Pelika

Pelika (Pelecanus) he moa manu i nā wahi āpau o ka honua koe ʻo Antarctica. ʻO kāna kiʻi a, ma mua o nā mea āpau, ʻo ka ʻili lahilahi loa ma ka nuku o lalo e hana i ka manu kū hoʻokahi a ʻike koke ʻia. ʻEwalu mauʻano o ka pelicans i loaʻa ka heterogeneous mahele o ka honua ma ka latitude mai ka tropics a i ka temperate ciia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole manu i loko o ʻAmelika Hema, ma nā wahi polar a me ke kai ākea.

Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe

Kiʻi: Pelican

ʻO ka genus o pelicans (Pelecanus) i wehewehe mua ʻia e Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1758. ʻO ka inoa mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene kahiko pelekan (which), mai ka huaʻōlelo pelekys (πέλεκυς) ʻo ia hoʻi "koʻi". Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka ʻohana Pelicanea e ka polymath Palani C. Rafinesky ma 1815. Hāʻawi nā Pelicans i ko lākou inoa i nā Pelecaniformes.

Video: Pelican

A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i wehewehe piha ʻia ke kauoha a me kāna haku ʻana, me ka hoʻohui i nā pelicans, me Sulidae, frigate (Fregatidae), phaeton (Phaethontidae), cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae), ʻāʻī-ʻāʻī (Anhingidae), ʻo ke poʻo koholā ( ʻO Shoebill), nā ʻaeto (Egrets) a me nā ibises (Ibises) a me nā spoonbills (Plataleinae) i waena o nā manu hulu (Ciconiiformes). Ua hoʻololi ʻia he like ʻole nā ​​mea like ma waena o kēia mau manu, ka hopena o ka evolution like. Hōʻike maoli nā hōʻike biolo molecular no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o DNA i kēlā ʻano hoʻohui.

ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi DNA he ʻekolu mau pelicans o ka Honua Hou i hana i hoʻokahi lālani mai ka pelikani keʻokeʻo ʻAmelika, a ʻelima mau ʻano o ka World Old mai ka pelican back-peled, ʻoiai ʻo ka pelican keʻokeʻo Australia ko lākou pili pili loa. No kēia lāhui ka pelika ʻākala, akā ʻo ia ka mea mua i haʻalele i nā kūpuna maʻamau o nā ʻano ʻehā. Kuhi kēia ʻike i ka pelicans i ulu mua i ka Old World a pāhola i ʻAkau a me ʻAmelika Hema, a ʻo ka makemake no ka pūnana ʻana i nā kumulāʻau a i ʻole ka honua e pili ana i ka nui ma mua o nā genetics

Hōʻike nā fossil i ke ola ʻana o nā pelicans ma kahi o 30 miliona mau makahiki. ʻO nā mōʻalihaku pelican kaulana loa i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā sediment Early Oligocene ma ka Luberon ma ka hema hikina o Palani. Kūlike like lākou me nā ʻano o kēia mau lā. Ua ola kahi nuku aneane like, morphologically like ia me nā pelicans o kēia mau lā, e hōʻike ana i kēia ʻano lako hānai holomua i kēlā manawa.

I ka Miocene mua, ua kapa ʻia ka fossil ʻo Miopelecanus - kahi ʻano mōʻī, ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻano M. gracilis he mea kū hoʻokahi ma ke kumu o kekahi mau ʻano, akā ua hoʻoholo ʻia he ʻano waena ia.

ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kiʻi: Manu Pelika

He manu nui ka Pelicans. Hiki i ka Dalmatian Pelican ke hōʻea i nā nui nui loa. Lilo ia i kekahi o nā manu lele nui loa a ʻoi loa hoʻi. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka pelican brown. ʻIke wale ka iwi iwi ma kahi o 7% wale nō o ke kino o nā pelicans kaumaha loa. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona keu loa o ka pelicans ko lākou nuku. Hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻeke puʻu a pili i ka nuku o lalo, kahi e kau ai e like me ka ʻeke ʻili paʻa. Hiki i kona hiki ke piʻi i 13 liters, hoʻohana ʻia ia he ʻupena lawaiʻa no ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Pani paʻa ia me kahi nuku lōʻihi, i lalo e iho i lalo.

