ʻO Nightjar - kahi ʻano nui o nā manu e hānai i nā mea kolo a makemake i ka pō a me ka hiamoe i ke ao. ʻO ka pinepine, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā nightjars aʻe ma kahi o nā pipi o nā holoholona. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻāpana ʻeono o nā manu, e lilo ana i mea liʻiliʻi a paler ma ka hikina o ka pae. Hele nā lehulehu āpau, ka hoʻoilo ma nā ʻāina ʻApelika. He camouflage maikaʻi nā manu, e ʻae iā lākou e camouflage maikaʻi. He paʻakikī lākou e ʻike i ke ao ke moe lākou i ka honua a noho neʻe paha ma kahi lālā.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Nightjar
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka wehewehe o ka nightjar i ka 10 o ka ʻōnaehana o ke kūlohelohe e Karl Linnaeus (1758). ʻO Caprimulgus europaeus kekahi ʻano o ka genus Caprimulgus (nightjars), kahi, ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ʻana o ka ʻauhau 2010, koho ʻia he 38 mau ʻano, e like me nā wahi hānau manu ma Eurasia a me ʻApelika. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻeono mau kikowaena no nā ʻano nightjar maʻamau, ʻelua o ia mau mea i loaʻa ma ʻEulopa. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ke kala, ka nui a me ke kaumaha i kekahi manawa he olakino a i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole haʻi iki.
Video: ʻO Nightjar
Mea hoihoi: ʻo ka inoa o ka nightjar (Caprimulgus) i unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he "milking goat" (mai nā huaʻōlelo Latina capra - kao, mulgere - i ka waiū). Ua noi ʻia ka manaʻo mai ka ʻepekema Roma ʻo Pliny ka ʻelemakule mai kāna Mōʻaukala Kūlohelohe. Manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia inu kēia mau manu i ka waiū kao i ka pō, a i ka wā e hiki mai ana hiki iā lākou ke makapō a make i kēia.
Kūleʻa pinepine nā nightjars kokoke i nā holoholona i ka pā, akā ʻoi aku kēia ma muli o ke kū ʻana o kahi nui o nā ʻelala e hoʻopuni ana i nā holoholona. ʻO ka inoa, ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo kuhi hewa, ua ola i kekahi mau ʻōlelo ʻEulopa, e like me Lūkia.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Nightjar i ke kūlohelohe
Hiki i nā nightjars ka lōʻihi o 26 a 28 cm, me ka ʻēheu o 57 a 64 knm. Hiki iā lākou ke kaupaona mai 41 a 101 mau huna. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu kumu o ke kino ʻeleʻele i ʻulaʻula a me nā hōʻailona cryptic paʻakikī o keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele, a me nā ʻano ʻeleʻele ʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kino e like me nā falcon me nā ʻēheu lōʻihi, kihi a me kahi huelo lōʻihi. He nuku ʻeleʻele ko nā nightjars, waha ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele, a me nā wāwae ʻeleʻele.
Loaʻa i nā kāne mākua i kahi pharynx keʻokeʻo haʻahaʻa, mahele pinepine ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana e kahi ʻāpana hina a ʻalani a brown paha. He lōʻihi lōʻihi nā ʻēheu, akā he ʻiki hoʻi. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i ka hapakolu hope o ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka ʻēheu. He keʻokeʻo nā hulu o waho o ka huelo lōʻihi, ʻoiai nā hulu waena i ʻeleʻele i ka kala. Aia kekahi hiʻohiʻona keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻēheu luna, akā ʻaʻole ʻike iki ʻia. ʻO ke kumu, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me ke aniani o nā plumage i ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī.
ʻAʻohe o nā māka keʻokeʻo e like me ka nui o nā wahine kaumaha e like me nā peʻa keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻeheu a me ka hiʻu. I nā wahine makua, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka ʻāʻī ma mua o nā plumage e pili ana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kala ʻulaʻula. ʻO kaʻaʻahu o nā moa e like loa me ka wahine, akā ʻoi aku ka māmā a me ka hoʻohālikelike haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka wahine wahine makua. I ka lele ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manu a like me ka sparrowhawk.
