Yak holoholona kīkoa nui, ʻano laha loa. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka genus he loloa lōʻihi a shaggy, e kau kokoke ana i ka honua. Ua noho ʻia nā yaks hihiu mai ka Himalayas a i ka Lake Baikal ma Siberia, a i ka makahiki 1800 aia nō ka nui o lākou ma Tibet.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Yak
ʻO nā koena Fossil o kahi yak kahu a me kona kūpuna hihiu e hoʻi i ka Pleistocene. I loko o nā makahiki he 10,000 i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka yak ma ka Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a hoʻonui ʻia ma kahi o 2.5 miliona km². ʻOiai ʻo Tibet ke kikowaena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka yak, ua loaʻa nā yaks kahu hānai i nā ʻāina he nui, e like me ka ʻāina nui ʻAmelika.
Video: Yak
Kāhea ʻia ka yak ma ke ʻano he pipi. Eia nō naʻe, pili hewa ka hoʻopili DNA mitochondrial e hoʻoholo i ka mōʻaukala evolution of yaks. ʻOkoʻa paha ka yak mai ka pipi, a aia kekahi mau manaʻo e like me ke ʻano o ka bison ma mua o nā lālā ʻē aʻe o kāna ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! Ua ʻike ʻia kahi pili maoli o ka lāhui, ʻo Bos baikalensis, ma ka hikina o Rūsia, e ʻōlelo ana i kahi ala kūpono no nā kūpuna like me nā keiki o ka bison ʻAmelika e komo i ʻAmelika.
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka yak hihiu a mālama ʻia e ka poʻe Qiang kahiko. ʻO nā palapala Kina mai ka wā kahiko (ʻewalu kenekulia BC) e hōʻike nei i ka hana paʻa lōʻihi a ka yak i ka moʻomeheu a me ke ola o nā kānaka. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo yaknae kūhiu e Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1766 ma ke ʻano he Bos grunniens ("subspecies of the domestic yak"), akā pili kēia inoa i pili wale nō i ka formestic, me Bos mutus ("dumb ox") ka inoa i makemake ʻia no ka hihiu. nā ʻano.
Ke hoʻomau nei kekahi mau zologist e noʻonoʻo i ka yak wild a subspecies o Bos grunniens mutus, i ka 2003 ka ICZN i hoʻopuka i kahi palapala kauoha e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka inoa Bos mutus no nā kānaka hihiu, a i kēia lā ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka yak home (B. grunniens) - he bipi lauoho lōʻihi i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina Himalayan o ka mokupuni ʻo India, ma ka pā Tibet a ʻoiai ma ka ʻākau ʻo Mongolia a me Rūsia - mai ka yak hihi (B. mutus). Ua hoʻokaʻawale nā kūpuna o ka yak a me ka home a haʻalele iā Bos primigenius mai hoʻokahi a ʻelima miliona mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Animal yak
Kūkulu nui ʻia ʻo Yaks i nā holoholona me kahi kino nui, nā wāwae ikaika, nā ʻāpana koloka poepoe, a me nā huluhulu elongated nui e kau ana ma lalo o ka ʻōpū. ʻOiai ʻeleʻele mau nā yaks hihiu (ʻeleʻele i brown), hiki i nā yaks kūloko ke ʻano ʻokoʻa i ke kala, me nā pāhū o ka pala, ʻeleʻele a me ka momona i ke kala. He pepeiao liʻiliʻi ko lākou a me ka lae ākea me nā pepeiaohao ʻeleʻele.