ʻO nā ʻano ola ʻewalu i kēia mau ʻano:

• Pelican Keʻokeʻo Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos): lōʻihi 1.3-1.8 m, ʻēheu 2.44-2.9 m, ke kaupaona 5-9 kg. ʻAneʻane keʻokeʻo ka hulu, koe nā hulu ʻēheu, ʻike wale ʻia i ka lele ʻana;
• Pelican brown brown (P. occidentalis): lōʻihi a 1.4 m, ʻēheu 2-2.3 m, kaupaona 3.6-4.5 kg. ʻO ia ka pelican liʻiliʻi loa me ka plumage brownish.;
• Pelican Pelican (P. thagus): ka lōʻihi a i 1.52 m, ʻēheu 2.48 m, awelika ke kaupaona 7 kg. ʻEleʻele me kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo mai ke poʻo a i nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī;
• pelikani ʻeleʻele (P. onocrotalus): lōʻihi 1.40-1.75 m, ʻēheu 2.45-2.95 m, kaupaona 10-11 kg. He keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka plumage, me nā kiko ʻulaʻula ma ka maka a me nā wāwae;
• Pelican Australia (P. conspicillatus): ka lōʻihi 1.60-1.90 ka m, ʻēheu 2.5-3.4 m, kaupaona 4-8.2 kg. ʻO ka hapanui keʻokeʻo i kāwili ʻia me ka ʻeleʻele, me ka nuku ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo nui;
• pelican backed back (P. rufescens): lōʻihi 1.25-1.32 m, ʻēheu 2.65-2.9 m, kaupaona 3.9-7 kg. ʻO ka hina hina keʻokeʻo, i kekahi manawa pinkish ma ke kua, me ka iwi ā luna melemele a me ka ʻeke hina;
• ʻO Dalmatian pelican (P. crispus): lōʻihi 1.60-1.81 m, ʻēheu 2.70-33 m, kaupaona 10-12 kg. ʻO ka pelikani keʻokeʻo hina hina nui loa, he hulu ʻōwili kona ma ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī o luna;
• pelican hina (P. philippensis): lōʻihi 1.27-1.52 m, ʻēheu 2.5 m, kaumaha c. 5 kg. ʻO ka hapanui o ka hina hina keʻokeʻo, me kahi kiko hina. I ka wā hānau, ʻalani me kahi ʻeke kiko.

Ma hea e noho ai ka pelika?

Kiʻi: Pelican ma Lūkia

Noho nā pelicans o kēia ao ma nā ʻāina āpau koe ʻo Antarctica. Aia he 2 mau ʻāpana ma Lūkia: ʻākala (P. onocrotalus) a me ka pelican curly (P. crispus). Ma ʻEulopa, nui nā lehulehu i ka Balkans, aia nā kolone kaulana o nā poni a me nā pelicans curly i ka Delta Danube. Eia hou, ke loaʻa nei kēia mau ʻano ʻelua ma Lake Prespa a ma ka hikina hikina o ke kai o Azov. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa ka Dalmatian Pelican i kekahi mau kolone ma Volga lalo a ma ke kahakai ʻākau o ke kai Caspian.

Loaʻa kēia mau ʻano ʻelua a me ka pelican hina (P. philippensis) ma Western a me Central Asia. Loaʻa ka hope ma Asia Hema. ʻO ʻApelika kahi home o ka pelican backed pelican (P. rufescens), i loaʻa ma nā wahi tropical a subtropical. Aia nā kahua hānau a me nā hoʻoilo i ka Roselle Canyon, mai ka Sahel a i ʻApelika Hema.

ʻO Australia a me Tasmania kahi home o ka Pelican Australia (P. conspicillatus), kahi i hālāwai pinepine ʻia ma waho o ka wā hānau ma New Guinea, nā mokupuni ʻo Solomon a me nā moku ʻo Lesser Sunda. ʻO ka American White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos) i hānau ma ka Midwest o ʻAmelika Hema a me ka hema o Kanada, a me nā mea kau ma nā kahakai o ʻAkau a me ʻAmelika Waena. ʻO nā kahakai o ka ʻāina ʻelua ʻo ʻAmelika kahi home o ka pelican brown (P. occidentalis).