ʻO ka lele ʻana ma nā ʻēheu lōʻihi a kiki ʻole e hāmau ma muli o kā lākou palupalu a palupalu hoʻi. Kū ka moulting i nā mākua ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, kū ke kaʻina hana, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka hulu a me nā hulu o ke kauwela ma ka hoʻoilo mai Ianuali a Malaki. Hoʻohana nā manu kūlohelohe i kahi hoʻolālā molting like i nā mākua, ke ʻole lākou mai nā pua hope, a laila hiki i nā molting āpau ke hele i ʻApelika.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ka manawa ke lele aku ka nightjar e alualu ai. E ʻike kākou ma hea kahi e noho ai kēia manu.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nightjar?
Kiʻi: Manu Nightjar
Mai ka ʻākau komohana o ʻApelika a i ke komohana hema o Eurasia a ka hikina a i ka loko Baikal. ʻAneʻane noho ʻia ʻo ʻEulopa e kēia ʻano, aia pū kekahi ma ka hapanui o nā mokupuni ʻo Mediterranean. ʻAʻohe wale ʻo Nightjar ma Iceland, ma ka ʻākau o Sekotia, ma ka ʻākau o Scandinavia a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Lūkia, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Peloponnese. Ma Central Europe, he manu launa ʻole ia i ʻike ʻia, ʻike pinepine ʻia ma Sepania a me nā ʻāina hikina o ʻEulopa.
Aia nā nightjars mai ʻIlani ma ke komohana a i Mongolia a me ka hikina ʻo Lūkia ma ka hikina. ʻO nā wahi kau wela mai Scandinavia a me Siberia ma ka ʻākau a hiki i ʻAkau ʻAkau a me ke awāwa ʻo Persian ma ka hema. Hele nā manu e kope i ka hemisphere ʻākau. Hoʻoilo lākou i ʻApelika, ma ka hema a hiki i ka hikina o ka pae ʻāina. ʻO nā manu Iberia a me ke Kaiwaenahonua e pūnana ana ma ʻApelika Komohana i ka hoʻoilo, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā manu neʻe i Seychelles.
Noho ʻo Nightjar i loko o nā ʻāina maloʻo a hāmama me ka nui o nā mea lele lele i ke ao. Ma ʻEulopa, nā wahi wao nahele a me nā kahawai nā wahi i makemake ʻia e ia, a hiki nō hoʻi iā ia ke kolone i nā ululāʻau one one me nā wahi ākea nui. ʻIke ʻia ka manu, keu hoʻi ma ka hema a me ka hema hikina o ʻEulopa, i nā pā pōhaku a me nā one a ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi i ulu i nā nāhelehele.
Pili nā Nightjars me ka nui o nā ʻano nohona, e like me:
- ʻōhū;
- nā māla māla;
- ʻāina pulu;
- nā ululāʻau hānau;
- puʻu;
- Nā ulu lāʻau Mediterranean;
- birches ʻōpio;
- poplars a i ʻole conifers.
ʻAʻole lākou makemake i ka ululāʻau mānoanoa a i ʻole nā mauna kiʻekiʻe, akā makemake i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā kula a me nā wahi ākea a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau liʻiliʻi, mai ka walaʻau o ke ao. Hōʻalo ʻia nā wahi ulu lāʻau e nā mea kōkua āpau. ʻAʻole kūpono nā wao nahele me ka lau nahele ʻole no lākou. Ma ʻAsia, ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻena o 3000 m, a ma nā wahi hoʻoilo - ʻoiai ma ka lihi o ka laina hau i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 5000 m.
