Aeto ʻōhule hōʻike i kahi laʻana o ka mana a me ke kiʻekiʻe, kūʻokoʻa a me ka nui. ʻO ka manu manu o ʻAmelika Hema kekahi o nā hōʻailona aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a no ka ʻohana hawk ia. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe India i ka manu me ke akua; pili nā kaʻao a me nā loina iā lākou. Hoʻopili ʻia kāna mau kiʻi i nā pāpale mahiole, nā pale, nā pā a me nā lole.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Bald Eagle
I ka makahiki 1766, ua koho ka mea kūlohelohe Kuekene ʻo Karl Linnaeus i ka ʻaeto me he manu falcon lā a ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ʻo Falco leucocephalus. 53 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻokomo ka mea kūnānana Farani Jules Savigny i ka manu i loko o ka genus Haliaeetus (unuhi maoli ʻia e like me ka ʻaeto kai), a hiki wale i ka manawa o ka ʻaeto ʻaole keʻokeʻo wale nō.
He pili pili loa nā manu ʻelua. Ma muli o ka hoʻokalakupua molekino, ua hōʻike ʻia ua kaʻawale ko lākou kūpuna maʻamau mai ke koena o nā ʻaeto ma kahi o 28 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Aia i waena o nā koena fossil kahiko o nā lāhui e noho nei i kēia manawa nā mea i loaʻa i loko o ke ana o Colorado. Wahi a nā ʻepekema, aia lākou ma kahi o 680-770 tausani makahiki.
Wikiō: Eagle Bald
ʻElua mau ʻāpana o ka ʻaeto ʻōhule, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui wale nō. Hoʻolahalaha nā ʻāpana nui i Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Michigan, South Dakota, New Jersey, a me Pennsylvania. Noho ka lua o ka heihei ma nā palena hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Mekiko.
Mai ka 1972, ua hōʻike ʻia kēia manu ma ka sila nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Eia kekahi, paʻi ʻia ke kiʻi o kahi aeto ʻōhule ma nā panikō, nā kapa o nā lima a me nā hōʻailona mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ma ke kapa kila o ʻAmelike Hui Pū ʻIa, paʻa ka manu i lālā lālā ʻoliva i loko o hoʻokahi pā, he hōʻailona o ka maluhia, a he pua i kekahi, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ke kaua.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu ʻaeto ʻōhule
ʻO nā aeto ʻōhule kekahi o nā manu nui loa ma ʻAkau ʻAmelika. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui i ko lākou hoahānau - ka ʻaeto ʻaole keʻokeʻo. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kino i 80-120 cm, ke kaumaha 3-6 kg, ʻāheu 180-220 cm.ʻO nā wahine he 1/4 nui aʻe ma mua o nā kāne.
ʻO nā manu e noho ana i ka ʻākau o ka pae ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka poʻe e noho ana i ka hema.
- ma Karolina Hema, ʻo ka awelika o ke kaumaha o ka manu he 3.28 kg;
- i Alaska - 4.6 kg no nā kāne a 6.3 no nā wahine.
Lōʻihi ka nuku, melemele-gula, lou. Hāʻawi nā puʻupuʻu i nā maka i nā ʻaeto. Paws melemele aniani, ʻaʻohe plumage. He mau māiʻu ʻoi nā manamana lōʻihi lōʻihi. Hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka mākū hope, mahalo i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa i ka mea pio me ko lākou mau manamana lima mua, a me ka manamana hope, e like me ka awl, e hou i nā mea ola o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
Melemele nā maka. He ākea nā ʻeheu, waena ka huelo i ka nui. He poʻo pouli a huelo ko nā manu ʻōpio. Hiki keʻokeʻo-enaena ke kino. I ka makahiki ʻeono o ke ola, loaʻa nā hulu i kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻano. Mai kēia makahiki, lilo ke poʻo a me ka huelo i keʻokeʻo kūʻē i ke kumu o kahi ʻane ʻeleʻele o ke kino.
ʻO nā keiki hipa hou he ʻulaʻula kona, a hina hina i kekahi mau wahi, nā wāwae wāwae. Ma hope o ʻekolu mau pule, e uliuli ka ʻili, a melemele nā wāwae. ʻO ka plumage mua he kala kokoleka. Hōʻike ʻia nā māka keʻokeʻo e ka makahiki ʻekolu. Ma nā makahiki 3.5, ʻaneʻane keʻokeʻo ke poʻo.
