ʻŪhini ʻo ia kekahi o nā pepeke weliweli loa no ka hoʻokele waiwai lāhui. Hoʻolahalaha ka pest o nā mahiʻai a me nā mea ulu hihiu ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. I ka wā ma mua i ka wā kahiko, ʻaʻole i luku wale nā hua kaua ʻūhini i ka hua, akā hiki ke alakaʻi i ka wī o kahi poʻe holoʻokoʻa. He mea pōʻino ʻole ke kanaka mehameha, akā ke komo ia i ka papa o ka ʻohana, luku maʻalahi ia i nā mea kanu āpau i kona ala.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: ʻūhini
ʻO ka ʻūhini kahi ʻāpana huhū o ka ʻohana ʻūhini ʻiʻo. ʻO kēia kahi pepeke arthropod nui, kahi ʻāpana o ka Orthoptera o ka suborder waha, ulu a nui ka nui mai 1 cm a 6 cm. ʻO kekahi mau kānaka i nā hihia kakaikahi e hōʻea i 14 knm ka lōʻihi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. ʻO ka ʻūhini ke nānā aku e like me ka ʻūhini. Ke waiho nei ke kala ʻūhini me he camouflage a hiki ke loli ʻia ma muli o nā kumu kaiapuni.
Video: ʻūhini
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "ʻūhini" i ka unuhi mai ka ʻōlelo Tureke he "melemele" ia. ʻO nā ʻūhini kahi insectentious a hoʻopōʻino paha i hiki ke loaʻa ma nā kihi a pau o ka honua, koe wale no permafrost. ʻAʻole kūpono ke aniau ʻoʻoleʻa no ke ola o ka pepeke. Aloha nā ʻūhini i ka mehana a me ka lā. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi ʻūhini ma ka awelika he ʻewalu mau mahina a i ʻelua mau makahiki, a hiki i ka ʻenekini ke ʻano i nā ʻano ola like ʻole: ka wā mehameha a me ka pae aloha.
Kūlike ʻole nā ʻāpana mai kekahi i kekahi a pili wale i ke kala o ka kolo, akā i kāna ʻano. Aia kekahi heluna nui o nā ʻano ʻūhini, a hiki i ka ʻumi tausani, ʻo ka mea weliweli loa he ʻĀsia a me kahi neʻe. He mea ʻai ka ʻūhini a ʻai i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma muli o ka ʻōpala ʻana i kekahi i kekahi, ʻo nā ʻeheu o ka ʻūhini i ka lele e hana i kahi kani e like me ke kolo. Ke lele aku kahi ʻohana nunui, hana ʻia kahi kani e like me ka humū ikaika, hiki ke lohe ʻia ma kahi mamao. Kuhi hewa kekahi poʻe i kēia kani no ka hekili.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻūhini
ʻO ke ʻūhini he kino elongated a ʻeono mau wāwae, ʻelua o lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea mua, nāwaliwali. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hope ma mua o ka lua a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka manawa. I ke kūlohelohe, aia kekahi mau kānaka i lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino i umikūmālima kenimika. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 3 a 7 cm. He poʻo nui ka ʻūhini me nā maka i haʻi.
ʻO nā ʻeheu he aniani a ʻike maka ʻole ʻia ke pelu a uhi ʻia me nā elytra paʻakikī ʻelua. ʻO nā ʻūhini kekahi o nā lunamakaʻāinana kahiko loa o ka ʻoka Orthoptera. Aia ma kahi o iwakālua tausani mau ʻano o lākou a puni ka honua. Aia ke kala o ka ʻūhini i ka wahi kahi e ola a hana ai. No laila, nā hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia i ka manawa like mai ka wahine like hiki ke lilo i mau kala ʻokoʻa loa, ke mālama ʻia lākou i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o kahi ʻūhini ka mea nui i ka pae o kāna hoʻokumu ʻana. ʻO ke kala hoʻokahi he ʻōmaʻomaʻo melemele-melemele a i ʻole walnut camouflage. I kēia hihia, pili pono ka malu i ka ʻāina o ka noho ʻana o kēlā ʻano ʻelala. Ke hiki mai ke kūkulu ʻana o kahi pūʻolo, lilo like kona mau lālā āpau i kekahi i kekahi. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kānaka, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka wahine. Hiki i nā ʻūhini ke uhi i kahi mamao o 200 km i kēlā me kēia lā. Kūlike like kekahi ʻano ʻūhini me nā ʻūhini. No laila, i ka nānā mua ʻana, paʻakikī e ʻike i kahi pest i kēlā me kēia kanaka. Hiki ke uku ʻia kahi kuhi hewa, keu hoʻi no nā mea mahiʻai.