He aha ka mea a ka nightjar e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Gray Nightjar
Makemake nā nightjars e alualu i ke ahiahi a i ka pō. Hopu lākou i nā pepelu lele me ko lākou waha ākea e hoʻohana ana i nā nuku pōkole. Hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ka lele. Hoʻohana nā manu i kekahi ʻano o nā ʻano ʻimi holoholona, mai ka mākaukau, lele ʻimi naʻaupō i hawkish, lele lele huhu huhū. Ma mua koke iho o ka hopu ʻana me kāna mea pio, haehae ka nightjar i kona nuku i hoʻokaʻawale ākea a hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻupena kūpono me ke kōkua o nā bristles e hoʻopuni ana i ka nuku. Ma ka honua, kākaʻikahi ka manu i ka hopu holoholona.
ʻAi ka manu i nā ʻano lele like ʻole e lele, i hoʻopili ʻia me:
- mole;
- Zhukov;
- lōlō hihi;
- kokolo;
- butterflies;
- makika;
- midges;
- mayfly;
- nā pi?
- punawelewele;
- pule lole;
- lele.
I loko o nā ʻōpū o nā kānaka i nānā ʻia e nā ʻepekema, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ke one a me nā ʻiliʻili maikaʻi. ʻO ka mea a ka nightjar e ʻai ai e kōkua i ka ʻānai ʻana i kāna mea pio a me nā mea kanu i kuhi hewa ʻole i ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. ʻAlau kēia mau manu ʻaʻole wale ma ko lākou mau panalāʻau wale nō, akā i kekahi manawa lele lōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Hulu nā manu i nā wahi hāmama, i nā pale nahele a me nā kihi ulu lāʻau.
Alualu nā nightjars i kā lākou mea pio i kahi lele māmā a wili, a inu, e lele ana i lalo o ka wai i ka wā o ka lele. Hoʻopili ʻia lākou e nā mea kolo e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā kukui uila, kokoke i nā holoholona mahiʻai, a i ʻole ma nā kino kūmau o ka wai. Hele kēia mau manu i ka awelika o 3.1 km mai ko lākou pūnana i ka meaʻai. Hiki i nā Chicks ke ʻai i ko lākou feces. Ola nā manu neʻe i kā lākou mau mālama momona. No laila, hōʻiliʻili ka momona ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana e kōkua i nā manu i kā lākou huakaʻi hema.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻO Nightjar ma Lūkia
ʻAʻole pili kaiaulu nā nightjars. Noho lākou i mau pālua i ke kau moʻo a hiki ke neʻe i nā hui o 20 a ʻoi paha. Hiki ke hoʻokumu i nā ʻohana hipa kāne like ma ʻApelika i ka wā hoʻoilo. Teritori nā kāne a pale ikaika i ko lākou wahi i hoʻohua ʻia e ka hakakā ʻana me nā kāne ʻē aʻe i ka lewa a i ʻole ma ka honua. I ke ao, hoʻomaha nā manu a noho pinepine i mua o ka lā e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke aka o ke kino.
Hoʻomaka ka manawa hana o ka nightjar ma hope koke o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā a hoʻopau i ka wanaʻao. Inā lawa ka lako o ka meaʻai, e hoʻonui ka manawa i ka hoʻomaha a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke aumoe. Hoʻolālā ka manu i ka lā e hoʻomaha ai ma ka honua, i nā ʻōpala a i nā lālā paha. I ka wahi hānau, kipa pinepine ʻia kahi wahi hoʻomaha like no nā pule. Ke hoʻokokoke nei ka pilikia, noho mau ka nightjar me ka neʻe ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi. I ka manawa e hoʻokokoke aku ai ka mea komo hewa i kahi mamao loa, lele koke ka manu, akā ma hope o 20-40 mau mika e mālie ia. I ka wā e hemo ai, lohe ʻia ka pū waikaua a me nā pāheu ʻēheu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: I ke anuanu a me ke anuanu o ke aniau, hiki i kekahi ʻano o ka nightjar ke hoʻolohi i kā lākou metabolism a mālama i kēia mokuʻāina no kekahi mau pule. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, ua nānā ʻia e kahi nightjar, hiki ke mālama i ka helu o ka helu no nā lā ʻewalu me ka hōʻeha ʻole i kona kino.
