Pepeiao limu hoʻomaka kekahi e lele i ka puna, a ʻeha pinepine kēia, make i ka wā e pani ʻia ka wai e kahi hou anuanu hou - ma hope o kēlā, ʻike ʻia nā butterflies melemele huali i ka hau. ʻIke ʻia lākou ʻaʻole wale ma ka puna, akā i ke kauwela a me ke kauwela. Kū lākou i ko lākou kala ʻulaʻula, a me nā ʻēheu hoʻi, me he mea lā ua ʻoki iki ʻia mai nā kihi ʻelua.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: butterfly lemongrass
ʻO ka mauʻu lemi i ka ʻohana o whiteflies (Pieridae). Loaʻa iā ia nā mea ʻino e like me ka kāpeti a me ka turnip, akā ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka mauʻu lemi iā lākou iho nā mea ʻino, ʻoiai ka hānai ʻana o kā lākou ʻenuhe i ka buckthorn. ʻO ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai iā lākou kahi inoa ʻē aʻe - buckthorn. ʻO Whitefish no ke kauoha Lepidoptera. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e nā paleoanthologists, ua noho nā lunamakaʻāinana mua o ke kauoha i ka honua i ka hoʻomaka o ka wā Jurassic - ʻo ka makahiki o nā koena kahiko loa i loaʻa ma kahi o 190 miliona mau makahiki.
Video: Pepeiao Pepeiao
I ka wā Cretaceous, i ka wā e hoʻolaha nui ana nā mea kanu pua ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua ulu pono ʻo Lepidoptera. Ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi lako waha hoʻomohala maikaʻi, ua hoʻomohala ikaika ʻia ko lākou mau ʻeheu. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi proboscis lōʻihi, i hoʻolālā ʻia e omo i ka nectar. Lepidoptera species lilo more and more, more and more nui i ʻike ʻia, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lōʻihi o ko lākou ola i ke ʻano o ka imago - hiki lākou i ka ulu maoli. ʻOiai i ko mākou manawa ke kūlike nei ka ʻokoʻa o kēia ʻoka, aia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole he nui.
Mea hoihoi: I ko lākou ola ʻana, ua loli nā pepelu i ʻehā mau ʻano: he hua mua, a laila he larva, he pupa, a ʻo ka hopena, he pepe makua me nā ʻeheu. ʻOkoʻa loa kēia mau ʻano a pau i kekahi, a ʻo ka imago ka inoa o ka hope.
Ua ulu wikiwiki ʻo Lepidoptera me nā mea kanu pua. Na ka Paleogene, ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana o kēia ao, me nā ʻohana keʻokeʻo, i hoʻokumu hope ʻia. ʻO ka puka ʻana o ka mauʻu mauʻu o kēia mau lā i ka manawa like. Ma ka liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻomau ʻia nā ʻano hou o lākou, a ʻaʻole pau kēia kaʻina.
Loaʻa ka lau nahele mai ka 10 a i ka 14 mau ʻano - ʻaʻole i hiki i kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi ke ʻae i ka manaʻo maoli ma ka hoʻokaʻina kikoʻī. Hōʻike nui ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā laha i ka nui a me ka nui o ke kala. Eia hou, i nā hihia āpau, inā ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka mauʻu lemona, i wehewehe ʻia e Karl Linnaeus i ka hana nui "The System of Nature", i hōʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1758.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mau ʻano o nā ʻano kaulana a kaulana hoʻi.
- ʻO Cleopatra, loaʻa i ke Kaiwaenahonua;
- aminta, ka nui loa - hiki aku kona ʻeheu i 80 mm, i loaʻa ma Hikina Hema Asia;
- aspasia - ʻO nā butterflies hikina loa, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (30 mm) a ʻulaʻula loa.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Lā Pepe Kēlē
I ke ʻano o kahi imago, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā ʻēheu o mua a ua hoʻohuli i nā ʻēheu hope - he hopena kikoo ko lāua. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā ʻēheu hope a hiki i 35 mm. ʻAe ke kala i ka lemongrass e hoʻowali maikaʻi: inā pelu lākou i ko lākou mau ʻeheu, e noho ana ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau a i ʻole ulu lāʻau, paʻakikī i nā mea ʻino e ʻike iā lākou mai kahi mamao aku.
