Manu puffin he holoholona pana pua nani nona ka helehelena e hoʻomākeʻaka ai. Ma ka honua, neʻe ʻo ia, e paʻa ana i kona kino, e hoʻoponopono hou ana i kona mau wāwae pōkole. Ke hele mai kahi manu no ka pae ʻana, pīpī nui ia i kona mau ʻeheu liʻiliʻi, e hoʻāʻo nei e noho i ka lewa, a kīloi i kona mau wāwae e like me nā mea pae, hoʻopā iā lākou. Noho ʻo Puffins i nā kolone a hoihoi loa a manu kolohe hoʻi i hiki ke hana i nā pirouette i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i ka lele.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: manu puffin
ʻO ka puffin he ʻano manu manu kai i loaʻa ma ke kauoha ʻo Charadriiformes a no ka ʻohana auk (Alcidae). ʻO ka puffin Atlantic wale nō ka laha o ka genus Fratercula i loaʻa ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika. ʻElua mau ʻano ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ma ka ʻĀkau hikina o ka Pākīpika: ʻo ka puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) a me ka Ipatka (Fratercula corniculata), a ʻo ka mea hope loa o ia ka ʻohana pili loa o ka puffin ʻAkelanika. Pili pū nā Rhinoceros puffin (C. monocerata) a me ʻAtelanika puffins. Ua loaʻa nā fossil o ka mea pili kokoke loa o ka puffin - ka manu ʻo Fratercula dowi, e noho ana ma ka Pleistocene.
Video: Manu Puffin
ʻO ka inoa generic Fratercula mai loko mai o ka huaʻōlelo latina Fratercula (mōneka), ʻoiai ka ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo o ka hulu e like me nā kapa monastic. ʻO ka inoa kikoʻī arctica mai ka Greek ἄρκτος ("arktos"), he bea a kuhikuhi i ka hōkū ʻo Ursa Major. ʻO ka inoa Lūkia "hopena make" - hōʻike i ka nuku nui o ka hulu a mai ka huaʻōlelo "dumb".
ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana ʻike nui ʻia.
- F. arctica arctica;
- F. arctica naumanni;
- F. arctica grabae.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa morphological wale nō ma waena o lākou nā palena. Ka lōʻihi o ke kino + ka nuku + ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu, kahi e hoʻonui ai i nā latitude kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, he puffin mai ka ʻĀkau o ʻIlia (nā ʻāpana ʻo F. a. Naumanii) ke kaupaona ʻia ma kahi o 650 g a nona ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o 186 mm, ʻoiai ka mea i koho ʻia no nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe (nā ʻāpana ʻo F. Grabae) he 400 g a me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o 158 mm. ʻO nā kānaka mai ka hema o Iceland (nā ʻāpana F. arctica) waena ma waena o lākou.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Puffin manu ʻĀkau
Kūkulu paʻa ʻia ka puffin ʻAkelanika, me ka ʻāʻī nui, nā ʻēheu pōkole a me ka huelo. ʻO 28 a 30 cm ka lōʻihi mai ka piko o kona nuku mānoanoa a hiki i kahi huelo kuli. ʻO ka ʻūheu ʻo 49 a 63 cm. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kāne ma mua o ka wahine, akā o ke kala like. ʻO ka lae a me ka nape ʻeleʻele e like me ka hope, nā ʻēheu a me ka huelo. ʻO ke kola ʻeleʻele ākea ma ka ʻāʻī. Ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo kahi nui, rhomboid ʻāpana o ke kala hina hina. ʻO kēia mau kiko ma ka maka o ka maka i kahi kiko a kokoke e hana ma ka hope o ka ʻāʻī.
ʻO ka nuku e like me ka triangle mai ka ʻaoʻao, akā ke nānā ʻia mai luna mai he hāiki. ʻO ka hapalua ma ka wēlau he ʻalani-ʻulaʻula, a ʻo ka hapa ma ke poʻo he hina-hina. Hoʻololi nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka nuku me ka makahiki o ka manu. I ke kanaka makua ʻole, ʻaʻole ākea ka nuku e like me ka manu makua. Ke holo nei ka manawa, hohonu ka nuku, kūlou ke alo luna, a hoʻomōhala kahi kink ma kona kumu. He nahu ikaika ko ka manu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Hele lōʻihi ka nuku i ka ʻumeʻume ʻana i kahi hoa. I ka puna, i ka wā hānau, ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano ʻalani alani ʻulaʻula o ka nuku.