ʻOiaʻiʻo: i ka hoʻoilo, kū kekahi mau laha i nā hau hau ʻino, akā pono i nā wai kū ʻole ka hau. Makemake ka hapa nui o nā laha i ka wai hou. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i nā loko wai a i ʻole nā ​​delta muliwai, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole e luʻu hohonu nā pelicans, pono lākou i kahi hohonu pāpaʻu. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hele ʻole ʻana o nā manu i nā loko hohonu. ʻO ka pelican ʻeleʻele ka mea ola e ola ana i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa ma ke kai wale nō.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pelicans ʻaʻole nā ​​manu neʻe pōkole. Pili kēia i nā ʻano tropical, akā i ka Danube Delta Dalmatian Pelicans. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, neʻe aku nā pelican ʻalani mai ka Danube Delta i nā wahi hoʻoilo o ʻApelika ma hope o ka wā hānau. Noho lākou i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha lā i loko o ka ʻIseraʻela, kahi e hāʻawi ʻia ai nā tona o ka iʻa hou i nā manu.

He aha ka ʻai a ka pelika?

Kiʻi: nuku o Pelican

ʻAno puni nā iʻa moa. I kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia nā pelicans e hānai wale ana i nā crustacea. I ka Danube Delta, ʻo ka carp a me ka perch ka waiwai pio nui loa no nā ʻano pelican kūloko. ʻAi nui ka American White Pelican i nā iʻa carp o nā ʻano mea hoihoi ʻole i ka lawaiʻa kalepa. Ma ʻApelika, hopu nā pelicans i nā iʻa cichlid mai ka moʻokūʻauhau Tilapia a me Haplochromis, a ma ka hema hikina o ʻApelika, nā hua a me nā moa o Cape cormorants (P. capensis). Hānai ka pelika ʻeleʻele i ke kapakai ʻo Florida o menhaden, herring, anchovies, a me sardine Pākīpika.

ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻai ʻo Pelicans 10% o ko lākou kaumaha i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma kahi o 1.2 kg kēia no ka pelikani keʻokeʻo. Inā hoʻohui ʻoe i kēlā, ʻo ka heluna pelican holoʻokoʻa ma Nakurusi, ʻApelika, pau i ka 12,000 kg o ka iʻa i kēlā me kēia lā, a i ʻole 4,380 mau iʻa o ka iʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Hoʻohana nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano huli holoholona ʻokoʻa, akā ʻimi holoʻokoʻa lākou āpau i nā hui. ʻO ka hana maʻamau ka ʻauʻau ʻana, ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka iʻa i loko o ka wai pāpaʻu kahi hiki ʻole iā lākou ke pakele hou i uka a no laila maʻalahi ka hopu ʻana. I kekahi manawa kōkua ʻia kēia mau hana e ka pā ikaika o nā ʻeheu ma luna o ka wai. ʻO nā koho ʻē aʻe e hana i kahi pōʻai a pani i ka puka o ka iʻa i loko o kahi ākea a i ʻole ʻelua mau laina pololei e ʻauʻau ana kekahi i kekahi.

Luku ka Pelicans i loko o ka wai me ko lākou nuku nui a hopu i ka iʻa i alualu ʻia. ʻO 20% ka pae kūleʻa. Ma hope o ka hopena maikaʻi, noho ka wai ma waho o ka ʻeke o ka ʻili a ale ʻia ka iʻa. Hiki i nā laha āpau ke lawaiʻa wale, a makemake kekahi i kēia, akā loaʻa nā ʻano āpau i nā ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. ʻO nā pelicans ʻeleʻele a me Peruvian wale nō e ʻimi mai ka lewa. Hoʻopaʻa lākou i ka iʻa i ka hohonu hohonu, e iho i lalo i ke kiʻekiʻe mai 10 a 20 mau mika.

I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻoe i kahi i waiho ai ka manu pelika iʻa. E nānā pehea e noho ai i ka nāhelehele.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona

Kiʻi: Pelican i ka lele ʻana

Noho, hoʻopuka, neʻe, hānai i nā kolone nui. Lawe ka lawaiʻa ʻana i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o ko ka lā pelika, no ka mea ʻo ka hapanui o nā kānaka e hoʻopau i ka hānai ʻana ma 8-9. Hoʻomaha ke koena o ka lā i ka hoʻomaha ʻana a puni - ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka ʻauʻau ʻana. Hana ʻia kēia mau hana ma nā ʻae one a i ʻole nā ​​mokupuni liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka manu e ʻauʻau, e hū i kona poʻo a me kona kino i ka wai, e pīpī ana i kona mau ʻeheu. Wehe ka pelika i kona nuku a hohola paha i kona mau ʻeheu ke piʻi aʻe kona mahana i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka thermoregulation o ke kino. Ke pale nei i ko lākou ʻāina, hoʻoweliweli nā kāne i ka poʻe komo hewa. Hoʻouka ka pelican me kona nuku e like me kāna mea kaua mua.