I nā kāne (bipi) puka nā pepeiaohao mai nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, a laila kūlou i mua, he lōʻihi 49 a 98 cm. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pepeiaohao o nā wahine ma 27-64 cm, a ʻoi aku ka pololei. He ʻāʻī pōkole ko nā kāne ʻelua me ka puʻupuʻu i haʻi ʻia ma nā poʻohiwi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka ʻike o kēia i nā kāne. Kaupaona nā yak kāne kāne ma waena o 350 a me 585 kg. ʻO ke kaumaha o nā wahine - mai 225 a 255 kg. ʻOi aku ke kaumaha o nā yaks hihiu, kaupaona nā bipi i 1000 kg, wahine - 350 kg.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka lāhui, he kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o nā yaks kūloko o 111-138 cm ma nā mea mae, a me nā wahine - 105-127 cm. ʻO nā yaks hihiu nā holoholona nui loa i ko lākou pae. ʻO nā mākua ma kahi o 1.6-2.2 m ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ke kino mai 2.5 a 3.3 m, ke kāpae nei i ka huelo mai 60 a 100 cm. ʻO ke kaupaona ʻana o nā wahine ma kahi o ke kolu o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o nā laina e pili ana 30% emi mai ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kāne.
He mea hoihoi! ʻŪhū nā yaks kūloko a, ʻokoʻa i nā pipi, mai hana i kahi kani haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka bovine haʻahaʻa. Ua hoʻonāukiuki kēia i ka inoa ʻepekema no ka yak, Bos grunniens (grunting bull). Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Nikolai Przhevalsky i ka mana hihiu o ka yak - B. mutus (bipi mālie), me ka manaʻo ʻaʻole ʻo ia e kani iki.
Loaʻa i nā kāne ʻelua i ka lole shaggy lōʻihi me ka underly kapa huluhulu mānoanoa ma ka umauma, nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻūhā e ʻumeʻume iā lākou mai ke anuanu. I ke kauwela, hāʻule ka undercoat a hoʻohana ʻia e nā kamaʻāina kūloko no nā pono o ka home. I nā bipi, hiki i ka palule ke hana i kahi "pale" lōʻihi i hiki i kekahi manawa i ka honua.
Lōʻihi ka huelo a like me ko ka lio, ʻaʻole ka huelo o ka bipi a bison paha. He huluhulu nā hū i nā wahine a me ka scrotum i nā kāne a me ka liʻiliʻi no ka pale ʻana mai ke anuanu. ʻEhā mau nipples o nā wahine.
Ma hea e noho ai ka yak?
Kiʻi: Wild yak
ʻIke ʻia nā yaks hihiu ma ka ʻākau o Tibet + komohana Qinghai, me kekahi mau heluna e pāhola aku ana i nā wahi hema loa o Xinjiang a me Ladakh ma India. Loaʻa nā heluna liʻiliʻi, kaʻawale o nā ʻano hihiu i kahi mamao aku, ma ke komohana Tibet + hikina ʻo Qinghai. I ka wā ma mua, ua noho nā yaks hihiu ma Nepal a me Bhutan, akā i kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia ua pau lākou i nā ʻāina ʻelua.
ʻO ka wahi noho o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻole ma waena o 3000 a me 5500 m, i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā kuahiwi a me nā kula nui. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou i ka alpine tundra me kahi kapeta mānoanoa o nā mauʻu a me nā sedges, ma kahi o nā ʻāina ʻole.
He mea hoihoi! Hoʻololi ʻia ka physiology o ka holoholona i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ʻo kona māmā a me ka puʻuwai i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā bipi ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, hiki i ke koko ke hiki ke hāpai i ka nui o ka oxygen ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka fetog (fetal) hemoglobin i loko o ke ola.
ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻike nā yaks i nā pilikia ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa a ʻeha ka overheating i nā mahana ma luna ma kahi o 15 ° C. ʻO ka hoʻololi anuanu o - kahi momona o ka momona subcutaneite a aneane pau ʻole o nā glandes hou.
Ma Rūsia, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā zoo, loaʻa wale nā yaks i nā home ma nā wahi like me Tyva (ma kahi o 10,000 poʻo) + Altai a me Buryatia (i nā kope hoʻokahi).
Ma waho o Tibet, makemake nui ʻia ka yak home me nā poʻe nomad:
- Inia;
- Kina;
- Takisitana;
- Butana;
- Kasakana;
- Apekanikana;
- ʻIrana;
- Pakitana;
- Kaikikana;
- Nepala;
- Usepekikana;
- Monokolia.
