Elepani ʻĀnia ʻO ia kekahi o nā māmela nui loa ma ka Honua. ʻO ka holoholona hanohano kahi hōʻailona moʻomeheu ma India a ma loko o ʻAsia a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o ke kaiaolaola i nā ululāʻau a me nā kula. I loko o nā kaʻao o nā ʻāina ʻĀkia, ua hōʻike nā ʻelepani i ka hanohano aliʻi, ka lōʻihi o ke ola, ka ʻoluʻolu, ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka ʻike Ua aloha ʻia kēia mau mea hanohano e nā mea a pau mai ka wā kamaliʻi.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Elepani India
ʻO ka genus Elephas i hoʻomaka ma lalo o Saharan ʻApelika i ka wā o ka Pliocene a ua pālahalaha ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻApelika. A laila hele nā ʻelepa i ka hapa hema o ʻAsia. ʻO nā hōʻike mua loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻelepani India i ka lawe pio ʻana mai nā kaha kiʻi sila o ka lāhui Indus Valley e hoʻomaka ana mai ka 3 millennium BC.
Video: ʻElepani India
Noho kahi ʻelepani i kahi wahi nui i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o ka mokuna India. ʻO nā hoʻomana nui o India, Hinduism a me Buddhism, hoʻohana maʻamau i ka holoholona i nā kaʻina hana. Hoʻomana ʻo Hindus i ke akua ʻo Ganesha, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kāne me ke poʻo o ka elepani. Hoʻopuni ʻia e ka hanohano, ʻaʻole i luku ʻia nā ʻelepani India e like me ko Aferika.
ʻO ka ʻĀina kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻelepa ʻĀkia e hoʻopili pū ʻia:
- ʻ Indiannia;
- Sumatran;
- Elephant o Sri Lanka;
- Elepani Borneo.
ʻO ka subspecies India ka mea ākea ākea e like ʻole me nā ʻelepani ʻĀkia ʻekolu. Hoʻohana ʻia nā holoholona Domesticated no ka ulu lāʻau a me ka hakakā. Nui nā wahi ma ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia kahi e mālama ʻia ai nā ʻelepani India no ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi a hoʻomāinoino pinepine ʻia lākou. Kaulana nā ʻelepani ʻĀkia no ko lākou ikaika nui a aloha aloha i nā poʻe.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Elepani Indian holoholona
Ma ka laulaha, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻelepani Asia ma mua o ko ʻApelika. Ua piʻi lākou i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā poʻohiwi o 2 a 3.5 m, kaupaona he 2,000 a 5,000 kg a he 19 mau pā iwi ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ke kino mai 550 a 640 cm.
He mānoanoa, ʻili maloʻo ko ka ʻelepani. ʻOkoʻa kona kala mai ka hina a i ka brown me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka depigmentation. ʻO ka huelo ma ke kino a me ke kumu elongated ma ke poʻo e ʻae i ka holoholona e hana i nā neʻe pololei a ikaika hoʻi. Loaʻa i nā kāne he mau incisors i hoʻololi ʻia, i ʻike ʻia iā mākou he tusks. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne a he pōkole a ʻaʻohe hoʻi o nā kua.
ʻIke! Kaupaona ka lolo o ka ʻelepani India ma kahi o 5 kg. A kuʻi wale ka puʻuwai he 28 mau manawa wale nō i ka minuke.
Ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā wahi noho, loaʻa i nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻāpana ʻInia he mau mea hoʻololi e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau holoholona ʻano ʻole.
Inoaia:
- Ma kahi o 150,000 nā mākala o ka ʻōhua;
- Hoʻohana ʻia nā tusks e huki a ulu i 15 knm i kēlā me kēia makahiki;
- Hiki i kahi ʻelepani India ke inu i 200 liters o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā;
- ʻAʻole like ia me ko lākou mau ʻāpana ʻApelika, kūlike ka ʻōpū i kona kino a me ke poʻo.
Nui nā poʻo o ka ʻelepani ʻĀnia akā he ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi. He wāwae pōkole akā ikaika ko lākou. Kōkua nā pepeiao nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino a kamaʻilio pū me nā ʻelepani ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ua liʻiliʻi ka pepeiao o lākou ma mua o nā ʻano ʻApelika. ʻOi aku ka ʻōiwi ʻōwili o ka ʻelepani India ma mua o ko ʻApelika, a ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka ʻili o ka ʻili ma mua o ko ka hoa ʻĀkia.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻelepani India?