Nānā nā maka i ka huinakolu o ke ʻano ma muli o kahi wahi liʻiliʻi, kihi o ka ʻili polū hina hina kokoke iā lākou a me kahi kiko huinahā ma lalo. ʻEleʻele a polū ʻeleʻele nā haumāna a he apo apo ʻulaʻula kā kēlā me kēia. Uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka manu me ka plumage keʻokeʻo. I ka hopena o ke kau hānau, nalowale nā ʻōmole ʻeleʻele i kona alohilohi a loaʻa pū kekahi i ke kala ʻalani. Pōkole nā wāwae a waiho maikaʻi ʻia, hāʻawi i ka manu i kahi kū pololei i ka ʻāina. Mālamalama nā wāwae ʻelua a me nā wāwae pūnaewele nui i ka ʻokoʻa i nā māiʻuʻu ʻeleʻele ʻoi.
Ma hea e noho ai ka manu puffin?
Kiʻi: Manu Puffin ma Lūkia
ʻO ka wahi hānau o kēia ʻano nā kahakai a ʻo ka mokupuni hoʻi o ka ʻAkelanika ʻAkau a me ke kai komohana komohana. I ka Nearctic, hānau nā puffin ma ke kahakai ʻAkelanika o ʻAkau ʻAmelika mai Labrador a Maine a me Greenland. ʻO nā kolone ʻo ka hema loa ma ka ʻAkelanika Komohana ma ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Maine, ka ʻākau loa ma ka mokupuni ʻo Coburg ma Baffin Bay.
Ma ʻEulopa, hānau kēia ʻano ma Iceland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Bear Island a me Novaya Zemlya, ma ke kahakai o Murmansk a i ka hema o Norewai, nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe, Pelekane Nui a me ʻIlani, a ma kahi kahakai o Kuekene.
Aia nā ʻāina kūnana i:
- Āina' Ōmaʻomaʻo;
- Kanaka ʻĀkau;
- Nova Scotia;
- Āina Hau;
- Skandinavia;
- Lukia;
- Ilelani;
- kapakai komohana o Palani.
Ma waho o ka wā hānau, mai ka hopena o ʻAukake a i ka mua o ʻApelila, noho wale nā puffins ma ke kai kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā puffins ma o ka ʻAkelanika, hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā hui liʻiliʻi. ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻAkelanika ʻĀkau holoʻokoʻa mai ka hema a hiki i ʻAkau ʻAkau, a me ke Kaiwaenahonua komohana. Aia ke kolone nui puffin ma Rūsia ma ka Ainovskie, kokoke i Murmansk. Aia nā wahi manu liʻiliʻi ma Novaya Zemlya a ma ke kapakai ʻākau o ka Kola Peninsula.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka manu ākea puffin. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka manu puffin e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Puffin manu kai
ʻO kaʻai o ka puffin Atlantika kokoke i nā iʻa āpau, ʻoiai ke nānā ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpū i loko o kahi manawa e ʻai ka manu i ka ʻōpae, nā crustacea ʻē aʻe, molluscs a me nā worm polychaete, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā kai kai. I ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ʻauʻau ka puffin i lalo o ka wai, e hoʻohana ana i kona mau ʻēheu elongated ma ke ʻano he hoe e "lele" ma lalo o ka wai, a me kona mau wāwae me he hoe waʻa. ʻAʻau wikiwiki ʻo ia a hiki i nā hohonu hohonu a noho ma lalo o ka wai a i hoʻokahi mau minuke.