Ma lalo o ka USSR, ua loli ka lāhui kūloko o ka yak i ka North Caucasus, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ke aʻa ma Armenia.
He aha ka ʻai a ka yak?
Kiʻi: Yak i ke kūlohelohe
Noho ʻino ka yak hihi i nā wahi ʻekolu me nā lau nahele like ʻole: nā kula alpine, nā ʻāpana alpine a me nā steppe wao akua. He wahi nui ko kēlā me kēia wahi noho o ka mauʻu, akā ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o nā mauʻu / nāhelehele, ka nui o nā mea kanu, ka awelika o ka mahana a me ka ua.
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā yaks hihiu ka nui o nā mauʻu a me nā sedges. Akā ʻai lākou i nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi a me nā limu hoʻi. Hele ka poʻe ruminants i kekahi manawa i ka pāpū o lalo e ʻai i ka mauʻu momona. I ka wā e mahana ai, hoʻi lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe e ʻai i nā limu a me nā laikini, a ʻili lākou i nā pōhaku me ko lākou mau alelo elelo. Ke pono lākou e inu i ka wai, ʻai lākou i ka hau.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā holoholona, nui ʻole ka ʻōpū o nā yaks, ka mea e ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻai i ka nui o nā meaʻai maikaʻi ʻole i ka manawa hoʻokahi a ʻānai iā ia no ka lōʻihi e lawe i ka nui o nā meaʻai.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻopau ʻo Yaks i ka 1% o ko lākou kino kaumaha i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻoiai nā pipi e koi i 3% e mālama i kā lākou kūlana hana.
Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo nui, ʻaʻohe o kahi ʻaʻala o ka yak a me kāna manure i hiki ke loaʻa ke mālama pono ʻia i nā wahi hānai a i ʻole i kahi paddock me ke komo kūpono i ka hānai a me ka wai. Kū'ē ka hulu Yak i nā pilau.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: puke ʻoka ʻula
Hoʻolilo nā yaks hihiu i ka hapa nui o kā lākou manawa e ʻai ai, i kekahi manawa neʻe i nā wahi like ʻole e like me ke kau. He holoholona holoholona lākou. Hiki i nā holoholona ke komo i mau haneli mau kānaka, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapa nui. Noho nui i nā holoholona o 2 a 5 mau kānaka no nā kāne kāne hoʻokahi a me 8 a 25 mau kānaka i nā kahu wahine. Noho kaʻawale nā wahine a me nā kāne no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki.
ʻO nā pūʻā nui nui nā wahine a me kā lākou ʻōpio. ʻAi ka wahine i ka 100 m kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kāne. Mālama nā wahine me nā yaks ʻōpiopio i ka ʻai ʻana ma nā pali kiʻekiʻe. Holo mālie nā hui e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe i ka wā hoʻoilo. Hiki i nā yaks hihiu ke lilo i hakakā i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻōpio a i ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, pale pinepine lākou i nā kānaka a hiki ke holo i kahi lōʻihi inā kokoke.
Hoihoi ia! Wahi a ka hōʻike a N.M. Przhevalsky, ka mea nāna i wehewehe mua i ka yak wild, i ka kenekulia 19, ʻo nā kau bipi yak-me nā keiki bipi liʻiliʻi he mau haneli, a he mau tausani paha poʻo.
Hiki i nā B.grunniens ke oʻo kolohe ma 6-8 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole mālama lākou i ka manawa mahana a makemake i nā mahana anuanu. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi yak ma kahi o 25 mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: pēpē Yak
Hoa kāne yaks hihiu i ke kauwela, mai Iulai a Kepakemapa, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kaiapuni kūloko. Hānau ʻia hoʻokahi bipi keiki i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. I loko o ka makahiki, holoholo nā bipi kauō i nā hui liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōpio mai nā kau nui, akā i ke kokoke ʻana o ke kau moʻo, lilo lākou i mea hakakā a hakakā pinepine kekahi i kekahi e hoʻokumu i ka noho aliʻi.