Kiʻi: Elepani India
ʻO ka ʻelepani ʻĀnia kahi ʻōiwi i ka ʻāina nui ʻo ʻAsia: ʻInia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Laos, Kina, Kambodia, a me Vietnam. Ua pau loa i kahi ʻano ma Pakistan. Noho ia i nā nāhelehele, a me nā ululāʻau mauʻu a me nā ululāʻau ulu mau.
I nā makahiki 1990 mua, ka helu o nā lāhui hihiu:
- 27,700-31,300 ma India, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai ka heluna kanaka i ʻehā mau wahi ākea: ma ke komohana ʻākau ma ka wāwae o ka Himalayas ma Uttarakhand a me Uttar Pradesh; ma ka ʻākau hikina, mai ka palena hikina o Nepal a hiki i Assam komohana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao waena - ma Odisha, Jharkhand a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o West Bengal, kahi e holoholo ai kekahi mau holoholona. I ka hema, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻewalu mau lehulehu mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Karnataka;
- Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kānaka he 100–125 ma Nepal, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai ko lākou pae i nā wahi pale. I ka makahiki 2002, mai 106 a 172 mau elepani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, aia ka hapanui o lākou ma Bardia National Park.
- 150-250 ʻelepani ma Bangladesh, kahi e noho wale ai nā poʻe noho kaʻawale;
- 250-500 ma Bhutan, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai ko lākou pae i nā wahi pale i ka hema ma ka palena me India;
- Ma kahi ʻehā 4000-5000 ma Myanmar, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia ai ka helu (predominate wahine);
- 2,500–3,200 ma Thailand, ka hapanui ma nā kuahiwi e pili ana i ka palena me Myanmar, me nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi i loaʻa ma ka hema o ka penikala;
- 2100-3100 ma Malaysia;
- 500-1000 Laos, kahi e hoʻopuehu ai lākou i nā wahi nahelehele, nā mauna a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa;
- 200-250 ma Kina, kahi i mālama ai nā ʻelepani ʻĀkia i ke ola wale nō ma Xishuangbanna, Simao a me nā moku ʻo Naiang ma ka hema o Yunnan;
- 250–600 ma Kambupila, kahi e noho ai lākou i nā mauna o ke komohana hema a me nā panalāʻau o Mondulkiri a me Ratanakiri;
- 70-150 ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o Vietnam.
ʻAʻole pili kēia mau helu i nā kānaka i loko o ka hale.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻelepani India?
Kiʻi: Elepani ʻĀkia ʻĀkia
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻelepani ma ke ʻano he herbivores a hoʻopau i ka 150 kg o nā mea kanu i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma kahi o 1130 km² ma ka hema o India, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻelepani e hānai ana i nā ʻano 112 o nā mea kanu like ʻole, pinepine mai ka ʻohana legume, nā lāʻau pāma, nā sedges a me nā mauʻu. Pili kā lākou ʻai ʻana i nā greens i ke kau. Ke ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu hou i ʻApelila, ʻai lākou i nā wana palupalu.
Ma hope, ke hoʻomaka ka mauʻu ma mua o 0.5 m, huki nā ʻelepani India iā lākou me nā pōhaku o ka honua, hoʻokaʻawale mākaukau i ka honua a omo i nā poʻo hou o nā lau, akā haʻalele i nā aʻa. I ka hāʻule, ʻili nā ʻelepani a ʻai i nā aʻa succulent. I ka ʻohe, makemake lākou e ʻai i nā lūlū ʻōpio, nā koʻokoʻo a me nā wana ʻaoʻao.
I ke kau maloʻo mai Ianuali a ʻApelila, holoholo nā ʻelepani ʻInia i nā lau a me nā lālā, makemake i nā lau hou, a hoʻopau i nā pua acacia keu me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi pilikia. ʻAi lākou i ka lāʻau acacia a me nā mea kanu pua ʻē aʻe a hoʻopau i nā hua o ka lāʻau ʻāpala (feronia), tamarind (lā India), a me ka lā pāma.
He mea nui ia! Ke hoʻokau nei ka nohona hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā ʻelepani e ʻimi i nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe ma nā mahiʻai, nā wahi noho a me nā mea kanu i ulu ma ko lākou mau ululāʻau kahiko.