No laila, e nānā pono i nā hōʻailona e maʻalahi ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ʻūhini mai kahi ʻūhini.
- ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka ʻūhini ma mua o ke kino o ka ʻeleʻele.
- he huinahā ka waha o ka ʻūhini, a ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka ʻūhini;
- pōkole nā ʻūhini ʻūhini e pili ana i kona poʻo;
- ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻia o nā forelegs o ka ʻūhini ma mua o nā mea hope.
- ʻo nā ʻūhini ka peʻa o ke anuanu o ke ahiahi, no laila ke alakaʻi nei lākou i kahi ola i ke ahiahi. ʻO nā ʻūhini, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, makemake nui i ke ao, no laila hana lākou i ke ao;
- ʻākoakoa ʻole nā ʻūhini i nā pua hipa, ʻoiai nā ʻūhini, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i loaʻa pinepine i ka hui o ko lākou ʻohana.
Ma hea e noho ai nā ʻūhini?
Kiʻi: ʻūhini i Lūkia
Aia kekahi ʻano nui o nā ʻano ʻūhini a ma kahi o ʻeono haneli o lākou e noho nei ma Lūkia. ʻO ka hapa nui i kāna mau ʻāina hema. Noho ka ʻūhū steppe ma Asia, ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa. Aia kekahi mau ʻano e noho ana ma nā palena o ka Sahara, ka Indo-Malay Archipelago, New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Siberia a me Madagascar. Eia kekahi, aia nā manaʻo nui o nā kānaka ma ka muliwai Amu Darya, Dagestan.
Aia kekahi mau ʻano e noho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ko lākou helu. Aloha nā ʻūhini i ka wā maloʻo a wela a noho i nā wahi me nā ʻano ʻano like. Noho nā ʻūhini ma kēlā me kēia kihi o ka honua, koe ʻo Antarctica. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke ola i ka permafrost.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻole nā ʻōiwi o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. ʻO kāna hoʻouka kaua hope loa ma aneʻi i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. Ma hope o ke kaohi hānai hua, ʻaʻohe ʻūhini i ʻike ʻia ma kēia wahi.
I kēia lā noho nā ʻūhini i nā wahi kai āpau o ka honua. No ka mea makemake ʻo ia i kahi aniau mehana, maʻalahi e loaʻa iā ia ma nā wahi pāholo a me nā subtropical. Me kēia mau mea āpau, he kamaʻāina nō hoʻi nā ʻūhini o Western Siberia. Kūpono kekahi nohona hoʻoluʻolu no kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻūhini. ʻOiai ʻo kekahi ʻano ʻelala e makemake e noho i nā ulu lāʻau kokoke i nā kino wai, makemake kekahi ʻano i nā wahi semi-wao nahele i ka lepo pōhaku i ulu ʻia me nā mea ulu ulu ʻole.
I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻūhini. E nānā kāua i ka ʻai a kēia ʻeneto.
He aha ka ʻai a nā ʻūhini?
Kiʻi: ʻūhū kolo
Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻūhini me ka auwaha ikaika loa, e ʻae iā ia e omo i nā meaʻai palupalu a paʻakikī hoʻi i kāna meaʻai. ʻAʻole ʻae ke ʻano o ka hakahaka waha i ka insect e ʻai i ka nectar a i ʻole kohu mea kanu. Hiki wale iā ia ke nau i nā mea kanu. I ka manawa like, kūpono nā mea kanu i kāna meaʻai.
Pili ka ʻai ʻūhini i kāna pae. ʻAi wale nā poʻe mehameha i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a mai hana i nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi i nā mea kanu. ʻO ka makemake o kahi ʻūhini e ʻae iā ia e ʻai ma mua o ka hapalua kilokika o nā greens i kona ola holoʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, i ka lilo ʻana o nā ʻūhini i ʻāpana o ka ʻohana, piʻi nui ka makemake o lākou. Hoʻoneʻe ʻia kahi mea ʻino i loko o kahi ʻohana e ʻai mau i ka nui o nā meaʻai e ola ai. Inā ʻaʻole hoʻopihapiha mau nā ʻūhini i ko lākou koina ikehu a hoʻihoʻi i ke ola, make lākou i ka make wai a me ka hemahema o ka protein.