ʻOkoʻa ka wahine a me nā kāne i ke kala o ko lākou mau ʻēheu: i nā kāne melemele ʻōlinolino lākou, ʻo ia ke kumu i ulu ai ka inoa o kēia mau butterflies, a i nā wahine keʻokeʻo me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Aia kekahi wahi ʻalani iki ma ka waena o nā ʻeheu.
He maka ko lākou a me kahi poʻo poepoe, a me kahi proboscis lōʻihi loa, me ke kōkua e hiki ai iā lākou ke unuhi i ka nectar mai nā pua paʻakikī loa. ʻEkolu mau wāwae wāwae hele, me kā lākou kōkua i ka mauʻu lemona e neʻe ma ka ʻili o ka mea kanu. ʻEhā pālua ʻeheu.
Hoʻololi ka nui o nā ʻano i ka laha, ka maʻamau me kahi ʻēheu o ma kahi o 55 mm. I nā lunamaka o nā laha nui loa, hiki iā ia ke piʻi i 80 mm, a i ka lau mauʻu liʻiliʻi 30 mm wale nō. Kū ʻole i waho nā ʻenuhe: ʻōmaʻomaʻo lākou e kūlike i nā lau, uhi ʻia lākou me nā kiko ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi.
Mea hoihoi: Inā ʻaʻole wela nui, a laila, ke peʻe ʻo ka lā ma hope o nā ao, ke ʻimi nei ka lemongrass e pae i ka pua a i ʻole ke kumulāʻau kokoke loa - he mea paʻakikī loa ka lele ʻana me ka ʻole o ka lā pono, no ka mea he pono ke mālama i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe no ka lele.
Ma hea e noho ai ka pīpī lemongrass?
Kiʻi: Krushinnitsa
He ākea loa ka nohona, pili pū me:
- ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa;
- Kokoke Hikina;
- Ma ka hikina mamao;
- ʻApelika ʻĀkau;
- ʻĀkau Hikina Hema;
- Nā Mokupuni Canary;
- Mokupuni ʻo Madeira.
ʻAʻohe o kēia mau butterflies i nā wao nahele, steppes o ka Ciscaucasia, ma ʻō aku o ka Arctic Circle, aia pū kekahi lākou ma ka mokupuni ʻo Crete. Ma Rūsia, hoʻolaha ākea lākou, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa iā lākou mai Kaliningrad a i Vladivostok. Hiki iā lākou ke noho i nā kūlana kūlohelohe paʻakikī, kokoke i ka Arctic Circle loa.
ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻoholo ʻia ko lākou laulā e ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka buckthorn ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai nui no nā ʻenuhe, ʻoiai hiki nō iā lākou ke ʻai pū i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai pālahalaha ka mauʻu mauu, hiki i nā lāhui ʻē aʻe ke noho i kahi wahi i kaupalena ʻia, aia kekahi mau endemics e noho ana ma nā mokupuni ʻo Canary a me Madeira.
ʻIke ia ʻaʻole noho kēia mau butterflies i nā māla, makemake iā lākou i nā ulu lāʻau, nā māla like ʻole, nā pāka, nā lihi o ka ululāʻau a me nā ulu lāʻau - nā wahi nui kahi e loaʻa ai lākou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻi e noho ka lau nahele i kahi ulu lāʻau. Noho pū lākou i nā kuahiwi, akā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe loa - ʻaʻole lākou ma luna o 2,500 mau mika ma luna aʻe o ka pae kai. Inā pono, hiki iā lākou ke lele i kahi mamao aku e ʻike i ka ʻāina kūpono loa no ka noho ʻana.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka peʻahi melemele, ʻōlinolino. E nānā i kēia manawa i ka mea e ʻai ai ka butter lemongrass?
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka butter lemongrass?
Kiʻi: Pepeiao lemi i ka puna
I ke ʻano o kahi imago - nectar.
Ma waena o nā mea kanu nona ka nectar e ʻumeʻume ai i ka mauʻu mauʻu:
- primroses;
- pua kakapa;
- sivets;
- kakalaioa;
- dandelion;
- timima;
- makuahine a me makuahine makuahine;
- ʻāpala puʻupaʻa.
