Namu malaria ʻo ia ka lālā weliweli loa o ka ʻohana makika a me ka meʻe o nā moʻolelo hoʻoweliweli like ʻole. Noho ia i nā ʻāina he nui a hiki i ka hāpai ʻana ʻaʻole wale i nā mea hōʻalo, akā ʻo ka malaria hoʻi, ka mea e make ai a i ka hapalua miliona mau makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I kā mākou latitude, ʻaʻole ʻike ka hapa nui i ke ʻano o kēia mea kolohe me ke kūlana pelapela, a kuhi hewa pinepine i kahi makika wāwae lōʻihi ʻole no ka malaria, ʻoiai ʻaʻole makaʻu loa i nā kānaka.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: makika malaria
ʻO ka makika malaria kahi insect dipteran, kahi mea hōʻoki koko mai ka suborder lōʻihi-wattled, kahi lawe o malaria plasmodia, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā parasite weliweli loa no nā kānaka. ʻO ka inoa Lākina no kēia laha o nā arthropods he anopheles, i unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he - mea hōʻino, makehewa. Aia he 400 mau ʻano anopheles, hiki i ka hapanui o lākou ke hāpai i ka malaria, a ʻo ka mea hoʻokipa nui no kekahi mau parasite weliweli ʻē aʻe.
Video: makika ʻo Anopheles
ʻIke ʻia kekahi mau ʻano fossil mai Oligocene a me Dominican amber deposit. Manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo ka malaria ke kumu nui o ka hāʻule ʻana o ke Aupuni Roman Komohana i ke kenekulia ʻelima. I kēlā mau lā, hū nā maʻi ahulau ma nā kahakai o ʻItalia. ʻO ke kahe ʻana o nā wahi kai he nui, ke waiho ʻana o nā alanui hou i lilo i malaria ʻino loa no nā kamaʻāina o Roma. ʻOiai ʻo Hippocrates i wehewehe i nā ʻōuli o kēia maʻi a pili i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā maʻi malaria me nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Nānā nā makika Malaria i ka honua ma o ka prism o nā kukuna infrared, no laila hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i nā holoholona wela, nā kānaka, i loko hoʻi o ka pouli. I ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea e loaʻa ai kahi ʻāpana o ka meaʻai - ke koko, hiki i kēia mau arthropods ke lele ma kahi mamao o 60 mau kilomita.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka makika anopheles
ʻO kēia ʻelele weliweli o ka ʻohana makika he kino lōkō kona, hiki ke lōʻihi i 10mm. Hoʻopili ʻia nā maka o ka makika malaria, me ka nui o ka ommaditia. ʻO nā ʻeheu o ka pepeke he oval, elongated ikaika, he nui nā veins a me ʻelua mau kiko ʻalani. Aia i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka makika nā ʻumikūmālua ʻāpana, ʻo nā ʻelua hope loa o ka ʻaoʻao waho o nā hāmeʻa hānau. Hoʻokena nā antennae a me nā antennae ma ke poʻo liʻiliʻi no ka ʻike a me ka ʻala ʻike. ʻEkolu mau wāwae o ka makika, hoʻopili ʻia i ka umauma.
ʻO ka waha o ke aniani ke kani maoli a me ka mea ʻoki. ʻO ka lehelehe lalo o ka makika kahi paipu lahilahi e kākoʻo ana i nā stylet ʻoi. Me ke kōkua o ʻelua mau ā ā, ʻāwahi koke ke arthropod i ka pono o ka ʻili o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia a omo i ke koko ma o ka tubule o ka lehelehe lalo. I nā kāne, no ka peculiarity o kā lākou meaʻai pono, atrophied ka mea paʻi.
ʻOiai kahi kanaka maʻamau, e ʻike nei i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona, hiki ke hoʻoholo - ma ke alo o ia ka mea lawe i nā parasite weliweli a i ʻole ka makika ʻūlū maʻamau.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hiwahiwa:
- i nā mea kolo weliweli, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae hope ma mua o nā mea mua, ʻoiai i nā makika maʻamau ua like lākou;
- hāpai ʻia ke kua o ka bipi keiki anopheles, a kū pololei nā ʻūlū i ka ʻili.
Hoʻomaopopo nā kānaka ʻepekema i kekahi mau ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma ka hōʻike kikoʻī ʻana e kahi loea.
