Diabolo kai (manta ray) kekahi o nā iʻa nui loa o ka honua. Ke kiʻi nei i kahi ākea o 8.8 m, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mantas ma mua o nā ʻano kukuna ʻē aʻe. No nā kenekulia, hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano i ʻike ʻia, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻepekema iā ia i ʻelua: moana kai, kahi e makemake ai i nā wahi ākea ākea, a me nā pali, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kahakai. Ke hana nei ka nunui manta ray i kahi hopena nui loa i ka mākaʻikaʻi, e hana ana i kahi ʻoihana luʻu no ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e nānā ana e ʻauʻau ma kēia mau pilikua mālie. E ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana iā lākou.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Ke kai diabolō Stingray
ʻO ka inoa "Manta" i ka unuhi mai Pokiki a me Paniolo ke ʻano o ka ʻahuʻula. ʻO kēia no ka mea maʻa mau ka ʻupena lole e hopu i nā stingrays. ʻO ka mōʻaukala, makaʻu nā diabolō o ke kai no ka nui a me ka ikaika. Manaʻo nā luina he mea weliweli lākou i ka poʻe a hiki ke komo i nā moku i ka huki ʻana i nā heleuma. Ua loli kēia ʻano a puni ka 1978 i ka wā i ʻike ai nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke awāwa ʻo Kaleponi i ka mālie a hiki i nā kānaka ke launa pū me kēia holoholona
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: ʻO nā diabolō kai ʻike ʻia ʻo "cuttlefish" ma muli o kā lākou mau poʻo poʻo pepeiaohao, e hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona "ʻino". Manaʻo ʻia hiki iā lākou ke poho i kahi mea luʻu ma ke kāwili ʻana iā ia i loko o kā lākou "ʻēheu" nui.
ʻO nā kukuna Manta nā lālā o ke kauoha Myliobatiformes, ʻo ia nā stingray a me ko lākou ʻohana. Ua ulu nā diabolō o ke kai mai nā kukuna lalo. Loaʻa iā M. birostris kahi koena o ka stinger i ke ʻano o ka iwi kuamoʻo. ʻO nā kukuna Manta wale nō ke ʻano o nā kukuna i huli i nā kānana. Ma kahi noiʻi DNA (2009), ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o ka morphology, e like me ke kala, ka phenogenetic variation, spine, dermal niho, a me nā niho o nā lehulehu like ʻole.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua ʻano ʻokoʻa:
- ʻo ka M. alfredi liʻiliʻi i loaʻa ma ka Indo-Pacific a me ka tropical tropical Atlantic;
- nui M. birostris, loaʻa i loko o nā tropical, subtropical a me nā wahi mehana.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi noiʻi DNA ma 2010 kokoke i Iapana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka morphological a me ka moʻomeheu ma waena o M. birostris a me M. alfredi. Ua loaʻa he mau iwi skossons o nā kukuna manta. ʻAʻole mālama maikaʻi ko lākou iwi iwi iwi. ʻEkolu wale nō strata sedimentary i ʻike ʻia me nā fossil kukuna manta, hoʻokahi mai ka Oligocene ma South Carolina a ʻelua mai ka Miocene a me Pliocene ma North Carolina. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia lākou ʻo Manta fragilis akā ua helu ʻia ma hope o Paramobula fragilis.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Sea Devil
Neʻe maʻalahi nā diabolō moana i ke kai mahalo i kā lākou "ʻeheu" umauma nui. He mau wili ko ka Birostris manta ray a me kahi fin dorsal liʻiliʻi. ʻElua mau lobes o ka lolo e hoʻolōʻihi i mua o ke poʻo, a me ka waha ākea a huinahā e pili ana nā niho liʻiliʻi ma ka iwi ā lalo. Aia nā gills ma lalo o ke kino. Loaʻa i nā kukuna ʻo Manta kahi huelo pōkole, like me ka huipa, a ʻokoʻa i nā kukuna ʻē aʻe, nele i kahi ʻaukāʻoi.
