
- nā mea kolo;
- moʻo hānai manu.
ʻAi ʻia nā hua manu a me nā ʻūlū liʻiliʻi e nā iʻa, nā crustacea, a me nā larvae ʻē aʻe. Make ka hapa nui o nā hua manu me ka ʻole o ka hatch, ʻai ʻia lākou e nā mea ʻaihue, a i ʻole nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole e ʻae iā lākou e ulu. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia nā dragonflies e nā sporozoans. ʻO Trematodes, nā roundworm filamentous a me nā mites wai. Ma muli o ko lākou nohona, hāʻule pinepine nā dragonflies i nā mea kanu insectivorous.
ʻO nā dragonflies nā nīpala laha loa e lele wikiwiki. I ke ao, hiki iā lākou ke uhi iā lākou iho ma lalo o ka ʻōlinolino o ka lā, e noho ana ma luna o nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā lāʻau me ko lākou ʻōpū i lalo, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia ko lākou mau ʻeheu e nā mea ʻaihue, a hāʻawi kēia huna i nā dragonflies e hoʻopuni i ka ʻenemi a puni ko lākou mau manamana lima.
Eia hou, lele lele nā dragonflies, a paʻakikī loa e hopu me kahi dragonfly; ʻo ke koho wale no kahi mea ʻaihue e ʻahaʻaina i kēia mea kolo e hopu iā ia me ke kahaha. ʻO ka larvae, ke pale nei iā lākou iho mai nā mea ʻino, hoʻāʻo e burrow i ka lepo, a hūnā paha i ka limu. ʻAno paʻakikī ʻole ka larvae e ʻauʻau, ʻoiai maikaʻi loa ma laila.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano dragonfly
ʻO ka heluna kanaka o ka ʻoka ʻOdonáta he lehulehu a ʻokoʻa. Aia ma mua o 6650 mau ʻano o kēia mau ʻenekia i ka honua. Loaʻa kēia mau mea kolo ma nā ʻāina āpau a neʻe. Noho ka nui o kēia mau mea kolo i loko o ka nahelehele. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia lā aia kekahi mau lāhui o nā dragonflies e kokoke ana i ka make a ke emi wikiwiki nei ko lākou poʻe. Loaʻa kēia i ka haumia o nā wahi noho dragonfly.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano i ka Red Book. I ka hopena o ka makahiki 2018, aia ma mua o 300 mau ʻano ma ka Red Book. No kēia mau mea, he 121 mau ʻano ma ka ʻaneʻane o ka make, 127 mau ʻāpana i loaʻa i ke kūlana o nā pepelu i kahi kūlana nāwaliwali, a ua hala ʻole nā lālā 19. Manaʻo ʻia ua pau ke ʻano Megalagrion jugorum. I ka heluna lehulehu o ka honua, ma ka laulā, ma kahi o 10% o nā lāhui dragonfly a pau e kokoke ana i ka make.
He hui nui loa nā dragonflies e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana o nā kino wai, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāpana dragonfly e pane ikaika i nā loli i ka maikaʻi o ka wai. I nā kino wai haumia, make nā larvae dragonfly. I mea e mālama ai i ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau mea kolo, pono e akahele hou me ke kaiapuni. E hoʻouka i nā lako hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma nā ʻoihana, e hana i nā wahi pale i nā wahi noho o nā dragonflies.
Ka pale ʻana o nā dragonflies
Kiʻi: Dragonfly mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
He mea nui loa nā dragonflies i ke kaiaola. Hoʻopau kēia mau mea kolo i nā mea kolo koko e lawe i nā maʻi like ʻole. Hāʻawi nā larvae dragonfly i ka meaʻai no nā ʻano iʻa he nui, a hānai nā manu, nā māmala a me nā nananana i nā mea kolo makua.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā dragonflies nā hōʻailona maikaʻi loa o ke kūlana kaiaola, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā larvae dragonfly ke hoʻomohala i ka wai haumia. I kēia lā, nui nā ʻano o kēia mau mea kolo i helu ʻia i loko o ka International Red Book no ka huli ʻana i nā lehulehu. Aia lākou ma lalo o kahi pale kūikawā.
Ua hana ʻia kahi kaiāulu no ka pale ʻana o nā dragonflies, ka mea e komo nei i ka huli ʻana i ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau ʻenekia. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā panalāʻau hou e ke kanaka a me ka hiki ʻana o ka noho kūlanakauhale, ua hoʻomaka ka emi o ka heluna kanaka o nā dragonflies Loaʻa kēia i ka hoʻokahe ʻana o nā kino wai e ka poʻe, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻoihana, nā alanui a me nā kūlanakauhale.
Nihi Kaʻa - he pepeke nani loa a kupaianaha hoʻi. Leʻaleʻa loa kēia mau mea ke nānā aku.Pono mākou e akahele hou aʻe me ke kaiapuni i mea e mālama ai i ka ʻokoʻa o kēia ʻano pepeke.
Lā paʻi: 08/11/2019
Lā hou: 09/29/2019 ma 18:13