Ma waho aʻe o nā hoʻoweliweli ʻole, nā uwō a me nā pepeiaohao e ʻōpala ana i ka honua, hoʻokūkū pū kekahi mau bipi yak me kekahi i kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilina kino, e kuʻi pinepine ana i ko lākou mau poʻo a hui pū paha me nā pepeiaohao sparring. E like me ka bison, ʻōwili nā kāne i ka lepo maloʻo i ka wā o ka rut, e honi pinepine i ka mimi a i ʻole ka lepo.
Komo nā wahine i ka estrus a i ʻehā mau manawa o ka makahiki, akā maʻalahi wale lākou no kekahi mau hola i kēlā me kēia pōʻaiapuni. Noho ka manawa hānau mai 257 a 270 mau lā, no laila hānau ʻia nā keiki bipi ʻōpio ma waena o Mei a me Iune. ʻIke ka wahine i kahi mehameha e hānau ai, akā hiki i ka pēpē ke hele wāwae ma kahi o ʻumi mau minuke ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a hui hou ka pāpālua me ka pua. ʻO nā wahine, nā hihiu a me nā home, hānau maʻamau hoʻokahi wale nō i ka makahiki.
Ua ukuhi ʻia nā keiki bipi ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki a kūʻokoʻa lākou ma hope koke iho. ʻEleʻele nā keiki bipi hihiu i ka kala, a ma hope e ulu lākou i ka lauoho makua ʻeleʻele. Hānau pinepine nā wahine wahine no ka manawa mua ma ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehā paha o ka makahiki a hōʻea i ko lākou kūlana reproduction kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o ʻeono makahiki o ko lākou makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka yaks
Kiʻi: holoholona Yak
He ʻaʻala nui ke ʻano o ka yak hihi, makaʻala, makaʻu a ʻimi e holo koke ke ʻike ʻia ka pilikia. E holo koke kahi holoholona koloi ʻia, akā inā huhū a kihi ʻia paha, lilo ia i kolohe a hoʻouka i ka mea komo hewa. Hoʻohui ʻia, hana nā yaks i nā hana ʻē aʻe e pale aku iā lākou iho, e like me ke kani ʻana o ka leo nui a me ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka hoʻoweliweli i ʻike ʻia.
Mea ʻaihue kaulana:
- Nā ʻīlio Tibet (Canis lupus);
- Kanaka (Homo Sapiens).
ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ʻo ka wolf Tibet ka predator kūlohelohe maoli o ka yak hihiu, akā ʻo nā bea ʻeleʻele a me nā leopadi hau i manaʻo ʻia he poʻe hōkai ma kekahi mau wahi. Ua alualu paha lākou i nā yaks lone ʻōpio a nāwaliwali paha.
He mākaukau maikaʻi nā yaks makua, ikaika loa a ikaika hoʻi. Hiki i kahi ʻāhi o nā ʻīlio hae ke hoʻouka wale iā lākou i kahi kūlana kūikawā, inā lawa ka helu o ka pūʻolo a i ʻole i ka hau hohonu. ʻAʻole hiki i nā yaks Bull ke hoʻokaʻulua e hoʻouka i nā mea alualu, me nā kānaka, keu hoʻi inā ʻeha lākou. Mālama ka yak hoʻouka i kona poʻo kiʻekiʻe, a lele ka huelo palahalaha me ka lauoho.
ʻO ka ʻaihue ʻana i ka poʻe kokoke i ka nalowale holoʻokoʻa o ka holoholona. Ma hope o 1900, ua alualu nā kahu hipa Tibet a me Mongolian a me nā pūʻali koa iā lākou a kokoke i ka make. ʻAneʻane ka lehulehu ma ke kaʻe o ka luku a ʻo nā hana wale nō o nā mea mālama kūlohelohe i hāʻawi i nā yaks i kahi manawa no ka hoʻomohala hou.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Big yak
Nui nā kumu i hāʻawi i ka emi ʻana o ka grunniens hihiu. Kuhi ʻia ka heluna kanaka o kēia manawa ma kahi o 15,000. Ma o kā lākou hana hānai holoholona, he kuleana nui ko ka yaks i ka hana hou ʻana o nā meaola i nā kaiaola.