Video: Kai Diabolo
ʻO ke kaumaha o nā kukuna ʻAkelanika he 11 kg i ka wā hānau Ulu wikiwiki lākou, pālua nei i ka laulā o ko lākou kino mai ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ka makahiki mua o ke ola. Hōʻike nā diabolō o ke kai i ka dimorphism ma waena o nā kāne me nā ʻēheu mai 5.2 a 6.1 m i nā kāne a 5.5 a 6.8 m i nā wahine. ʻO ka hōʻike nui loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 9.1. m
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Loaʻa i nā diabolō kai kekahi o ke kaulike kiʻekiʻe o ka lolo-a-kino a me ka nui o ka lolo o ka iʻa.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka manta a me ka papa holoʻokoʻa o ka cartilaginous ka hana ʻana o ka iwi iwi āpau i ka cartilage, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe. Kūleʻa kēia mau kukuna i ke kala mai ka ʻeleʻele a i ka hina hina i ka hope a me ke keʻokeʻo ma lalo me nā kiko hina e hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike ai i nā kukuna pākahi. ʻElewa a wīwī ka ʻili o ka diabolō kai e like me ka nui o ka manō.
Ma hea e noho ai ka diabolō kai?
Kiʻi: Ke diabolō kai ma lalo o ka wai
ʻIke ʻia nā diabolō o ke kai ma nā wai kai pāhū a me nā kai subtropical i nā moana nui āpau o ka honua (Pākīpika, ʻInia a me ʻAkelanika), a komo lākou i ke kai kūʻono, ma waena o 35 ° ka latitu ʻākau a me ka hema. Aia i kā lākou laulā nā kahakai o ʻApelika hema, mai Kaleponi hema a i ka ʻākau o Peru, mai North Carolina a i ka hema o Brazil a me ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mekiko.
ʻO ka mahele o ka mahele o nā manta nunui he nui loa, ʻoiai ua mahele ʻia lākou i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ia. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma nā kai kiʻekiʻe, i nā wai kai a kokoke i nā kahakai. ʻIke ʻia nā pale nunui e hele i kahi neʻe lōʻihi a hiki ke kipa i nā wai anuanu no nā wā pōkole o ka makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻO nā iʻa i hoʻolako ʻia e ka ʻepekema me nā mea hoʻoili lekiō, huakaʻi lākou he 1000 km mai kahi a lākou i hopu ʻia ai a i iho ai i kahi hohonu o 1000 m.
Noho kokoke ka diabolō o ke kai i kahakai i loko o nā wai mehana, kahi e nui ai nā kumu meaʻai, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai kahakai. Kūleʻa lākou ma ke kahakai mai ka puna a hiki i ke kauwela, akā e hele i uka i ka hoʻoilo. I ke ao, noho kokoke lākou i ka papa a i ka wai pāpaʻu, a i ka pō ʻauʻau lākou i ka hohonu hohonu. Ma muli o kā lākou ākea a me ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau i nā moana o ka honua, aia mau nō nā hemahema i ka ʻike o ka ʻepekema e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o nā diabolō nunui.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka diabolō kai. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka diabolō kai?
Kiʻi: Ke diabolō kai, a i ʻole manta
ʻO Manti nā mea hānai kānana e ka ʻano o ka hānai ʻana. Auʻau mau lākou me ka waha nui e hāmama, kānana i ka plankton a me nā meaʻai liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe mai ka wai. I mea e kōkua ai i kēia hoʻolālā, loaʻa i nā kukuna manta nunui nā vaile kūikawā i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he lobes o ka lolo e kōkua i ke kuhikuhi i ka wai a me ka meaʻai i loko o ko lākou waha.