Kūleʻa nā pua puahele i waena o nā makemake, ʻoiai inu pū lākou i ka nectar o ka mauʻu mauʻu. Mahalo i kā lākou proboscis lōʻihi, hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ka nectar a hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia i nā butterflies ʻē aʻe āpau - no ka laʻana, ka primrose like. No nā mea kanu punawai he mea nui e pollination ʻia lākou e ka mauʻu, no ka mea ʻaʻohe kokoke he mau butterflies ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa. ʻAi ka larva i nā buckthorn, e like me ka laxative buckthorn, zhoster a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻAi lākou i ka lau mai ka waena a i ke kaʻe i kekahi mau lā, e ulu wikiwiki ana, a i ka manawa a lākou e hele ai i waho o ka lau, ua hala ka molting. ʻAʻole lākou e hana ʻino nui i ka buckthorn, a no nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia ʻaneʻane pōʻino ʻole lākou, me kahi ʻokoʻa: hiki i nā ʻenuhe ke ʻai i nā lau o nā mea kanu e like me kāpī, rutabagas, turnips, horseradish, radish a i ʻole turnip. Akā ʻo nā hihia ke hōʻeha lākou i nā mea kanu kanu he kākaʻikahi loa ia, ʻoiai ʻo nā hua o ka mauʻu lemongrass e waiho pinepine ʻia i nā mānoanoa a ma nā kaʻe o ka nahele.
Mea hoihoi: Koho ʻo ia i ka pua hea e noho ai i ka mauʻu lemona, ʻaʻole ma ke ʻala a lākou e hoʻopuka ai, akā i ke kala. ʻUmeʻume ka hapa nui o kēia mau pepeiao e nā pua polū a me nā pua ʻulaʻula.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: butterfly lemongrass
ʻEleu lākou i ka lā a lele wale i ka wā e mānoanoa. Makemake nui lākou i ka wā mehana, a i ka puna, inā anuanu, hoʻopili pinepine lākou no ka manawa lōʻihi, pelu ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu i nā kihi kūpono a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hopu i nā kukuna lā e like me ka hiki - hoʻololi mua lākou i kekahi ʻaoʻao no lākou, a laila kekahi. Ke hiki mai ke ahiahi a ʻaʻole huali, hoʻomaka lākou e nānā i kahi kūpono e noho ai i ka pō - maʻa mau nā mānoanoa o nā nāhelehele. Noho lākou ma kahi lālā hohonu i nā mānoanoa a, e pelu ana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu, a lilo i mea ʻokoʻa loa mai nā lau nahele e pili ana.
ʻAʻole like me nā butterflies ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻolilo i ka manawa nui i ka lele ʻana ma muli o ka nui o ka lilo o ka ikehu, paʻa paʻa loa ka mauʻu lemona a hiki ke lele i ka hapa nui o ka lā, e lanakila ana ma kahi mamao. I ka manawa like, hiki iā lākou ke piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa. Ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ko lākou noho ʻana ma nā kūlana o nā butterflies, pono lākou e mālama i ke ola - no laila, inā emi mai ke ʻano maikaʻi, e laʻa me ke anilā ua e anuanu a anuanu, a laila ma ke kau waena o ke kauwela e hoʻomaka paha lākou e hemo. Ke mahanahana hou, ala ala ka lau nahele.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO Diapause kahi wā e lohi ai ka metabolism o kahi butterfly, kū ʻo ia i ka neʻe ʻana a lilo i mea kūʻē i nā hopena kūwaho.
Hōʻike ʻia ka mauʻu lemi i waena o nā mea mua - i nā wahi mehana, e hoʻomaka ana i Malaki. Akā he mau butterflies kēia e noho nei no ka makahiki ʻelua, moe lākou i nā hua i ka puna, a laila make lākou. Hōʻike nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i ka hoʻomaka o ke kauwela, a i ka waena o ke kauwela hele lākou i ka hoʻoilo e "hoʻoheheʻe" i ka puna. ʻO ia, ʻo ke ola o ka mauʻu lemongrass ma ke ʻano o kahi imago ma kahi o ʻeiwa mau mahina - no nā butterflies i ke ao he nui loa ia, a ma ʻEulopa lākou e hoʻopaʻa nei i kahi moʻolelo no ka lōʻihi.