I loko o ka Pāka Aupuni ʻo Bardia National o Nepal, pau nā ʻelepani India i ka nui o nā lau nahele o ka hoʻoilo, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka wā monsoon. I ke kau maloʻo, ua nānā nui lākou i ka ʻili, kahi e hana i ka hapa nui o kā lākou papaʻai i ka ʻoluʻolu o ke kau.
I loko o kahi noiʻi ma kahi 160 km² tropical deciduous area ma Assam, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻelepani e ʻai ma kahi o 20 mau ʻano mauu, nā mea kanu a me nā lāʻau. ʻO nā mea kanu, e like me leersia, ʻaʻole loa he mea hana maʻamau i kā lākou papaʻai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: holoholona ʻelepani ʻĀnia
Hāpai nā mammal ʻ Indiannia i nā ala hele neʻe e hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kau nui. ʻO ka ʻelemakule o nā bipi ke kuleana no ka hoʻopaʻanaʻau i nā ala o ka neʻe ʻana o kāna ʻohana. Kū pinepine ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻelepani India ma waena o nā kau a me nā kau maloʻo. Kū aʻe nā pilikia ke kūkulu ʻia nā mahiʻai ma nā ala neʻe o ka ʻohana. I kēia hihia, hana ʻino nā ʻelepani India i ka ʻāina mahiʻai hou.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka Elephants e hoʻomanawanui i ke anuanu ma mua o ka wela. Aia lākou i ka malu i ke awakea a nalu i ko lākou pepeiao i ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaʻalili i ke kino. Eʻauʻau nā ʻelepani ʻInia i ka wai, holo i ka lepo, pale i ka ʻili mai nā nahu o nā ʻelala, hoʻomaloʻo a puhi. He mea lawe lima loa lākou a loaʻa ke ʻano kaulike maikaʻi. Hāʻawi ka mea wāwae iā lākou e neʻe a hiki i nā ʻāina wai.
Ke neʻe nei kahi ʻelepani India pilikia i ka wikiwiki a 48 km / h. Hāpai ʻo ia i kona huelo e aʻoaʻo i ka pilikia. He 'auʻau maikaʻi nā' Elepani. Pono lākou i 4 mau hola i ka lā e hiamoe ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e moe i ka honua, koe wale nō nā kānaka maʻi a me nā holoholona ʻōpio. He ʻala maikaʻi loa ka ʻelepani India, he lohe maikaʻi, akā he ʻike nāwaliwali.
He hoihoi kēia! ʻO nā pepeiao o ka ʻelepani he mea hoʻonui i ka lohe, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna lohe ma mua o nā kānaka. Hoʻohana lākou i nā mea hana e kamaʻilio ma kahi mamao.
He mau ʻano kāhea kā ka Elepani, ke kani, ka ʻūlū ʻana, ka hū ʻana, a pēlā aku. Hāʻawi lākou iā lākou me ko lākou ʻohana e pili ana i ka weliweli, ke koʻikoʻi, ka huhū a hōʻike i ke ʻano o kekahi i kekahi.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Indian Elephant Cub
Hoʻokumu pinepine nā wahine i nā ʻohana ʻohana, ʻo ia hoʻi he wahine ʻike, kāna keiki, a me nā ʻelepani ʻōpio o nā kāne ʻelua. Ma mua, he 25-50 poʻo a ʻoi aku nā holoholona. I kēia manawa he 2-10 mau wahine. Alakaʻi nā kāne i kahi ola mehameha koe ma nā wā o ka male ʻana. ʻAʻohe o ko ka ʻelepa ʻelepa mau manawa moʻa.
I ka makahiki 15-18, hiki i nā kāne o ka ʻelepani India ke hiki ke hānau. Ma hope o kēlā, hāʻule lākou i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kahi kūlana o ka euphoria i kapa ʻia he must ("ʻona"). I loko o kēia wā, piʻi nui ko lākou mau testosterone, a lilo i ʻano koʻikoʻi loa kā lākou ʻano. Lilo ka ʻelepani i mea weliweli i kānaka. Pono e hala ma kahi o 2 mau mahina.
Elepani kāne, ke mākaukau e hoa, hoʻomaka e hoʻonui i ko lākou mau pepeiao. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e hoʻolaha i kā lākou pheromones i hūnā ʻia mai ka ʻili o ka ʻili ma waena o ka pepeiao a me ka maka i kahi mamao loa aku a hoʻowalewale i nā wahine. ʻO nā kāne maʻamau mai 40 a 50 mau makahiki o kāu kāne. Mākaukau nā wahine e hānau ma o 14 mau makahiki.