ʻO nā ʻūhini, kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻohana, luku i nā greenery āpau a puni lākou, ʻoiai lākou e ʻai ai a hiki i ka hapalua kilogram o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kēlā me kēia lā. Inā pau ka ʻai, huli ka ʻenekini i predator a hiki ke hoʻomaka e ʻai i kona poʻe hoahānau. Hoʻopili pololei ka makemake o ka ʻūhini i ka pae mahana, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā greens e ʻai ai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAi ka ulu o nā ʻūhini i nā mea āpau koe ka hao, nā pōhaku a me nā synthetics. ʻO ka meaʻai punahele a ka ʻeleka ka mea kanu ʻohe.
Ma hope o kahi ahulau o nā ʻūhini ma nā ākea ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kokoke i koe ka lepo.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻūhini nui
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻūhini i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki iā ia ke noho ʻelua iā ia iho a me nā ʻohana nui. Ke noho wale ka ʻūhini, ʻaʻohe ona makemake nui a neʻe iki. ʻAʻole weliweli ia a ʻaʻole ia e hōʻino nui. Ke pau ka meaʻai, hoʻāʻo ka ʻūhini e hoʻomoe i nā hua he nui i hiki, mai nā mea e ʻākoakoa ai nā kānaka ma hope, kahi hiki a neʻe i kahi lōʻihi.
E ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keiki ma mua o ko lākou mau mākua, e ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ko lākou mau ʻeheu, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki iā lākou ke huakaʻi i kahi mamao loa. I nā pū, nā mea ʻūhini a me nā mea aloha nui ʻole. Hiki ke koho ʻia i nā laka ma ka hapalua miliona. I mea e hoʻomaka ai ka hatching o nā kānaka kula, pono e hoʻokumu i kahi hemahema o nā meaola a me nā amino acid i ka ʻūhini, a ʻo ke kumu no kēia he makahiki maloʻo paha a me ka nele o ka meaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO nā lālā i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia o ka ʻenekini e ʻae iā ia e neʻe i hoʻokahi lele i kahi mamao, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka nui o ke kino o ka ʻūhini i nā manawa he ʻumi. Hiki i kahi pūʻā peʻe o nā ʻūhini ke uhi i kahi mamao o 20 km i nā hola o ke ao.
ʻO kahi hui o nā ʻūhini kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho e neʻe kūpono i ka pane ʻana i ke kāhea o ka makaʻu a me ka pōloli. Hiki i kahi makua ke hele wāwae, lele a lele. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke ala kūpono loa e hele a puni ke lele. Kōkua ka makani maikaʻi i ka ʻūhini e neʻe me ka wikiwiki loa, e mālama nei i kona ikaika.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻūhini nui
Hoʻomoe ka ʻūhini i nā hua a hana kolohe. No ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i wahine iā ia, hoʻohana ke kāne i kahi hōmona kikoʻī (hana ʻia e ke kāne ke haʻalulu me kona mau ʻeheu), a ʻo ka wahine, koho i ke kāne e like me ka pilau āna e makemake ai. Ma hope o kona ʻike ʻana i ke kāne, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻokokoke iā ia i hiki. Pā iki ke kāne i kāna hoa i nā manawa ʻelua me kāna antennae, a laila hoʻopili i ka wahine a hoʻāʻo e kau i kahi capsule kūikawā me ka sperm i ka hope o kāna ʻōpū.
He hana nui kēia a hoʻolōʻihi manawa hoʻi, no laila ke kokoke i ka manawa hānau he 13 mau hola, akā hiki ke wikiwiki aʻe. Ma hope o ka moʻo ʻana, kanu ka wahine i ka ovipositor i ka lepo momona, e uhi ana iā ia me kahi wai huʻa kūikawā, a ma hope o ka paʻakikī ʻana, lilo ia i kokolo paʻakikī. ʻO ka helu awelika o nā hua i hoʻokahi paʻa mai 60 a 80 mau hua. I loko o kona ola, hana ka wahine mai ka 6 a i ka 12 paʻa, a ma ka awelika like me ʻehā haneli hua. Ma hope o nā lā he ʻumikūmālua, ʻike ʻia nā lū keʻokeʻo mai nā hua manu i ka manawa like, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻana e hoʻomaka ai e ʻai a ulu.
I mea e puka aku ai i waho o ka capsule, pono i ka larvae ka ikaika nui a me ka manawa. Ke hiki pono i ka larvae, hoʻoheheʻe lākou a hoʻokuʻu i nā lālā. ʻAno like ka ʻūlū ʻūhini me ke kanaka makua, ʻoi aku kona liʻiliʻi a nele i nā ʻeheu. Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi mau hanana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo ka larva, ma hope o 35 - 40 mau lā, lilo i ʻūhini makua, e ʻelima mau molts.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻūhini
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o nā ʻūhini
Waiho ʻia ke kūlohelohe no laila ʻo nā ʻūhini kekahi meaʻai no nā mea ola ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa kēia i kāna waiwai waiwai nui, ʻoiai loaʻa ka nui o ka protein, ka momona a me ka phosphore. ʻO ka ʻenemi nui o ka ʻenekia nā manu. ʻAi wale nā manu i nā mākua, akā hoʻopau pū nō hoʻi i kā lākou mau hua manu ma ke kipaku ʻana iā lākou mai ka lepo. Pēlā nō, make nā hua ʻūhini i ka puaʻa, mole a me nā shrew. ʻAʻole hoʻowahāwahā nā punawelewele i kēlā ʻano meaʻai.