Hiki ke holo wikiwiki ka lele, e like me ka falconry, a maʻalahi i kekahi manawa, e like me ka butterfly. Ma ka honua, neʻe ka hulu, kūlia, huli ke kino i hope a i mua. Makemake ʻo ia e sunbathe a ʻauʻau ʻau i ka lepo. E like me nā manu ʻē aʻe e like me ke neʻe ʻana a me ka ale ʻana, e komo koke nā hale moe i ka wai a holoi iā lākou iho. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano like Comb-serrated ʻokoʻa ma ka māiʻu waena, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻili a hemo paha i nā parasites.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: moa ʻo Nightjar
Hana ʻia ka hana hou ʻana mai ka hopena o Mei a ʻAukake, akā hiki ke hana ʻia ma mua ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻApelika a me Pakistan komohana. Ua hōʻea nā kāne hoʻi i ʻelua mau pule ma mua o ka wahine a hoʻokaʻawale i nā panalāʻau, ke alualu nei i nā poʻe komo hewa, e kī ana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu a hana i nā leo hoʻoweliweli. Hiki i nā hakakā ke lele i ka lele a i ʻole ma ka honua.
Hōʻike nā lele o ke kāne i kahi kūlana o ke kino e like me ka lele pinepine ʻana o nā ʻeheu i kona ukali ʻana i ka wahine i kahi piʻi i luna. Inā pae ka wahine, hoʻomau ke kāne i ka leʻa, kaʻi ʻana a me ka lele ʻana, a hiki i ka wā e hohola ai ka hoa i kona mau ʻeheu a me ka huelo no ke kāpili ʻana. Hana ʻia ka male ʻana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o ka honua. Ma kahi nohona maikaʻi, aia paha he 20 mau pā ma kēlā kmkm.
ʻO ka nightjar ʻEulopa kahi manu monogamous. ʻAʻole kūkulu i nā pūnana, a kau ʻia nā hua i ka honua ma waena o nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā aʻa lāʻau. Hiki i ka pūnaewele ke waiho lepo ʻole, nā lau i hāʻule, a me nā nila kui. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia wahi no kekahi mau makahiki. Aia i ka lālau, ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi, ʻelua a ʻelua mau hua keʻokeʻo me nā kiko o nā aka a me nā aka hina. Aia nā hua ma ka awelika 32mm x 22mm a kaupaona iā 8.4g, a nona ka 6% i loko o ka pūpū.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano nightjar e waiho i kā lākou mau hua i ʻelua mau pule ma mua o ka piha ʻana o ka mahina, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kolo e hopu i ka mahina piha. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi he mea nui ka pae o ka mahina i nā manu e waiho hua ana i ka mahina ʻo Iune, akā ʻaʻole no kēlā mau hana ma mua. ʻO kēia kumumanaʻo ʻo ia ka ʻohana ʻelua i Iulai e loaʻa pū kekahi ʻano lunar maikaʻi.
Waiho ʻia nā hua moa ma nā manawa he 36–48 a hoʻoulu ʻia e ka wahine, e hoʻomaka ana me ka hua mua. Hiki i ke kāne ke hoʻoulu no nā wā pōkole, keu hoʻi i ka wanaʻao a i ke ahiahi paha. Inā hoʻohaunaele ka wahine i ka wā hānau, holo ʻo ia mai ka pūnana, me ka hana ʻeha ʻana i ka ʻēheu, a hiki i ka wā e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ai ʻo ia i ka mea komo hewa. Kuhi kēlā me kēia hua manu i nā lā he 17-21. Hana ʻia ka plumage i nā lā he 16-17, a kūʻokoʻa nā moa i nā mākua 32 mau lā ma hope o ka hatching. Hiki ke hānai ʻia ka puaʻa ʻelua e nā pā hānau hānau mua, a laila haʻalele ka wahine i ka hua mua i nā lā he nui ma mua o ka lele ʻana iā lākou iho. Hānai nā mākua ʻelua i nā ʻōpio me nā pōpō kolo.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā nightjars
ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu pohihihi o kēia laha e ʻae i nā manu e peʻe iā lākou iho i ke ao ākea, e neʻe ʻole ana i kahi lālā a i ʻole pōhaku. Ke kū mai ka weliweli, hana hewa nā nightjars e hoʻowalewale a i ʻole e hoʻohālua i nā mea hoʻomake mai kā lākou pūnana. Moe ʻole nā wahine i kekahi manawa no ka lōʻihi o ka manawa.