ʻAi ka manu i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a 18 cm ka lōʻihi, akā ʻo ka mea i hopu ʻia he iʻa liʻiliʻi ia, ma kahi o 7 cm ka lōʻihi. Pono kahi manu makua e ʻai ma kahi o 40 i kēlā me kēia lā - ʻai nui nā puhi, herring, sprats a me capelin. Hiki i ka puffin ke ale i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi ʻoiai ma lalo o ka wai, akā hāpai ʻia nā mea nui aku i luna. Hiki iā ia ke hopu i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi i loko o ka luʻu hoʻokahi, e paʻa ana iā lākou i kona nuku me ka alelo muscular groove, a hopu i nā mea ʻē aʻe a piha ka lōʻihi o ka nuku. Hiki ke iʻa i 30 iʻa i ka manawa like. ʻO nā koina pono o nā manu makua he 80 a 100 mau huna i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka ʻāpana nui loa o ka laulā, ʻo ka iʻa ka meaʻai nui a nā moa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka wā hānau, aia nā wahi hānai puffin i loko o ka wai o ka papa ʻaina a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi mau mile mai ke kolone pūnana. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa nā kolone hoʻokaʻawale o nā puffins ma Newfoundland i hāpai i nā iʻa mai kahi mamao o kanahiku mile. Hiki i nā Puffins ke luʻu a hiki i ke kanahiku mika, akā ʻike mau ka meaʻai i ka hohonu pāpaʻu.
Ua ʻike ʻia he 10 puffins, i ana pono ʻia i loko o nā lā he 17 mai ke kahakai o Newfoundland, kahi hohonu o ka luʻu 40 a 68 mau mika, a he ʻumi mau puffins mai ke kapakai ʻo Norewai ka hohonu o ka luʻu luʻu o 10 a 45 mau mika. ʻO ka manawa luʻu ma 80% o nā hihia i ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o 39 kekona. ʻO ka nui o ka manawa o ka manu ma lalo o ka wai he 115 kekona. ʻO nā haki ma waena o nā luʻu ma lalo o 20 kekona 95% o ka manawa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Manu Puffin i ka lele
He lele pololei kā ka Atlantic Puffin, he 10 mau m ma luna o ka ʻilikai, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nui o nā manu ʻē aʻe. Hele kū pololei ia, i ka lele e hana i kahi kani haʻahaʻa, purring, a i ka wā o nā leo pūnana e like me nā namunamu a me nā kaniʻuhū. Alakaʻi nā puffins ʻAkelanika i kahi noho kaʻawale ke noho lākou ma ke kai, a aʻo iki ʻia kēia ʻāpana o ko lākou ola, no ka mea he paʻakikī ka hana o ka loaʻa ʻana o hoʻokahi manu i ka moana ākea.
ʻOiai ʻo ia ma ke kai, hoʻoluliluli ke ʻAkelanika puffin e like me ke cork, neʻe me nā ʻūlū ikaika o nā wāwae ma o ka wai a mālama iā ia iho i ka makani, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaha a maopopo ke hiamoe. Hoʻolālā nui ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kēlā me kēia lā e mālama pono i kāna hulu. Hoʻomaloʻo maloʻo kona mau lau downy a hāʻawi i ka hoʻoiho wela.
Mea leʻaleʻa: E like me nā manu kai ʻē aʻe, ʻeleʻele kona plumage luna a keʻokeʻo ka hulu o lalo. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi camouflage pale e like me ka hiki ʻole i nā mea lele lewa ke ʻike kūʻē iā ia i kahi papa pōʻeleʻele, wai, a ʻike ʻole nā mea hoʻouka wai i ka manu ke hui pū me ka lani mālamalama ma luna o nā nalu.
Ke hemo kahi hopena make, lele ikaika ʻo ia i kona mau ʻeheu ma mua o ka lele ʻana i ka ea. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka nui o ka ʻeheu no ka hoʻohana pālua, ma luna a ma lalo o ka wai, ua liʻiliʻi kona ʻāpana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kaumaha o ka manu. E mālama i ka lele, lele koke nā ʻeheu i ka wikiwiki o kekahi mau manawa i kekona. Lele pololei ka manu a haʻahaʻa ma luna o ka wai a hiki ke holo i ka wikiwiki o 80 km i kēlā me kēia hola.