He mea hoihoi! ʻAʻole hiki i nā kāne ʻōpio ke kū i ka ikaika o nā mea makua, no laila ʻaʻole lāua e male a hiki i ko lāua nui ʻana. He mea paʻakikī kēia hanana e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā ʻelepani India.
Mālama nā ʻelepa i ka moʻolelo no ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi mai ka hapai ʻana i nā keiki. ʻO ka manawa hānau he 22 mau mahina. Hiki i nā wahine ke hānau i hoʻokahi cub i kēlā me kēia ʻehā a ʻelima mau makahiki. I ka wā hānau, he hoʻokahi mika ka lōʻihi o nā ʻelepa a he 100 kg ke kaupaona.
Hiki i ke keiki ʻelepani ke kū ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana. Mālama wale ʻia ʻo ia e kona makuahine, akā e kekahi mau wahine ʻē aʻe o ka bipi. Noho ka ʻelepani pēpē India me kona makuahine a hiki i ka piha ʻana o 5 mau makahiki. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kūʻokoʻa, haʻalele nā kāne i ka pipi, a koe nā wahine. ʻO ke ola o nā ʻelepani India ma kahi o 70 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻelepani India
Kiʻi: Elepani ʻĀina Nui
Ma muli o ko lākou nui, he kakaʻikahi nā ʻelepani India. Ma waho aʻe o ka poʻe ʻimi hulu manu, ʻo nā tigers ka mea nui kīnā, ʻoiai lākou e ʻimi i nā ʻelepani a i nā holoholona nāwaliwali paha ma mua o ka nui a me ka ikaika o nā kānaka.
Hoʻokumu nā ʻelepani ʻĀnia i nā holoholona, hana paʻakikī i nā mea ʻaihue e eo wale iā lākou. He olakino maikaʻi loa nā ʻelepani kāne noho kaʻawale, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e lilo pinepine i ka pio. ʻĀlapa nā Tigers i kahi ʻelepani i kahi hui. Hiki i kahi elepani makua ke luku i ke Tiga ke akahele ʻole ia, akā inā ua wī ka holoholona, e lawe lākou i ka makaʻu.
Noho ka Elepani i ka manawa nui i ka wai, no laila hiki i nā ʻelepani ʻōpio ke lilo i mau maka o nā crocodiles. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pinepine kēia e hana. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa, palekana nā holoholona ʻōpio. Eia kekahi, holoholo pinepine nā hyenas a puni ka pipi ke ʻike lākou i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi i kekahi o nā lālā o ka hui.
He mea hoihoi! Make nā Elepani i kahi kiko kikoʻī. A ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole lākou i loko e noʻonoʻo i ke ala o ka make a ʻike i ka wā e hiki mai ai ko lākou manawa. ʻO nā wahi kahi e hele ai nā ʻelepani kahiko ua kapa ʻia nā hale kupapaʻu ʻelepani.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pilikia nui loa no nā elepani mai nā kānaka mai. ʻAʻole ia he mea hūnā e alualu ana ka poʻe iā lākou i mau kekeke. Me nā mea kaua a nā kānaka, ʻaʻohe hiki i nā holoholona ke ola.
He holoholona nui a ʻinoʻino nā ʻelepani India, a hiki i nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi ke lilo i kā lākou waiwai āpau i ka pō mai kā lākou huakaʻi. Hoʻopilikia hoʻi kēia mau holoholona i nā hui mahiʻai nui. Hoʻonāukiuki nā luku hōʻino i ka hoʻopaʻi a pepehi nā kānaka i nā ʻelepani i ka hoʻopaʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Elepani India
Ke ʻimi nei ka heluna lehulehu o nā ʻāina ʻAsia i nā ʻāina hou e noho ai. Hoʻopili kēia i nā wahi noho o nā ʻelepani India. Komo kūpono ʻole i loko o nā wahi pale, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ululāʻau no nā alanui a me nā papahana hoʻomohala ʻē aʻe - nā hopena āpau i ka nalowale ʻana o ka nohona, me ka waiho ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi no nā holoholona nui e noho ai.