Me nā kuʻi ākea a me ka ikaika, nā kōkua yaks i mea hoʻomaha nui no nā poʻe noho o ka Tibet Highlands. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hulu lahilahi o nā holoholona ʻōpio e hana i nā lole, ʻoiai ka hulu lōʻihi o nā yaks makua e hoʻohana ai i nā kapa moe, nā hale lole, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka waiū Yak e hana i ka nui o ka waiūpaka a me ka tī no ka lawe aku.
He mea hoihoi! I kekahi mau wahi i loaʻa ʻole ka wahie, hoʻohana ʻia ka manure ma ke ʻano he wahie.
Hana ka ʻaoʻao hihiu o B. grunniens i nā hana hoʻokele waiwai he nui, ʻoiai i kahi liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻokumu ʻo Kina i nā hoʻopaʻi no ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā yaks hihiu, e ʻimi nei nō naʻe lākou. Manaʻo ka nui o nā mahiʻai kūloko ʻo lākou wale nō ke kumu o kaʻiʻo i nā mahina hoʻoilo paʻakikī.
Aia kekahi mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole mai nā pūʻā holoholona i ulana ʻia. Hoʻopau nā yaks hihiu i nā pā a, i kekahi mau kūlana koʻikoʻi, pepehi i nā yaks i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma nā wahi e noho kokoke ana nā lāhui hihi a me nā home yak, aia ka hiki no ka lawe maʻi.
Kiaʻi kiaʻi
Kiʻi: Yak mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Ke hana nui nei ka Tibry Forestry Bureau e pale aku i nā yaks, me nā uku o a $ 600. Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ka hopu ʻana i ka hahai holoholona me ka ʻole o ka mākaʻi pūnaewele. Manaʻo ʻia ka yak hihiu e ka IUCN i kēia lā. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia ma mua me he mea weliweli loa ia, akā i ka makahiki 1996 ua hoʻohui ʻia ka holoholona i ka papa inoa e pili ana i ka helu koho o ka emi.
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka yak hihi e kekahi mau kumuwaiwai:
- ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻana, me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻoihana, ka mea hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi loa;
- Ka luku ʻana i nā kāne ma muli o kā lākou maʻa hele ʻauana wale;
- Ke hele nei i nā kānaka hihiu a kūloko hoʻi. Pākuʻi paha kēia i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā maʻi i loko o nā pipi;
- ʻO nā hakakā me nā kahu hipa, e hoʻomaka ana i ka pepehi kanaka no ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā yaks kūloko e nā holoholona hihiu.
Ma ka 1970, aia ka ʻāhiu ʻāhiu ma ke kaʻe o ka make. ʻO ka ʻimi holoholona nui ʻana o nā yaks hihiu i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai ua koi lākou iā lākou e haʻalele i nā wahi palahalaha a noho ma nā wahi ʻoi loa, ma luna o 4500 m a ma luna pono o nā kuahiwi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 6000 m. Ua ola kekahi mau kānaka ma nā kuahiwi Kunlun Kina, a ma muli o nā hana palekana o ke aupuni Kina. , i kēia lā ua hōʻea hou mai nā pipi hihiu ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 4000 a me 4500 mau mika.
Mahalo i nā ana kūpono o ka pale ʻana, yak ua hoʻomaka e kūkulu hou i kona lehulehu. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua pālahalaha ʻia kekahi o nā laha a me nā mea ulu ulu nui ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke komo ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā panalāʻau e ka halihali ala a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huli holoholona kū ʻole i ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ke ola ʻana o nā yaks hihiu.
Ka lā paʻi: 09.04.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 15:42