ʻAʻau mālie lākou i nā puka lou. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi ua hana ʻia kēia i mea e noho ai i ka wahi hānai. Hoʻohana ʻia ko lākou waha nui, hāwanawana, a hoʻonui ʻia nā lobes lolo e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā crustacean planktonic a me nā kula liʻiliʻi o ka iʻa. Kuhi ʻo Manti i ka wai ma o nā gills, a mālama ʻia nā meaola i loko o ka wai e ka mīkini kānana. Aia i ka mīkini kānana nā pā spongy ma ka hope o ka waha i hana ʻia me nā mea ʻalani brownish a holo ma waena o nā hale kākoʻo o ke ʻenekini. ʻAʻole hana ʻo Manta birostris niho ʻoiai e hānai ana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Me kahi kiʻekiʻe nui o ka meaʻai i nā wahi o ka hānai ʻana i nā kukuna manta, hiki iā lākou, e like me ka manō, pio i ka huhū meaʻai.
ʻO ke kumu o ka papaʻai ka plankton a me nā iʻa iʻa. Ke neʻe mau nei nā diabolō o ke kai ma hope o plankton. Kōkua ka maka a me ka honi iā lākou e ʻike i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka nui o nā meaʻai i ʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā ma kahi o 13% o ke kaupaona. ʻAno mālie ʻo Mantas e hoʻopuni i kā lākou mea pio, e hoʻokau iā lākou i kahi puʻu, a laila ʻau koke me ko lākou waha e hāmama i nā meaola o ke kai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā fill cephalic, i ʻōwili ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōwili ʻōwili, wehe ʻia i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, kahi e kōkua ai i nā stingray e kuhikuhi i ka meaʻai i ka waha.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Iʻa Diabolō Kai
ʻO nā kukuna ʻo Manta kahi mehameha, ʻaukai ʻauʻau manuahi ʻaʻole kūpana ʻāina. Hoʻohana lākou i kā lākou mau lūlū pectoral maʻalahi e ʻauʻau me ka lokomaikaʻi ma kai. Hoʻoikaika nui nā poʻo poʻo o ka diabolō kai i ka wā o ka moena. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lele ʻana o nā mantas mai ka wai i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 2 m, a laila pā i kona ʻili. Ma ka hana ʻana i kēia, hiki i kahi stingray ke hemo i nā parasite hoʻonāukiuki a me ka ʻili make mai kona kino nui.
Hoʻohui ʻia, kipa aku nā diabolō o ke kai i kekahi ʻano "mea kanu lapaʻau", kahi e ʻau ai nā iʻa remora liʻiliʻi (nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe) kokoke i nā mantas, e ʻohiʻohi ana i nā parasites a me nā ʻili make. Hana ʻia nā pilina Symbiotic me nā iʻa paʻa ke hoʻopili lākou i nā manta nunui a holo iā lākou ʻoiai e hānai ana i nā parasites a me plankton.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ma 2016, ua paʻi nā ʻepekema i kahi noiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā diabolō o ke kai e hōʻike i nā ʻano pilikino. I loko o kahi aniani hoʻokolohua i hoʻololi ʻia, ua komo nā kānaka i nā loiloi hiki ʻole a me nā ʻano alakaʻi pilikino ʻole ʻia.
ʻOkoʻa ka hana ʻauʻau ʻana i nā kukuna manta i nā wahi like ʻole: ke hele lākou i kahi hohonu, neʻe lākou i kahi wikiwiki mau i kahi laina pololei, ma ke kahakai hoʻomehana a ʻauʻau paha lākou i ka wā maʻamau. Hiki i nā kukuna Manta ke hele hoʻokahi a i ʻole i nā hui a hiki i ka 50. Hiki iā lākou ke launa me nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe, a me nā manu kai a me nā meaola wai kai. I kahi hui, hiki i nā kānaka ke lele i ka lewa ma hope o kekahi.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Ke diabolō kai mai ka puke ʻula
ʻOiai ʻo nā kukuna manta nunui he mau holoholona mehameha lākou, hui pū lākou no ka hānai ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana. Ua makua ka diabolō o ke kai ma 5 mau makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka wā moena i ka mua o Kekemapa a mau a hiki i ka hopena o ʻApelila. Hana ʻia ka male ma nā wai kai pāmahana (ka mahana 26-29 ° C) a ma kahi o nā wahi pali pōhaku he 10-20 mau mika ka hohonu. Akoakoa nā diabolō moana stingrays i nā helu he nui i ka wā o ka moʻa ʻana, ke hui ʻana kekahi mau kāne me ka wahine hoʻokahi. ʻAʻau kokoke nā kāne i ka huelo o ka wahine ma ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka wikiwiki (9-12 km / h).