ʻO nā pule pule a me nā māmela ʻē aʻe e hānai i nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi e ʻūlū hoʻi i nā ʻūhini. ʻAi ʻia nā ʻūhini e nā ungulate like ʻole e like me nā zebras, nā giraffes a me nā dia, a me nā ʻelepani a me nā liona. Makemake pū nā holoholona he nui i ka mālama maikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻūhini. E hoʻomaopopo ia ʻaʻole kūʻē nā ʻūhini iā lākou iho e ʻai i ko lākou hoa, inā ʻaʻohe meaʻai ʻē aʻe i koe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAi pū ka poʻe i nā ʻūhini, kuke ʻia (palai a moa ʻia) a me ka maka. ʻO ka ʻūhini, hoʻomaloʻo mua ʻia e nā kukuna o ka lā a lepo i lepo, hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka palaoa, i hoʻohui ʻia i ka waiū a i ʻole momona ke hoʻomoʻa ʻia.
Aia kekahi mau parasite e pepehi pū i nā ʻūhini:
- luku nā pāhū a me nā fungi i nā hua ʻūhini;
- lele nā viviparous a me nā wili lauoho i ke kino ʻūhini mai o loko.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Hoʻokele Locust
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻūhini i nā wahi aʻe:
- kahi e ʻike mau ai nā ʻūhini i nā ʻāpana like ʻole a i nā pae a pau o kā lākou ulu ʻana. Mai ia mau wahi i hoʻolaha nā pepelu ma kapa o ka pili. Kapa ʻia kēia wahi he pūnana.
- kahi e hiki ʻole ai ka ʻūhini a hoʻomoe ma laila. No laila hiki i ka pepelu ke hana no kekahi mau makahiki.
- kahi e lele ai ka mea kolo, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau i nā hua manu;
- ʻO nā kahawai o nā kahawai a me nā loko, i hoʻonui ʻia i ka ʻohe, lilo mau ia i wahi no nā ʻūhini.
Nā kūlana kūwaho maikaʻi loa, e pili ana i nā kūlana anilā, e hoʻopili pololei i ka nui o ka ʻūhini. I kahi manawa pōkole, ulu ka ulu o nā ʻūhini a neʻe ma kahi mamao. Hāpai pinepine ka ʻohana i ka makani. Hoʻonui ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu i ka ʻenekini me ka hoʻololi o ka ʻūhini mai ka wā mehameha i ke kahua o kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻohana. ʻO ka nui o ke kanaka i ka launa, ka ʻike ʻana a me ke kāhea kemika me kāna poʻe congeners i loko o ka ʻohana, ʻo ka pinepine pinepine o ka wā hoʻololi.
Ua hiki i ka poʻe ʻepekema ke hoʻokolohua i ka hoʻokolohua e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻūhini i kahi ʻūhini e neʻe mai kēlā me kēia wā i kahi pae ʻē aʻe, e hoʻokuʻu i kahi serotonin i loko o nā neurons o ka pepeke. E kōkua hou kēia loaʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi lāʻau e hoʻohana ʻia e kaohi i ka helu o nā ʻūhini. E hoʻāla hou ka ʻūhini i hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia manawa i nā makahiki he ʻumi. I loko o ia wā, uhi ka hānai nui i kahi o 300 a 1000 km a hiki i ka manawa like ke noho i kahi ʻāpana a hiki i 2000 hectares o ka uhi ʻāina.
ʻŪhini he pepeke ʻino ia e hiki ai ke hōʻeha nui i ka mahiʻai. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻūhini lone ke hoʻoweliweli i nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo, akā ke hoʻopili ʻia me kahi ʻohana o kāna poʻe huakaʻi, hoʻomaka ia e hoʻopau i nā lau nahele āpau. ʻAʻole kolohe ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻūhini i kāna papaʻai, ʻaneʻane lilo nā mea āpau i kāna meaʻai.
Lā paʻi: 02.08.2019 makahiki
Lā hou: 28.09.2019 ma 11:33