No kona ʻano helehelena paʻakikī, nāwaliwali ka leo o kēia mau manu. ʻO nā kani a lākou e hana ai e like me ke ʻaukā. Kāhea ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he "kik kik kick-kick-kick". I ka hoʻoilo, i ka hui o nā ʻaeto ʻē aʻe, makemake nā manu e kani.
Ma hea e noho ai ka aeto ʻōhule?
Kiʻi: holoholona ʻaeto ʻōhule
ʻIke ʻia nā wahi noho manu ma Kanada, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka ʻākau o Mekiko. Eia kekahi, kaulana ka lehulehu ma nā mokupuni Palani o Saint-Pierre a me Miquelon. ʻO ka helu nui loa o nā aeto ʻōhule ma nā wahi kokoke i ka moana, nā kahawai a me nā loko. I kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka ma Bermuda, Pokoliko, ʻIlani.
A hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻike ʻia nā manu lele ma ka Hikina Rūkia. I ka wā o ka huakaʻi a Vitus Bering, ua kuhikuhi kahi luna Lūkini i kāna hōʻike i nā kānaka noiʻi e pono e hoʻolilo i ka hoʻoilo ma nā mokupuni ʻo Commander i ka ʻiʻo aeto. I ke kenekulia 20, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi hōʻailona o ka pūnana i kēia mau wahi.
Aia ka wahi noho o nā manu o ka mea pio ma kahi kokoke i nā wai nui - nā moana, nā kahawai nui a me nā loko, nā wai wai wai. ʻO ke kahakai aia ma 11 mau mile ka lōʻihi. No kahi hui pūnana, koi ʻia kahi waihona wai ma kahi o 8 hectares. Pili pono ke koho ʻana o ka ʻāina i ka nui o nā meaʻai e hiki ke loaʻa ma aneʻi. Inā waiwai ka wahi i ka waiwai pio, e kiʻekiʻe ana ka mānoanoa
Hoʻokomo nā manu i nā ululāʻau coniferous a deciduous, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mika mai ka wai. No ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pūnana, ʻimi ʻia kahi lāʻau nunui me ka lei aliʻi ākea. I ka wā hānau, e hōʻalo i nā wahi kahi e noho pinepine ai ke kanaka, ʻoiai inā he wahi kēia me kahi nui o nā pio.
Inā uhi ʻia ke kino o ka wai i ka wahi i noho ʻia me ka hau i ka hoʻoilo, neʻe aku nā aeto ʻōhule i ka hema, i kahi me kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa. Hele wale lākou, akā no ka pō hiki iā lākou ke ʻākoakoa i nā hui. ʻOiai lele kaʻawale nā hoa, ʻike lākou i kekahi i ka wā hoʻoilo a pūnana hou i nā pālua.
He aha ka ʻai o ka ʻaeto ʻōhule?
Kiʻi: Bald Eagle USA
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā manu lele ka mea nui o ka iʻa a me ka pāʻani liʻiliʻi. Inā hiki, hiki i ka ʻaeto ke lawe i ka meaʻai mai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ʻai i ke kino make. Ma ke kumu o ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike, ua hōʻoia ʻia he 58% o nā meaʻai āpau i hoʻopau ʻia he iʻa, 26% no nā manuʻai, 14% no nā māmela a me 2% no nā hui ʻē aʻe. Makemake nā aeto i nā iʻa i nā ʻano meaʻai ʻē aʻe.
Aia i ka mokuʻāina, ʻai nā manu:
- ʻalekona;
- coho salmon;
- Herring Pākīpika;
- Chukuchan nui lipped;
- carp;
- trout;
- mullet;
- pike ʻeleʻele;
- puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu
Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka iʻa i ka loko iʻa, e ʻimi nā ʻaeto ʻōhule i nā manu ʻē aʻe:
- limu;
- ʻalalā;
- ʻahuʻula;
- ʻēpē;
- ʻona.
I kekahi manawa hoʻouka lākou i nā kānaka nui e like me ke kēa poʻo keʻokeʻo, ka moana kai, pelika keʻokeʻo. Ma muli o ka pale nāwaliwali o nā pūʻulu manu kolone, hoʻouka ka ʻaeto i ka lewa, hopu i nā moa a me nā mākua i ka lele, a hiki ke ʻaihue a ʻai i kā lākou mau hua. ʻO kahi mahele liʻiliʻi o ka papaʻai e hele mai nā mammals.