Ma hope o 20-30 mau minuke ka noho ʻana o kēia aloha, a ma hope iho ua hoʻēmi ka wahine i kona holo ʻauʻau ʻana a kaomi ka kāne i kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka pectoral fin o ka wahine, nahu iā ia. Hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i kona kino i ka wahine. Hoʻokomo ke kāne i kāna mea paʻa i loko o ka cloaca wahine a hoʻokomo i kāna sperm, ma kahi o 90-120 kekona. A laila ʻauʻau koke ke kāne, a hana ke kāne hou i ka hana like. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ka lua o ke kāne, ʻauʻau pinepine ka wahine, a haʻalele i nā kāne ʻē aʻe mālama.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Loaʻa i nā diabolō kai nunui kekahi o nā helu hānau haʻahaʻa o nā lālā stingray āpau, hanau hānau hoʻokahi fry i kēlā me kēia ʻelua a ʻekolu mau makahiki paha.
ʻO ka manawa hānau no M. birostris he 13 mau mahina, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana he 1 a 2 paha keiki i nā wahine. Hānau ʻia nā pēpē i wahī ʻia i loko o nā fector pectoral, akā lilo koke i poʻe ʻauʻau manuahi a mālama iā lākou iho. Hiki i nā ʻīlio Manta nā lōʻihi mai 1.1 a 1.4 mau mika. Aia he hōʻike e ola ana nā daimonio kai ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki, akā ʻaʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ko lākou ulu a ulu ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā diabolō kai
Kiʻi: Ke diabolō kai i loko o ka wai
ʻAʻohe o Mantas pale kūʻē i nā mea ʻae ʻē aʻe ma mua o ko lākou ʻili paʻakikī a me ka nui e pale ai i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka manō nui wale e hoʻouka i nā stingray, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- mano manō;
- Mano Tiga;
- manō hammerhead;
- kohola kohola.
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i nā kukuna ka lawaiʻa ʻana e nā kānaka, ʻaʻole i māhele like ʻia ma nā moana. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia i nā wahi e hāʻawi i ka meaʻai e pono ai. Hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia kā lākou puʻunaue, no laila aia nā subpopulation pākahi i kahi mamao loa, ʻaʻole e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka manawa kūpono no ka huikau.
Hoʻolālā nā lawaiʻa kalepa a me nā lawaiʻa i ka diabolō kai no kāna ʻiʻo a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia lākou me nā ʻupena, nā ʻupena a me nā hāmona. Ua hopu ʻia nā mantas he nui ma Kaleponi a me ʻAukekulia no kā lākou aila akepaʻa a me ka ʻili. ʻAi ka ʻai a ʻai ʻia i kekahi mau mokuʻāina, akā ʻoi aku ka uʻi ma mua o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Wahi a kahi noiʻi o ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ma Sri Lanka a me India, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 mau ʻāpana o nā diabolō moana i kūʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma nā mākeke iʻa o ka ʻāina. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā heluna kanaka o M. birostris ma ka hapanui o nā wahi nui o M. birostris ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e helu ʻia ma lalo o 1000 mau kānaka.