- he unahi nā ʻeheu o nā anopheles a uhi ʻia me nā kiko ʻeleʻele;
- ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka ʻumi ma kahi kokoke i ka lehelehe lalo ka lōʻihi o ka makika malaria ma mua o nā ʻelele maʻamau o ka ʻohana makika.
ʻO nā kānaka e noho ana i nā ʻāina wela he māmā ke kala a liʻiliʻi i ka nui; i nā wahi anuanu, aia nā makika ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele me kahi kino nui. ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi nā larvae o nā ʻano ʻāpana o Anopheles i ke kala a me ka nui.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma mua o ka nahu ʻana, hana ka namu anopheles i nā neʻe e like me kahi ʻano hulahula.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka makika anopheles. E nānā ma kahi e loaʻa ai.
Ma hea e noho ai ka makika malaria?
Kiʻi: makika malaria ma Lūkia
Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Anopheles i ke ola ma aneane o nā ʻāina āpau, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa wale nō nā wahi me ke ani anuanu loa. Aia he ʻumi mau makika malaria ma Lūkia, a ʻo ka hapalua o ia mau mea i loaʻa ma ke kikowaena o ka ʻāina. Manaʻo ʻia mai ke kuanaʻike o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka malaria, ʻaʻole makaʻu ia mau mea, ʻoiai ʻaʻole mākou e nānā i ka laha ʻana o ka malaria, akā hiki i kēia mau mea ke lawe i nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. Noho ka lālani hoʻomau ʻoi loa o nā anopheles ma ka panalāʻau o Rūkia, i ola i ka taiga ma lalo o ia ʻano ke hiki ʻole i nā maʻi maʻi malaria.
ʻO ka lāhui ʻĀnia a me ka hui o nā anophele ʻApelika, weliweli loa i nā kānaka, noho i nā tropika. Hōʻoluʻolu lākou i nā mahana wela. No ke kau ʻana, koho lākou i nā wahi kokoke i nā kino wai, e komo pū me nā kaho wai, kahi e pono ai no ka wahine e hoʻomoe hua a waiwai i nā microorganism no ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki.
Ma kahi o 90 pākēneka o nā hihia a me nā make mai ka malaria i loaʻa i ʻApelika. Ma kahi kokoke i ka Sahara, loaʻa ke ʻano ʻoi loa o kēia maʻi - malaria tropical, kahi e waiho kokoke ʻole ai ke ola. ʻOiai i nā ʻāina kahi o nā causative agents o ka malaria e noho ʻole ana, hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia nā hihia o ka lawe malaria i lawe ʻia mai, a he hapakolu o lākou e pau i ka make ʻana o ka mea maʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO Plasmodia nā meaola unicellular, kekahi o ia mau mea ke kumu i ka malaria insidious. I ke ola o ka plasmodium, aia ʻelua mau mea hoʻokipa: kahi makika a me ka vertebrate. Hiki iā lākou ke parasitize i nā rodents, nā kānaka, nā mea kolo a me nā manu.
He aha ka ʻai a ka namu anopheles?
Kiʻi: namu malaria nui
ʻAi nā wahine o kēia mau mea kolo i ke koko, akā ʻaʻole mau, no ka laʻana, ma hope o ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua, hoʻololi lākou i ka wai ʻono, a ʻo kēia wā ka mea palekana loa no ka poʻe i hiki ke loaʻa ʻia i ka ʻenekini omo koko. ʻAʻole ʻai nā kāne i ke koko, makemake lākou i ka nectar like o nā mea kanu pua. Ke nahu nei i kahi kanaka maʻi me ka malaria, lilo ʻo anopheles i mea lawe. No nā parasites, ʻo ka makika ka mea hoʻokipa nui, a ʻo ka vertebrate kahi waena waena wale nō.