Ma waho o ka make, ʻaʻole nā mea a pau o nā ʻaeto i nui aku ma mua o ka hare i ka nui:
- ʻiole;
- muskrat;
- lāpaki;
- ʻōniʻoniʻo onionio;
- gophers
Hiki i kekahi poʻe e noho ana ma nā mokupuni ke ʻimi i nā hōʻailona pēpē, nā liona kai, nā ʻākeke kai. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hoʻāʻo e alualu holoholona. Akā nō naʻe, makemake lākou e kāpae i nā kānaka a ʻimi i ka nāhelehele. ʻAʻole komo nā ʻaeto i kahi kaua kūlike ʻole me nā holoholona nui a ikaika.
Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia no ka hihia hoʻokahi i ka wā i kūʻē ai ka ʻaeto ʻōhule i kahi hipa hāpai hāpai ma luna o 60 kilokilo.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Bald Eagle
Hānai nui ka mea ʻaihue i ka wai pāpaʻu. Mai ka lewa, ʻike ʻo ia i ka mea pio, luʻu ikaika i lalo a lālau i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia me kahi neʻe ʻana. I ka manawa like, hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i kona mau wāwae wale nō, maloʻo ke koena o nā plumage. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka lele maʻamau he 55-70 mau kilomika i kēlā me kēia hola, a ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka luʻu ʻana he 125-165 mau kilomika i kēlā me kēia hola.
ʻO ke kaumaha o kā lākou mea pio e loli maʻamau ma waena o 1-3 kilokilo. ʻOiai i loko o nā puke aia kahi ʻōlelo hilinaʻi e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana o ka predator i kahi dia pēpē e kau ana ma kahi o 6 kilokilo, e hoʻonohonoho ana i kahi ʻano o nā moʻolelo i waena o kāna ʻano. He kākalaioa kā lākou ma ko lākou mau manamana lima e kōkua ai e hoʻomau i ka ʻai.
Inā kaumaha loa ka ukana, huki ia nā ʻaeto i loko o ka wai, a ʻauʻau lākou i kahakai. Inā anuanu loa ka wai, hiki i ka manu ke make i ka maʻi hypothermia. Hiki i nā aeto ke ʻimi pū: ʻo kekahi e hoʻohuli i ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia, ʻoiai hoʻouka kekahi iā ia ma hope. Makemake lākou e hopu hopu iā ia me ke kāhāhā.
Kaulana nā aeto ʻōhule no ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai mai nā manu ʻē aʻe a holoholona paha. Loaʻa nā meaʻai i kēia ala i 5% o ka nui o ka papaʻai. I ka ʻike o ka lawa ʻole o ka ʻike hahai holoholona, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻōpio i kēlā ʻano hana. I ka wā o kahi hakakā me nā mea a ka ʻaeto i ʻaihue ai i ka pio, hiki ke ʻai ʻia nā mea nona nā meaʻai.
I ka nahelehele, ʻo ke ola o nā manu ʻaihue he 17-20 mau makahiki. ʻO ka ʻaeto ʻōhule ʻōpio a hiki i ka makahiki 2010 i manaʻo ʻia he manu mai Maine. I kona manawa i make ai, he 32 kona mau makahiki a me 11 mau makahiki. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā manu ma nā hale manu - a i 36 mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: puke ʻulaʻula ʻo Bald Eagle
Hana ʻia ka moekolohe ma kahi o 4-7 mau makahiki. ʻO nā aeto ʻōhule he mau manu monogamous wale nō: moe lākou me hoʻokahi wahine wale nō. Manaʻo ʻia he kūpaʻa nā hoa i kekahi i kekahi i ko lākou ola. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pololei kēia. Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻi mai kekahi mai ka hoʻoilo, ke ʻimi nei ka lua i kahi paʻa hou. Hana ʻia ka mea like ke hiki ʻole i kekahi o nā pālua ke hoʻohua.