ʻO ka noi no kā lākou mau hale cartilage e hoʻoulu ʻia e nā hana hou o ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka koi e ulu nei ma ʻAsia, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā lawaiʻa i kēia manawa ma Philippines, Indonesia, Madagascar, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Brazil, Tanzania. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, he mau tausani mau stingray, ʻo M. birostris ka mea i hopu ʻia a pepehi wale ʻia no kā lākou mau pi kukai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Ke diabolō kai i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui i nā kukuna manta nunui ka lawaiʻa kālepa. ʻO ka lawaiʻa māka ʻia ʻana no nā kukuna manta ua hōʻemi nui i nā heluna kanaka. Ma muli o ko lākou ola a me nā helu hoʻohiki haʻahaʻa, hiki i ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ʻana ke hōʻemi loa i nā heluna kaiāulu, me ka hiki ʻole i kēlā me kēia wahi ke pani iā lākou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻOiai ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā hana mālama i nā wahi he nui o nā diabolō o ke kai, ua piʻi ka noi no nā kukuna manta a me nā ʻāpana kino ʻē aʻe i nā mākeke Asia. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua māhuahua pū kekahi ka hoihoi o ka poʻe scuba divers a me nā mākaʻikaʻi ʻē aʻe e ʻimi nei e nānā i kēia iʻa nui. ʻO kēia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka waiwai o nā diabolō o ke kai ma mua o ka hopu ʻana mai nā lawaiʻa.
Hāʻawi paha ka ʻoihana hoʻokipa i ka mante nunui me ka pale aʻe, akā ʻo ka waiwai o ka ʻiʻo no nā lāʻau lapaʻau he mea weliweli ia i kēia laha. No laila, he mea nui i nā ʻepekema e hoʻomau i ka nānā ʻana i ka heluna o ka lā manta e hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā laha a me ka hoʻoholo inā aia kekahi mau ʻano kūloko.
Hoʻohui ʻia, aia nā diabolō o ke kai i nā ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli anthropogenic ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o ka ʻauʻau mau o nā kukuna manta e ʻauʻau mau i ka wai-wai momona i loko o kā lākou mau gills, hiki iā lākou ke hihia a paʻa. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia iʻa ke ʻauʻau i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, a ma muli o kā lākou peʻapeʻa poʻo e puka ana, hiki iā lākou ke hihia i nā laina, ʻupena, ʻupena ʻuhane, a me nā laina kau. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻokuʻu iā lākou iho, ua hihia hou lākou. ʻO nā mea hoʻoweliweli ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā mea e hiki ai ke hoʻopili i ka nui o ka manti ka hoʻololi o ke aniau, ka haumia mai nā ninini aila, a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā microplastics.
Kiaʻi ʻana i nā diabolō o ke kai
Kiʻi: Ke diabolō kai mai ka puke ʻula
I ka 2011, ua pale paʻa ʻia ʻo manti i loko o nā kai o ka honua no ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. ʻOiai pale kekahi mau ʻāina i nā kukuna manta, neʻe pinepine lākou ma o ka wai i hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia ma ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka makaʻu. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo M. alfredi me Vulnerable me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka make e ka IUCN i Nowemapa 2011. I ka makahiki like, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻi ʻo M. alfredi me Vulnerable, me nā heluna o ka ʻāina ma lalo o 1000 a me ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ma waena o nā subgroups.
Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau hana honua, ke hana nei kekahi mau ʻāina i kā lākou mau hana ponoʻī. Ua pāpā aku ʻo New Zealand i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā diabolō o ke kai mai ka 1953. I Iune 1995, pāpā ka Maldives i ka hoʻolilo ʻia o nā ʻano kukuna āpau a me nā ʻāpana o ko lākou kino, e hoʻopau pono ana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā kukuna manta a hoʻopaʻa i nā hana hoʻomalu i ka makahiki 2009. ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1999 ma lalo o ke kaomi a nā lawaiʻa kūloko. Ma hope o ke ana ʻana i nā waihona iʻa i ka 2002, ua lawe hou ʻia ka pāpā.
Diabolo kai aia ma lalo o ka palekana, ua pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā wai Mekiko i ka makahiki 2007. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole mahalo ʻia kēia pāpā. Pili nā kānāwai ʻoi loa ma Albox Island ma waho o ka Yucatan Peninsula, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā diabolō o ke kai e hoʻowalewale i ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi. I ka makahiki 2009, ua lilo ʻo Hawaii i mea mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e pāpā i ka make ʻana o nā kukuna manta. I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Ecuador i kahi kānāwai e pāpā ana i nā ʻano lawaiʻa āpau ma kēia mau a me nā kukuna ʻē aʻe.
Ka lā paʻi: 01.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 22:39