Kūpilikiʻi ka pae ʻana, lele ʻo ia i loko o ka nalu o ka nalu, a hāʻule paha i kona ʻōpū i ka wai mālie. ʻOiai ma ke kai, hoʻoheheʻe ka Moana ʻAtelanika. Ua hoʻokahe ʻo ia i kona mau hulu āpau i hoʻokahi hele a hele me ka lele ʻole ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina a ʻelua paha. Kū pinepine ka moulting ma waena o Ianuali a me Malaki, akā e nalowale paha nā manu ʻōpio i ko lākou hulu ma hope iki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: He welau o nā welau make
ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana mai i ke kolone mai ka wanaʻao a i waena o ʻApelila, ma ka Moana ʻAkau, ʻokoʻa loa ka hōʻea ʻana mai ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka hau. Ua hōʻea nā manu i ka wahi hānau. ʻO ke oʻo moekolohe ma nā manu he 3 - 5 mau makahiki. Noho ʻo Puffins i kahi ala kau monogamous, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kāne i hui pū ʻia mai ka makahiki i hala. Kū wale nā kope i ka wai wale nō. Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻauʻau mālie nā hoa a puni kekahi.
ʻO nā ana pinepine e ʻeliʻeli iā ia iho. Kākaʻikahi wale nō, akā kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻāina, hopu ʻia nā lua mai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I kekahi manawa hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā puaʻa i nā pali pōhaku ākea a i ʻole ma waena o nā pōhaku. Pale ʻia ke komo i ke ana e ke kāne, hoʻomākaukau ka wahine i ka loko o ke ana. Huki ʻia nā puka e ka nuku, huki ʻia nā mea nui e nā paws. Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o nā ana ma kahi o 0.75 a 1.50 m, kākaʻikahi a 3 m. ʻO ka wehe he 30-40 cm ka laulā, ʻo ke anawaena o ka hele ma kahi o 12.5 cm, a ʻo ke keʻena o ka pūnana he anawaena 30 a 40 cm.
Noho nā kāne me nā wahine i ka wā hānau, a noho pinepine nā pāpālua ma waho o ka lua. Waiho ʻia nā hua moa ma waena o Iune a me Iulai a aia ma ka maʻamau he hoʻokahi huaʻai wale no ke pālua. Poepoe nā hua, keʻokeʻo, pinepine me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. Hoʻokomo nā mākua ʻelua i kahi hua manu ma ke kau ʻana i hua manu ma lalo o hoʻokahi ʻēheu a hilinaʻi ʻia me ko lākou mau kino. Hoʻokū ʻia ka hoʻouluulu ma kahi o 42 mau lā. Pono nā Chicks mai 36 a 50 mau lā no ka plumage, ka lōʻihi o kēia wā e pili ana i ka nui o nā meaʻai. I kēia manawa, ua hiki i nā moa ma kahi o 75% o ko lākou kino makua.
I nā lā i hala iho nei ma lalo o ka honua, hoʻolei ka moa i kāna fluff a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpio. ʻO kona nuku liʻiliʻi, ʻeleʻele i ke kala kona mau wāwae a me kona mau wāwae, a nele i nā pā keʻokeʻo ma kona alo. Haʻalele ka moa i kāna pūnana i ka pō ke liʻiliʻi ka makaʻu o ka predation. Hele ʻo ia i waho o kāna lua i ka pō a holo i ke kai. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke lele maʻamau, no laila ke weliweli ke iho mai ka pali. Ke hiki aku ka moa i ka wai, komo i ke kai a 3 paha km mai ke kahakai i ka wanaʻao.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā manu puffin
Kiʻi: manu puffin
ʻOluʻolu ka manu ma ke kai. Hiki ke nānā pinepine i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka puffin i kona poʻo ma lalo o ka ode e ʻike inā aia nā mea hānai ma kahi kokoke. ʻIke ʻia ia no ka make ʻana o nā sila i nā puffins, a ʻo kekahi iʻa predatory nui hiki ke hana i kēia. Aia ka hapa nui o nā kolone ma nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi, a ʻaʻole kēia he mea kūpono ʻole, ʻoiai e pale i ka mua o nā mammal ʻāina: nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻiole, nā ermine, nā wea, a pēlā aku. Akā i ka lele ʻana o nā manu i uka, aia nō lākou i ka makaʻu, no ka mea ka lani nui ka weliweli.