ʻIke hoihoi: Māhele ʻia ʻewalu mau mea ola i ʻelua mau hui, kahi o ia mau mea i loko o ʻehā mau ʻano o nā mākua e kūkulu nei i nā pūnana terrestrial me nā plumage keʻokeʻo nui (Australian, curly, keʻokeʻo nui a me nā pelican keʻokeʻo ʻAmelika), a ʻo kekahi he ʻehā mau ʻano me nā plumage ʻāhinahina-brown. ka mea i makemake nui ʻia i nā lāʻau (ʻākala, hina a me nā pelicans ʻeleʻele) a i ʻole nā ​​pali kai (pelican Peruvian).

ʻO ke kaumaha o ka manu e hāpai i kahi kaʻina paʻakikī loa. Pono kahi pelika e paʻi i kona mau ʻeheu i ka ʻili o ka wai no ka manawa lōʻihi ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana i ka lewa. Akā inā ua lawe maikaʻi ʻia ka manu, hoʻomau ia i kāna lele lele ʻana. Hiki i nā Pelicans ke lele i 24 mau hola me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoki ʻana, e uhi ana a i ka 500 km.

Hiki ke holo ka wikiwiki i 56 km / h, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 3000 m. I ka wā o ka lele, pelu nā pelicans i ko lākou ʻāʻī i hiki i ke poʻo ma waena o nā poʻohiwi a hiki ke kākoʻo ʻia ka nuku koʻikoʻi e ka ʻāʻī. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻae ka musculature i ka lele mau ʻana o nā ʻeheu, pelicans alternate long phases of sliding with flapping.

ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou

Kiʻi: ʻohana Pelican

Hānau ʻo Pelicans i nā kolone, ʻoiai ʻo nā kolone nui a ʻoi aku ka nui e hana ʻia e nā manu e hānau ma ka honua. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kolone huikau i kekahi manawa: i ka Danube Delta, ulu pinepine nā pelicans a pink a me nā curly. Noho nā ʻano lūlū ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā stiger a me nā cormorants. Ma mua, ua helu ʻia nā kolone pelika i miliona, ʻo ke kolone pelican nui loa a hiki i kēia lā kahi kolone ma Lake Rukwa ma Tanzania me 40,000 mau pālua.

Hoʻomaka ka wā hānau i nā latitude temperate i ka wā puna, no nā ʻano ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ʻApelila. I nā aniau tropical, ʻaʻohe maʻamau o nā wā hānau a hiki i nā hua ke hoʻoulu i loko o ka makahiki. ʻO nā nuku, nā ʻeke a me nā ʻili i ʻike maka ʻole ʻia o nā ʻano āpau e lilo i kala ʻula ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā hānau Hana nā kāne i kahi hana hoʻokama e ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano a i nā ʻāpana, akā ʻo ka hāpai ʻana i ke poʻo a me ka nuku a me ka pāpale ʻana i ka ʻeke ma ka nuku o lalo.

ʻOkoʻa ʻokoʻa ka hana ʻana i ka pūnana mai nā ʻano a i nā ʻāpana. Hana pinepine ʻia kahi ʻeli ʻana i ka lepo me ka ʻole o kekahi mea. ʻO nā pūnana lāʻau he mau hoʻolālā paʻakikī. Hāpai ka pelika hina i nā kumu mango, nā fiku, a i nā kumu niu paha. Aia nā lālā i ka pūnana a kau ʻia me nā mauʻu a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu wai palaho. He anawaena kona ma kahi o 75 knm a me ke kiʻekiʻe o 30 knm. He haʻahaʻa ke kūpaʻa o ka pūnana, no laila kūkulu ʻia kahi pūnana hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Hoʻonoho ʻia ʻelua mau hua, akā hoʻopaʻa ʻia me hoʻokahi a i ʻole ʻeono mau hua. ʻO ka manawa incubation he 30 - 36 mau lā. ʻAlohelohe nā chicks, akā uhi koke ʻia me lalo. I ka piha ʻana o nā pule he ʻewalu, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka lole i lalo e ka plumage ʻōpio. I ka mua, ʻai nā keiki i ka porridge meaʻai. ʻO ka moa mua e paʻa e kipaku i kona mau kaikunāne mai ka pūnana mai. Mai 70 a 85 mau lā, kūʻokoʻa nā moa a haʻalele i ko lākou mau mākua ma hope o 20 mau lā. I ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehā paha makahiki, hānau nā pelicans no ka manawa mua.

ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o pelicans

Kiʻi: Manu Pelika

I nā wahi he nui o ka honua, ua ʻimi lōʻihi ʻia nā pelicans no nā kumu like ʻole. Ma Asia Hikina, ʻike ʻia ka papa adipose o nā manu ʻōpio i lāʻau lapaʻau i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina kuʻuna. Eia kekahi ma India, manaʻo ʻia kēia momona e kūʻē i nā maʻi rumatika. Ma ka hikina hema o ʻEulopa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻeke puʻu nuku e hana i mau ʻeke, ʻeke ʻeke, a me nā scabbards.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kolone pelican ʻeleʻele ʻAmelika Hema i kahi ala kūikawā. Me nā boobies Peruvian a me ka couorant bougainvillea, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā feces ma kahi nui me he mea lā he mea hoʻomomona. I ka wā i haki ai nā limahana i nā hua a luku i nā moa, ua luku ʻia nā kolone i ka wā o ka hana mālama.

Noho pū ka pilina o nā kānaka a me nā pelicans hina i nā kauhale o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Karnataka. Ma kahi e pūnana ai nā pelicans ma luna o nā hale e like me nā ʻeke keʻokeʻo. Hoʻohana ka poʻe kamaʻāina i ka lepo i mea kanu a kūʻai aku i ke koena i nā kauhale kokoke. No laila, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā pelicans wale nō, akā pale pū kekahi. I nā kūlana kūlohelohe, i waena o nā holoholona, ​​ʻaʻohe ʻenemi o ka pelicans no ko lākou nui nui.

ʻO nā predators nui o pelicans me:

• crocodiles (hoʻouka i kahi manu makua);
• ʻalopeke (ʻimi keiki moa);
• hyenas;
• manu ʻaihue.

Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano

Kiʻi: Pelican

ʻO ka helu o nā lehulehu e hoʻomoe ana i nā kino wai e hoʻomaloʻo a laila hoʻopiha me ka wai e pili ana i nā fluctuations nui - ʻike ʻia nā kolone pūnana a nalo hou. Eia nō naʻe, helu ʻia ʻo Dalmatian lāua ʻo Gray Pelicans ma ke ʻano palupalu ma ka IUCN Red List. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka pelikani ʻeleʻele, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Kaleponi a me ka ʻAkelanika, ua lilo i mea liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana o DDT a me nā pesticides ikaika ʻē aʻe i United States. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides me nā meaʻai i alakaʻi ʻia i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka momona manu. Mai ka 1972, ua pāpā ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o DDT i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ua hoʻomaka nā helu e hoʻihoʻi hou. ʻO ka heluna nui o ʻApelika pelika ākea ma kahi o 75,000 mau pālua. No laila, ʻoiai ka emi ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ʻEulopa, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻoweliweli i ka laha holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO nā kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o pelicans:

• hoʻokūkū o nā lawaiʻa kūloko no ka iʻa;
• kahe wai o ka wai wai;
• pana ʻana;
• hoʻohaumia wai;
• overexploitation o nā iʻa waiwai;
• hopohopo mai nā mākaʻikaʻi a me nā lawaiʻa;
• kuʻina me nā laina mana o luna.

I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, hoʻololi maikaʻi nā pelicans a ola a 20 mau makahiki, akā liʻiliʻi ka hānau ʻana. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻano pelikani e hoʻoweliweli nui ʻia, nui ka poʻe i hōʻemi i ko lākou heluna kanaka. ʻĀlika ʻē aʻe kahi laʻana pelika, ka mea i ka wā Roma kahiko e noho ana i ka waha o ka Rhine a me ka Elbe. Aia ma kahi o miliona mau pālua i ka Danube Delta i ka kenekulia 19. I ka makahiki 1909, ua heleleʻi kēia helu i 200.

Lā paʻi: 18.07.2019

Lā hou: 09/25/2019 ma 21:16

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