Hiki iā Anopheles ke hoʻoilo i ke ʻano o nā wahine momona. I loko o ka wahine, ʻaʻole hiki i ka plasmodia malaria ke ola i ka hoʻoilo, no laila ʻaʻole nā makika mua ma hope o ka hoʻoilo e hoʻoili i ka malaria. No ka makika wahine malaria e hiki ke hoʻopili hou, pono ʻo ia e inu i ke koko o ka mea maʻi me ka malaria a laila ola no ʻelua mau pule no ka hana ʻana o nā parasites i loko ona. I nā kūlana o Rūsia, ʻaʻole paha kēia, a ʻoi aku, ua ʻoi aku ka hapa o nā wahine i make i loko o nā lā ʻehā ma hope o ka nahu ʻia ʻana e ka maʻi maʻi malaria.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hana ʻo Anopheles i 600 mau ʻāpana o kona mau ʻeheu i hoʻokahi sekona, i ʻike ʻia e ke kanaka me he ʻūlū lā. ʻO ke kani i hoʻoili ʻia i ka wā o ka lele ʻana o nā kāne a me nā wahine ʻokoʻa ke kiʻekiʻe; ʻū aʻe nā mākua ma lalo o nā ʻōpio. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka lele o ka makika malaria ma mua o 3 km i kēlā me kēia hola.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Anopheles nahu namu
Hana nui ka namu malaria i ka pō. No ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole pono nā wahine i ka lā - ʻike koke lākou i kahi mea no ka hoʻouka ʻana a i ka pōʻeleʻele hoʻi, e kia ana i nā kukuna infrared mai ke kino o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia. E like me nā makika āpau, komo nui lākou a mai lohi i hope no ka manawa lōʻihi a hana lākou i kā lākou hana.
Hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo Anopheles e kona ahonui a me ka neʻe nui. Hiki iā ia ke lele i nā mile he nui me ka pae ʻole a hoʻomaha ʻole. Hana nui ʻia nā mokulele nunui e nā wahine i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, i kēia manawa hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i nā mile he ʻumi mau kilomita. Noho ka poʻe kāne i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa i kahi hoʻokahi, pinepine pinepine i nā lawn me kahi nui o nā mea kanu pua.
I nā ʻāina me nā aniau tropical tropical, ʻeleu lākou i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. I nā wahi noho ʻē aʻe, i hānau ʻia nā poʻe i ka hopena o ke kauwela a ke ola nei i ka hibernate a hiki i ka puna. E hana i kēia, koho lākou i nā wahi kaʻawale, hiki iā lākou ke hui pū i nā hale o ke kanaka. Me ka mehana mua, ala lākou. ʻO ke ola maʻamau o kahi namu anopheles ma kahi o 50 mau lā.
Aia kekahi mau kumu i hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi a hoʻopōkole paha i kēia wā.
- wela ea. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa, ola nā makika lōʻihi;
- me ka nele o ka meaʻai, ola ʻo nā mea kolo;
- hoʻopōkole ke aniau pōkole hoʻi i ke ola o Anopheles.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka pōkole o ke ola o nā makika malaria e noho nei i nā ulu lāʻau ʻoi aku ka pōkole, ʻoiai paʻakikī loa i ka wahine e loaʻa ka meaʻai i nā ʻano like.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: namu uraria malaria
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā anopheles e like ia me nā makika ʻūlū maʻamau a eia nā pae aʻe:
- pae hua manu;
- larva;
- pupae;
- imago.
Hana ʻia nā mea ʻekolu i loko o ka wai, mai ka ʻeono lā a i kekahi mau pule ʻelua. Inā waiho ʻia nā hua i loko o kahi waihona wai pohō, a laila pōkole ka wā hoʻomohala, ʻoiai he nui nā meaʻai ma laila a mau ka lōʻihi mai hoʻokahi pule a i ʻelua. Hoʻopili ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai a me ka ea i ka helu o ka hoʻomohala.
Ma waena o nā makika malaria, ʻike ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe, a he ʻano ʻokoʻa ko nā genetera heterosexual o nā genital. Kūpono ke kope ke kolo i ka lele. Oʻo nā hua i loko o ka wahine no 2 a 20 mau lā, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke aniau. ʻO ka mahana ʻoi loa ka maikaʻi he 25-30 kekelē - me ia, e oʻo ana i ka 2-3 mau lā. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke oʻo ʻana, holo ʻino nā wahine o nā makika anopheles i ka wai e hoʻomoe i kā lākou mau hua. Lawe ʻia ʻo Clutch i nā ʻano he nui, hiki i ka huina o nā hua ke hiki i 500 mau ʻāpana.
Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, kupu mai nā larvae mai nā hua manu. I ka pae ʻehā o ka oʻo ʻana, molts ka larva a hana i pupa, ʻaʻole hānai ʻia i kekahi ʻano no ka wā holoʻokoʻa o ko lākou ola ʻana. Hoʻopili ka Pupae i ka papa o ka wai, hiki ke neʻe i kahi neʻe a komo i lalo o ka waihona wai inā pilikia. Aia nā ʻōpio i ka papa pupal ma kahi o ʻelua mau lā, a laila lele nā mākua mai o lākou aku. Ua ʻike ʻia ka wikiwiki o ke kaʻina hana o nā kāne. I loko o hoʻokahi lā, mākaukau nā mākua no ka hana hou.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā makika malaria
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka makika anopheles
Nui nā ʻenemi o Anopheles, luku ʻia lākou e nā lepe, nā ʻūlū, nā ʻenuhe like ʻole, nā mea kolo wai āpau. ʻO nā larvae mosquito, ʻo ia ka meaʻai punahele a nā rana a me nā iʻa, i make i nā helu he nui, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka pae aʻe o kā lākou ulu ʻana. ʻAʻole hoʻowahāwahā nā manu e noho ana ma luna o ka wai iā lākou. Aia kekahi mau ʻano mea kanu e ʻai pū i nā mākua, akā ʻike ʻia lākou i nā tropika.
Ma muli o ka makaʻu i kau ʻia e nā makika malaria, ke nānā pono nei nā ʻāina āpau me ka laha ʻana o ka malaria i ka hoʻopau loa ʻana iā lākou. Hana pinepine ʻia kēia me ke kōkua o nā kemika e mālama i nā wahi o kā lākou hōʻiliʻili. Ke ʻimi nei nā ʻepekema i ke ala kūpono loa e hakakā ai i nā anopheles. Hoʻopili pū ʻia nā ʻenekini kūpuna i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ua loli ka nui o nā makika malaria i nā kemika i hoʻohana kūʻē iā lākou a ke hoʻonui nei lākou i kahi helu weliweli.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma o kahi fungus i hoʻololi ʻia i genetically, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke luku kokoke i ka lehulehu o Anopheles ma lalo o nā hoʻokolohua. Hoʻokele ka fungus i hoʻololi ʻia e luku i nā pepeke makua ma mua o ka hana ʻana i kā lākou keiki lehulehu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: makika malaria
Ma muli o ka momona phenomenal, ka hiki ke ola a hiki i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole loa no nā mea kolo, kūpaʻa ke kūlana o nā ʻano anopheles, ʻoiai ka nui o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i ko lākou wahi noho. E loli iki paha ke kūlana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, i ka wā e hoʻouka ʻia ai ka mea kaua kolohe hou loa i ka hakakā me kēia kahe koko. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā hana kahiko o ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika malaria, e hoʻi hou ana kā lākou heluna kanaka i kahi manawa pōkole, e koi hou nei he mau haneli haneli mau ola kanaka. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "anopheles" ʻaʻole ia i unuhi wale ʻia ma ke ʻano he makehewa a hoʻopōʻino paha, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai kēia mau mea ola, kahi mea e hōʻeha wale ai.
Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka malaria ma ka ʻāina o ka USSR ma waenakonu o ke kenekulia 20, ua loaʻa ʻo Rūsia a pau ma waho o ka wahi o ka malaria. I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻopaʻa wale ʻia nā hihia i lawe ʻia mai o nā ʻano malaria a pau mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. I nā makahiki 90, ma muli o ka neʻe nui ʻana o ka heluna kanaka a me ka lawa ʻole o ka nui o nā mea e hakakā ai i ka malaria, ua piʻi nui ka hanana i loko o ka wahi post-Soviet. Ma hope mai, ua lawe ʻia mai kēia maʻi mai Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, kahi i loaʻa ai nā maʻi maʻi malaria i nā manawa he nui. I kēia lā ua maikaʻi ke kūlana.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo namu malaria noho ka hapanui i nā ʻāina wela, pono i kēlā me kēia mea ke ʻike i ka weliweli e hali ai, pehea e pale aku ai iā ia. Nui nā kumu no kēia: ʻo ka mea mua, ma muli o ke aniau, noho kēia mau mea kolo i nā panalāʻau hou a ʻike koke ʻia i nā wahi i manaʻo nui ʻole ʻia, a ʻo ka lua, ke hoʻomohala nei nā mākaʻikaʻi i nā ʻāina kūwaha i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Lā paʻi: 02.08.2019 makahiki
Lā hou: 09/28/2019 ma 11:43