ʻO nā mea ʻino o ka Atlantik Puffin i ka lani me:
- kai ʻōʻō kai (L. marinus);
- skua nui (Stercorarius skua).
E like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka nui like e hiki ke hopu i nā manu i ka lele a hōʻeha paha i nā manu hiki ʻole ke pakele koke ma ka honua. Ke loaʻa nei ka makaʻu, hemo nā puffins a lele i ke kai a hoʻi i loko o kā lākou mau lua, akā inā i hopu ʻia, pale ikaika lākou iā lākou iho me ko lākou nuku a me nā māiʻuʻuʻoi. Ke hoʻopuni kokoke nā puffins i nā pōhaku, lilo i mea paʻakikī loa i kahi mea ʻino e noʻonoʻo ana i hoʻokahi manu e hopu iā lākou, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka makaʻu o nā kānaka kū kaʻawale i ka honua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ixodid tick a me ka lele (Ornithopsylla laetitiae) i loaʻa i nā pūnana puffin. ʻO nā ʻano pulehu ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i nā manu e laʻa me C. borealis, C. gallinae, C. garei, C. vagabunda, a me nā kūleʻa maʻamau ʻo S. cuniculi.
ʻAʻole hiki ke kīkēkē i nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi e like me ka gull herring (L. argentatus) i kahi puffin makua. Hele lākou i loko o ke kolone e ʻohiʻohi ana i nā hua, a i ʻole nā pua moa i hoʻoneʻe i mamao loa mai ka pūnana a i ke ao. ʻAihue pū kēia mau gull iʻa i nā puffins e hoʻi hou e hānai i kā lākou keiki. I nā wahi kahi e noho pū ai ka puffin a me ka Arctic skua (S. parasitik), lilo ka mea hope i mea ʻaihue ʻāina. I ka lewa, hoʻokaumaha ʻo ia i nā palena make, e koi aku nei iā lākou e hoʻolei i nā mea pio, a lālau ʻo ia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Puffin manu ʻĀkau
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o ka heluna kanaka ma ka honua he 12 a 14 miliona mau mākua. Ua koho ʻia ka heluna o ʻEulopa ma 4,770,000 - 5,780,000 pālua, i kūlike i nā 9,550,000 - 11,600,000 mau kānaka oʻo. ʻO ʻEulopa ka home o 90% o nā hopena make, no laila ʻo ka manaʻo nui e hāʻule ka manaʻo nui o ka honua. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano maʻamau i ka heluna kanaka o ʻAkelanika Komohana. Hiki paha i ka hāʻule holoʻokoʻa ke hiki i kahi pae o 30 - 49% i loko o ʻekolu hanauna.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: e emi koke nā helu Puffin ma muli o nā hopena kumulative o ka invasive predation, ka hoʻohaumia ʻana, nā hemahema o ka meaʻai ma muli o ka pau ʻana o nā lawaiʻa a me ka make ʻana o nā manu makua i nā ʻupena lawaiʻa.
Ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā puffins i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20 ma ke Kai ʻĀkau, e like me ma May Island a me nā mokupuni ʻo Farne, kahi i hoʻonui ai ka nui o nā kānaka ma kahi o 10% i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka wā hānau hānau 2013, ma kahi o 40,000 mau pālua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā mokupuni ʻo Farne, kahi hoʻonui iki mai ka 2008. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia helu ma mua o nā kolone o Icelandic me ʻelima miliona mau hānau hānau.
Ma nā Mokupuni o Westmand, ua aneane make nā manu ma muli o ka huli holoholona nui loa mai ka makahiki 1900 a ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi pāpā no 30 mau makahiki. Ke ola hou ka lehulehu, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa a mālama ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona i kahi pae hoʻomau. Mai ka makahiki 2000, ua nui ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā puffins ma Iceland, Nolewai, nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe a me Greenland. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻano like i ka United Kingdom, kahi i hoʻohuli ʻia ai ka ulu mua. Manu puffin Ke haʻalele lohi nei iā ʻEulopa, ua heluia kona heluna e 50 - 79% i ka manawa o 2020 - 2065.
Lā paʻi: 23.06.2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 21:19