I ka manawa pinepine, i ka wā e pale aku ai i kahi hoʻouka kaua o kahi mea ʻino, hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoluliluli ʻana o ka pālahalaha a hāpai ʻana paha i nā ʻeheu i ka wā o ka uē a i ʻole kāna. Ke hāmama nā moa makaʻu i ko lākou mau waha ʻulaʻula a me kāna mau, aia paha he nahesa a mea ola weliweli ʻē aʻe paha i laila. Ke ulu a makua, hoʻolaha nā moa i ko lākou mau ʻeheu e hāʻawi i ka hiʻona o ka nui.
ʻO nā mea kūpilikiʻi i ka nightjar ʻike ʻia:
- viper maʻamau (V. berus);
- ʻalopeke (V. Vulpes);
- Nā jas Eurasian (G. glandarius);
- hedgehogs (E. europaeus);
- falconiformes (Falconiformes);
- manu koraka (Corvus);
- ʻīlio hihiu;
- pueo (Strigiformes).
Pili nā hua moa a me nā moa i nā ʻalopeke ʻulaʻula, martens, hedgehogs, weasels a me nā ʻīlio kūloko, a me nā manu pū, e like me nā ʻalalā, nā jas Eurasian a me nā pueo. Hiki i nā moʻo ke hao wale i ka pūnana. Hoʻouka ʻia nā mākua e nā manu lele e like me nā lawaiʻi ʻākau, sparrowhawks, buzzards maʻamau, falcon peregrine a me falcon. Eia hou, ʻoluʻolu ʻole ka manu me nā parasites ma kona kino. Loaʻa kēia mau makika ma nā ʻeheu, kahi mite hulu i ʻike ʻia ma nā hulu keʻokeʻo wale nō.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Manu Nightjar
Kuhi ʻia nā heluna kanaka o ka nightjar ʻEulopa mai 470,000 a i ʻoi aku ma kahi o 1 miliona mau manu, e hōʻike ana i ka heluna nui o ka heluna kanaka o 2 a 6 miliona mau kānaka. ʻOiai ua heleleʻi ka heluna o ka heluna heluna kanaka, ʻaʻole lawa ka wikiwiki e hoʻowali i kēia mau manu. ʻO ka wahi hānau nui ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia ʻano e like me ka ʻaneʻane hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka International Union for Conservation of Nature.
ʻIke hoihoi: Loaʻa ka nui o nā lāhui hānau i Lūkia (a hiki i 500,000 pālua), Sepania (112,000 pālua) a me Belarus (60,000 pālua). Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hōʻemi ʻana i nā heluna lehulehu ma kahi o ka hapanui o ka pae, akā ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻEulopa.
ʻO ka nalowale ʻana o ka pepelu mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide, hui pū ʻia me nā hoʻokuʻi kaʻa a me ka nalo ʻana o kahi e noho ai, i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka heluna kanaka. E like me ka manu e pūnana ana ma ka honua poʻi pō maʻalahi i nā pōʻino mai nā ʻīlio kūloko i hiki ke luku i ka pūnana. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka holomua i nā wahi mamao. Kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ke komo ʻana, a ma kahi hoʻi e ʻae ai nā ʻona ʻīlio i kā lākou mau holoholona e holo manuahi, mamao loa nā pūnana holomua mai nā ala hele a i ʻole kahi noho kanaka.
Lā paʻi: 12.07.2019
Lā hou: 20.06.2020 ma 22:58