No ka hoʻoilo hūnā lākou i loko o nā ulu lāʻau. ʻAʻole lākou makaʻu i ka hau: ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mālama ʻana i ka glycerol a me nā polypeptides e ʻae iā lākou e noho ola i ka hibernation a hiki i ka mahana o ka ea -40 ° C, ʻoiai no ka mea ma kahi puʻuhonua, keu hoʻi ma lalo o ka hau, ʻoi aku ka mahana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, weliweli nā laha no lākou: inā ala lākou, hoʻolilo lākou i ka nui o ka ikehu ma nā lele ʻana, a ʻoiai ʻaʻohe pua i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi hou i kāna lako. Me kahi anuanu anuanu, ʻaʻohe o lākou manawa e loaʻa ai kahi hale hou a hibernate hou - a make.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: butterfly Buckthorn
Noho hoʻokahi lākou, a i ke kau moʻo lele wale nō i ka pālua. Hāʻule i ka puna, a ʻo ka hana i nā kāne e hana nei i kahi ʻano male paʻakikī ʻole: ke hui lāua me kahi wahine kūpono, lele lākou ma hope ona ma kahi mamao iki no kekahi manawa. A laila iho ke kāne a ka wahine i ka nahele.
Ma hope o kēlā, nānā ka wahine i kahi kokoke i nā wana buckthorn i lawa ka ʻai a ka larva, a hoʻomoe i nā hua manu, hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha no kēlā me kēia lau, a hiki i ka haneli o ka huina. Mālama ʻia lākou i kahi huna huna. Oʻo nā hua i hoʻokahi hebedoma a ʻelua paha, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela ʻike ʻia kahi larva. Ma hope o ka puka ʻana, hoʻomaka ia e omo i ka lau - i ke ʻano o kahi ʻenuhe, momona loa ka lau nahele a ʻai kokoke i nā manawa āpau, e ulu ana mai 1.5 a 35 mm. ʻO ka manawa e ulu ai e pili ana i ke anilā - ʻoi aku ka mahana a me ka maloʻo, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻenuhe i ka nui i makemake ʻia a hele i loko o nā molts āpau. He 3-5 mau pule ka lōʻihi.
A laila pupates ʻo ia. ʻO ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i ke ʻano o ka pupa e pili ana i ke aniau a 10-20 mau lā - ʻo ka mehana, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka butterfly e ʻike. Ua hele i waho o ka cocoon, hoʻolōʻihi ʻo ia i kahi manawa e lele wale ai i mea e hohola ai i kona mau ʻeheu a hāʻawi iā lākou i ka ikaika, a laila hiki iā ia ke lele manuahi - ʻike koke ʻia kēlā kanaka kēia kanaka makua a hoʻomaʻamaʻa piha i ke ola. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, lawe nā pae āpau o ka hoʻomohala mai 40 a 60 mau lā, a ola ka butterfly mākua no 270 mau lā, ʻoiai e lilo ana kahi hapa nui o kēia manawa i ka hibernation.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā pepelu lemongrass
Kiʻi: butterfly lemongrass
Nui ka nui o lākou: hoʻoweliweli ka makaʻu i ka mauʻu i kēlā me kēia pae o ka hoʻomohala, no ka mea aia nā mea aloha i ka ʻai ʻana iā lākou i kēlā me kēia ʻano. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi no nā mākua o nā mākua, ʻoiai pono e hopu nā ʻōpala iā lākou, ʻaʻohe pilikia e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Ma waena o nā ʻenemi o ka mauʻu lemi:
- manu;
- punawelewele;
- nalo;
- naonao;
- ʻūpā ahi;
- na inikini e ae he nui.
Aia he nui aku ma mua o ka lawa pono o nā mea ʻaihue e hānai nei i nā butterflies, akā ʻo ko lākou ʻenemi weliweli loa he manu. ʻAi pinepine lākou i nā ʻenuhe, no ka mea, he ʻai momona lākou ʻaʻole pono e ʻimi ʻia. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, luku nā manu i ka awelika ma kahi o ka hapahā o nā ʻenuhe. Hoʻouka kekahi manu i nā kiʻi - ʻo ka hū pinepine ʻana iā lākou ke hoʻomaha a inu paha i ka nectar.