I ka wā o ka moena, alualu kekahi manu i kekahi me kekahi, somersault i ka lewa a hana i nā hana like ʻole. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha loa o lākou ke hui pū nā hoa me nā māiʻuʻu, a me ka wili, hāʻule i lalo. Wehe wale lākou i ko lākou mau manamana lima ma ka honua a lele hou i luna. Hiki i ke kāne a me ka wahine ke noho pū ma ka lālā a hamo i kekahi i kekahi me ko lākou nuku.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pai, ua koho nā manu i kahi no ka pūnana e hiki mai ana. Ma Florida, hoʻomaka ka wā hoʻomoe i ʻOkakopa, ma Alaska mai Ianuali, ma Ohio mai Pepeluali. Kūkulu ʻia ka hale manu i ka lei o ka lāʻau ola ʻaʻole mamao loa mai nā kino wai. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā pūnana i nā nui kupaianaha.
Kūkulu nā aeto ʻōhule i nā pūnana nui loa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ua helu ʻia kekahi o lākou i ka Guinness Book of Records. He 6 mika kona kiʻekiʻe a ʻoi aku kona kaumaha ma mua o ʻelua tone.
I hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana kūkulu hale, moe ka wahine mai 1 a i 3 mau hua me ka wā a ʻelua mau lā. Inā hōʻino ʻia ka paʻa, hoʻomoe hou nā wahine i nā hua. Ma hope o 35 mau lā, hatch nā moa. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka waiho ʻana, ua hānau mua ʻia kekahi, a ʻo kekahi ma hope. Aia ka wahine i ka pūnana i nā manawa āpau a hānai i nā pēpē. Loaʻa nā meaʻai i ke kāne.
Ma ka pule 6, ua ʻike nā keiki pīpī iā lākou iho i ka haehae ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, a na 10 lākou e mahuka mua. I ka hapalua o lākou, pau ia i ka holo ʻole a hala nā keiki i kekahi mau pule ma ka honua. Ma hope o ko lākou aʻo ʻana e lele, ʻo nā moa me ko lākou mau mākua no kekahi manawa, a laila lele lākou.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā aeto ʻōhule
Kiʻi: American Bald Eagle
ʻOiai aia nā manu manu i ka piko o ke kaulahao meaʻai, ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻenemi kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe o nā kānaka. Hiki ke hōʻino ʻia nā pūnana e nā raccoons a i ʻole nā pue aeto, e makemake ana e ʻahaʻaina i nā hua. Inā aia ka hale aeto e noho ai ma ka honua, e iho i nā ʻalopeke Arctic i loko ona.
I ka manawa o ka neʻe nui ʻana, ua ʻimi nā mea noho i nā manu haʻuki a kī ʻia lākou ma muli o kā lākou plumage nani. I ko lākou wahi noho, kua ʻia nā lāʻau a kūkulu ʻia ke kahakai. Ma muli o ka māhuahua o nā wahi noho, ua pau nā lako wai. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka luku ʻia o nā wahi a nā manu i noho ai i mau makahiki he nui i hala.
Ua manaʻo ka ʻInia ʻo Ojibwe ua kōkua nā iwi o nā ʻaeto i ke kāpae ʻana i nā maʻi, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā māiʻuʻu e like me nā mea hoʻonani a me nā mea leʻaleʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia nā hulu i nā koa no ke kūlana kūikawā a hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā hanauna i kēia hanauna. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā manu he ʻelele na ke Akua.
Makemake nā mahiʻai i nā ʻaeto ma muli o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā manu kūloko. Manaʻoʻiʻo pū lākou i ka lawaiʻa ʻana o nā iʻa i ka nui o nā iʻa mai nā loko. I mea e pale aku ai iā lākou, ua pīpī ka poʻe kamaʻāina i nā kupapaʻu o nā bipi me nā mea ʻona. Ma ka 1930, ua lilo ka manu i mea ʻole i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a noho nui i Alaska.
I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau ʻona DDT i ka mahiʻai. Ua hoʻopau ʻole ʻia e nā manu me ka ʻai, a ʻo ka hopena i hoʻohaunaele ʻia ai ka pūnao calcium i loko o ko lākou mau kino. Ua nāwaliwali loa nā hua a haki ma lalo o ke kaupaona o ka wahine.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻElena ʻōhule i ka lele
Ma mua o ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe ʻEulopa ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika ʻAkau, aia ma kahi o 500 tausani ʻaeto ʻōhule i noho ai. Ua paʻi ʻo Artist John Audubon i kahi ʻatikala ma kāna makasina i ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, e hōʻike ana i kona hopohopo e pili ana i ke kī ʻana i nā manu. Pololei ʻo ia, ua lilo ka ʻaeto i laha laha ʻole ma United States.