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana mai kā lākou wahi noho mai haʻalele wale lākou i nā ʻelepani India me ka ʻole o nā kumu waiwai o ka meaʻai a me ka puʻuhonua, akā hiki ke alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i kahi heluna kanaka a ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe i kā lākou ala hele neʻeneʻe a hui pū me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
Eia kekahi, ke emi nei ka heluna o nā ʻelepa ʻĀkia ma muli o ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana iā lākou e nā mea ʻai holoholona e hoihoi i kā lākou mau ʻāʻī. Akā ʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau ʻāpana ʻApelika, ʻo nā mea ʻāpana ʻInia nā tusks i nā kāne wale nō. Hoʻololi ka ʻimi lawaching i ka lakio wahine, ka mea kūʻē i nā lāki hānau. Ke piʻi nei ka lawaiʻa ma muli o ke koi no ka niho ʻelepani i ka papa waena ma ʻAsia, ʻoiai ke kumu o ka pāpā ʻana i ka niho ʻelepani i pāpā ʻia i ka honua civili.
Ma kahi leka! Lawe ʻia nā ʻelepani ʻōpio mai ko lākou mau makuahine i ka nahele hihiu no ka ʻoihana hoʻokipa ma Thailand. Pepehi pinepine ʻia nā makuahine, a hoʻonoho ʻia nā ʻelepani ma kahi kokoke i nā wahine ʻōiwi ʻole e hūnā i ke ʻano o ke kāʻili ʻia ʻana. Hana pinepine nā ʻelepa elepani i ka "hoʻomaʻamaʻa", kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka neʻe a me ka hoʻokē ʻai.
Pale pale ʻelepani ʻĀnia
Kiʻi: puke ʻelepani ʻelepa elepani
Ke emi mau nei ka helu o nā ʻelepani India i kēia manawa. Hoʻonui kēia i ka makaʻu o ko lākou make ʻana. Mai ka makahiki 1986, ua helu ʻia ka ʻelepani ʻĀkia e like me ka mea aneane pau i ka papa inoa ʻo IUCN Red List, ʻoiai ua hōʻole ʻia ka heluna hihiu e 50%. I kēia lā, aia ka ʻelepani ʻĀkia i lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka nalo ʻana o ka nohona, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka māhele ʻana.
He mea nui ia! Ua helu ʻia ka Elepani India ma ka CITES Appendix I. I ka makahiki 1992, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka papahana Elephant e ke Kuhina Kaiapuni a me nā Ululaau o ke Aupuni o India e hoʻolako i ke kākoʻo kālā a me ka ʻenehana no ka hāʻawi manuahi ʻana o nā ʻelepani ʻĀkia hihiu.
Hoʻolālā ka papahana e hoʻopaʻa i ke ola lōʻihi o nā lāhui elepani ola a kūpaʻa hoʻi i ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe ma o ka pale ʻana i nā wahi noho a me nā alaloa neʻe. ʻO nā pahuhopu ʻē aʻe o ka papahana Elephant e kākoʻo i ka noiʻi kaiaola a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻelepani, hoʻonui i ka ʻike ma waena o ka lehulehu, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mālama holoholona no nā ʻelepani pio.
Ma nā kapuaʻi o ka ʻaoʻao hikina hikina o India, e uhi ana i kahi ʻaneʻane kokoke i 1,160 km², hāʻawi ia i kahi awa palekana no ka helphant nui loa o ka ʻāina. Ke hana nei ka World Wildlife Fund (WWF) e kiaʻi i kēia heluna kanaka elephant i ka wā lōʻihi e ke kākoʻo ʻana i ko lākou wahi noho, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ana i nā hoʻoweliweli e kū nei, a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka mālama ʻana o ka lehulehu a me kona wahi noho.
Ma kahi ʻāpana ma ke komohana o Nepal a me India hikina, ʻo WWF a me kāna mau hoa e kūkulu hou nei i nā ala olaola i hiki i nā ʻelepa ke komo i kā lākou mau ala neʻe me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā home kanaka. ʻO ka pahuhopu wā lōʻihi e hoʻohui hou i nā wahi pale he 12 a paipai i ka hana kaiāulu e hōʻemi i ka hakakā ma waena o nā kānaka a me nā ʻelepani. Kākoʻo ʻo WWF i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea olaola a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike ma waena o nā kaiāulu kūloko e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻelepani.
Lā paʻi: 06.04.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 13:40