No lākou, ʻo ke ala maʻalahi e paʻi i ka mea i hoʻopā ʻia me ka nuku ke noho i lalo, a pepehi, a laila hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻeheu mai iā ia a ʻai i ke kino. ʻOiai dexterous lawa kekahi e hopu i nā butterflies i ka lele, no ka laʻana, hana wale nā ale i kēlā. Akā ʻaʻole makaʻu nui nā manu a me nā mea ʻaihue i ka nui no nā mākua - hiki iā lākou ke lele aku, ʻokoʻa, kōkua ke kala pale, no laila paʻakikī e ʻike iā lākou ke hoʻomaha lākou. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī no nā ʻenuhe: ʻimi ʻia lākou e kahi nui o nā predators, e like me nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻoi loa ka paʻakikī no nā butterflies makua - a ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele a pakele paha. Eia hou, ʻoiai he ʻeleʻele pale kā nā ʻenuhe, hāʻawi ʻia lākou e nā lau i ʻai ʻia.
Makemake ʻia nā anuhe e nā ants, nāna lākou i pepehi me ke kōkua o nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia o nā hui nui a laila kauō iā lākou i ko lākou mau pūnana. Hiki i nā nalo Parasitic ke waiho pono i nā hua i nā ʻenuhe ola. Puka mai nā larvae mai iā lākou a laila ʻai i ka ʻenuhe no kahi manawa lōʻihi e ola nei. I kekahi manawa make ʻo ia ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻohe ona manawa e lilo i pupa, akā ʻoiai ke hiki ke ola a hiki i kēia, koho ʻia nā parasites mai ka pupa, ʻaʻole loa he butterfly. Hoʻohui ʻia, maʻalahi ka butterflies i nā bacteria, nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me nā fungi, a hiki i nā ticks liʻiliʻi ke parasitize iā lākou.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Pepeiao lemi i ka puna
ʻOiai ʻoluʻolu nā ʻenuhe e pili ana i ka meaʻai, pālahalaha nā mea kanu a lākou e makemake ai, no laila ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻoweliweli i ka mauʻu. ʻOiai, ʻaʻole hiki i nā hana a ke kanaka ke hoʻopili iā lākou - ʻo nā wahi i noho ʻia e nā lāʻau buckthorn ua emi nui i ka kenekulia i hala, a hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pesticides - akā ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka hāʻule o ka helu o nā butterflies.
Aia nō ka nui o ka mauʻu lemongrass, akā pili kēia i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a i kekahi o kona mau wahi aia ka hāʻule ikaika o ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau butterflies. No laila, i loko o Netherlands, ua hāpai ʻia ka pilikia o ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻano mea make i ka pae kūloko a me ka pale kūpono. Akā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ka genus ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa i ke kūlana o kahi palekana - kahi ākea ākea e ʻae iā ʻoe e hopohopo ʻole i kona ola ʻana. Nui nā lau nahele i Lūkia, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pae a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka heluna o kekahi ʻano, a i ʻole e pau paha ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make.
Pili kēia i nā ʻano ʻelua - hopena i nā mokupuni ʻo Canary, Gonepteryx cleobule a me palmae. Noho wale ka hope i ka mokupuni ʻo Palma. ʻO kekahi ʻano, ʻo Gonepteryx maderensis, ka mea hope loa i ka mokupuni ʻo Madeira, i lalo o kahi pale e like me ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau butterflies i hōʻemi nui i nā makahiki i hala aku nei. Eia hou, i nā kihi o ko mākou honua mamao loa mai ka lāhui, hiki i nā ʻano lemongrass i hōʻike ʻole ʻia ma muli o kā lākou rarity hiki ke ola.
ʻO ka mauʻu lemi i nā lūlū weliweli ʻole, ʻo kekahi o nā mea lele mua i ka puna a he kuleana nui i ka pollination o nā pua puna. ʻAʻole pālahalaha lākou e like me ka urticaria, akā maʻamau pū kekahi lākou, a noho i ka hapa nui o Rūsia. Yellow melemele papamoa lemona - kekahi o nā mea hoʻonani o ke kau mahana.
Lā hoʻopuka: 04.06.2019
Lā hou: 20.09.2019 ma 22:36