I nā makahiki 1950, aia ma kahi o 50 tausani mau mea ʻaihue. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā kemika i hopena maikaʻi loa i nā aeto kai, ua mālama ʻia kahi helu luna i nā makahiki 1960 mua, kahi 478 mau pā hānau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
I ka makahiki 1972, hoʻolauna nā luna i ka pāpā o kēia lāʻau make a hoʻomaka ka helu e ola wikiwiki. I ka 2006, ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o 20 mau manawa, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1963 - a hiki i 9879. I ka 1992, ʻo ka nui o nā aeto ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa he 115 tausani mau kānaka, a he 50 mau tausani i noho ma Alaska a me 20 ma British Columbia.
Ua loli ke kūlana mālama o nā mea ʻino. I ka makahiki 1967, ma ka hema o ka pae, ʻike ʻia nā manu ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻane make. Ma 1978, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kūlana i nā mokuʻāina holoʻokoʻa āpau, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia o Michigan, Oregon, Wisconsin, Minnesota a me Wakinekona.
I ka 1995, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ke kūlana mālama i Vulnerable. Ma 2007, ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka helu, ua kāpae ʻia ʻo ia mai nā ʻāpana ʻelua. Ke holo mau nei ke kānāwai 1940 no ka pale ʻana i nā aeto, no ka mea, ke emi nei ka wahi noho i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e kū nā mākaʻi holoholona i ka ʻimi manu ʻana.
ʻO Bald Eagle Guard
Kiʻi: ʻElena ʻōhule mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
I loko o ka International Red Data Book, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano i ka mahele o ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi. I loko o ka puke ʻulaʻula o ka Russian Federation, hāʻawi ʻia i kahi kūlana kūpono ʻole (mahele 4). ʻO kekahi mau ʻaelike kūwaho a me ka Convention on International Trade in Bohib Species e kākoʻo ana i ka pale ʻana i nā lāhui.
Mai ka 1918, aia kahi ʻaelike ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Pelekane Nui e pāpā i ke kī ʻana o nā manu lele he 600 a ʻoi paha. I ka makahiki 1940, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka ʻaeto ʻōhule. Aia kekahi kānāwai ākea e hoʻopaʻi ana i ka luku ʻia, kalepa ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manu a i ʻole kā lākou mau hua. He kānāwai ʻokoʻa kā Kanada e pāpā ana i nā kuleana o nā manu a i ʻole nā ʻokana.
Ke ʻae nei i kahi manu i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e koi i ka ʻae palapala mai ka Eagle Exhibition. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hāʻawi ʻia ka laikini i ka poʻe makemake, akā i nā ʻoihana aupuni e like me nā zoo, nā hale hōʻikeʻike, a me nā kaiāulu ʻepekema. Kūpono no 3 mau makahiki. Pono ka hui e hoʻolako i nā manu me nā kūlana hōʻoluʻolu wale nō, akā ʻo kekahi limahana o nā limahana i hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūikawā ʻia.
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, i ka wā i hoʻoweliweli ʻia ke ola o nā laha, hana ʻia nā papahana he nui e hānai i ka laha i ka pio a hoʻokuʻu i nā moa i ka nahelehele. Ua hana nā Ornithologists i mau pai pālua. Ua hoʻoili lākou i ka paʻa mua i kahi incubator, ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka lua e nā wahine. Ma luna o ke ola holoʻokoʻa o ka papahana, ua hānai ʻia he 123 mau kānaka.
I kēia mau lā ʻaeto ʻōhule aia ma ʻō a ma ʻaneʻi i nā mea hoʻohana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e like me nā hae o ka pūʻali koa, nā kūlana pelekikena, ka pila kālā hoʻokahi, a me ka 25 keneta kālā. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi e nā ʻoihana pilikino e hoʻolaha i ke kumu o ʻAmelika, e like me American Airlines a i ʻole Pratt Whitney.
Ka lā paʻi: 05/07/2019
Lā hou: 20.09.2019 ma 17:34
