Hummingbird - kahi manu liʻiliʻi, e ʻālohilohi ana me nā plumage, e like me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā sapeira. Kahaha ʻo ia me kāna acrobatics lewa, lele koke, a laila kū koke, lele a lele i luna, i lalo a i hope a i luna i lalo hoʻi, e kaohi lokomaikaʻi ana i nā pae o ka lele.
Hoʻopili wikiwiki lākou i ko lākou mau ʻeheu (ma kahi o 80 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia kekona), e hopena ana i kahi kani kani. Hoʻonani nā pēpē i nā Europa mua i hōʻea i ʻAmelika Hema. Ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe kūlohelohe he nui o ka manawa inā he hummingbirds i kahi ma waena o kahi manu a me kahi ʻelala.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Hummingbird
I loko o 22 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ulu wikiwiki nā hummingbirds i mau haneli like ʻole. Kupaianaha kā lākou moʻolelo mōʻaukala. Hāpai ʻo ia i nā manu liʻiliʻi mai kekahi ʻāina a i kekahi, a hoʻi i hope, i nā manawa āpau e ʻokoʻa a hoʻomohala ʻana i ko lākou hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiona.
ʻO ka lālā e alakaʻi nei i ka hummingbird hou i hoʻomaka ma kahi o 42 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā i haʻalele ai nā kūpuna o ka hummingbird mai ko lākou ʻohana, neʻe a hana i kahi ʻano hou. Ua hana ʻia paha kēia ma ʻEulopa a ma ʻAsia paha, kahi i loaʻa ai nā mōʻī like hummingbird e like me 28-34 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Video: Hummingbird
Ua hele aku kēia mau manu i ʻAmelika Hema ma waena o ʻAsia a me ke kaikuono ʻo Bering a i ʻĀkelika. ʻAʻohe mamo i koe ma ka ʻāina ʻo Eurasia. I hoʻokahi manawa ma ʻAmelika Hema ma kahi o 22 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hana koke nā manu i nā niche ecological hou a hoʻomohala i nā ʻano hou.
He mea hoihoi! Hōʻike ka loiloi genetic i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka hummingbird ʻokoʻa, me nā ʻano hou e puka aʻe ana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka luku ʻana o ka luku. Aia kekahi o nā wahi ma mua o 25 mau ʻano ma ka ʻāina like.
Pehea ka mālama ʻana o nā hummingbirds i ʻAmelika Hema i kahi mea pohihihi. No ka mea pili lākou i nā mea kanu i ulu pū me lākou. I kēia manawa he 338 mau ʻano ʻike, akā hiki i ka helu ke pāpālua i nā makahiki miliona e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka maʻa mau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ʻelua mau ʻohana: hermits (Phaethornithinae, 34 mau ʻano i ka 6 genera) a me ka maʻamau (Trochilinae, nā ʻano ʻē aʻe āpau). Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike nā kānana a nā filogenetic ʻaʻole pono kēia mahele a aia he ʻeiwa mau hui nui.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: manu Hummingbird
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kahi hummingbird kahi nuku lōʻihi, a me nā plumage mālamalama a me kahi kani humu. ʻO nā hulu kala ka hapanui o nā kānaka, akā aia nō kekahi ʻeleʻele paʻa a i ʻole nā albinos keʻokeʻo. Hoʻololi nā kala i kēlā me kēia hiʻohiʻona o ke kukui a hāʻawi i ka hulu i kahi sheen metallic. ʻO kahi wale nō o ka laulā o nā kala e ʻike maka ʻia e ka maka o ke kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano o ke kino e kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o kēia pēpē.
- Ka nui. ʻO ka hummingbird ka manu liʻiliʻi loa (5-22 cm). ʻO ka beige hummingbird ka manu liʻiliʻi loa o ka honua. ʻOi aku ka pena ʻana o ka hummingbird kāne ma mua o ka wahine, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahine i ka nui. ʻO ka nunui hummingbird. ʻO ke kaupaona o ke kino o ka manu he 2.5-6.5 g.
- Ke ʻano. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻohana e nā hiʻohiʻona o waho like, kahi e ʻike koke ai iā lākou. Kahi kino kahawai pōkole, nā ʻēheu elongated a me kahi nuku elongated nuku.
- Nuku. ʻO ka nuku e like me ka nila ka ʻano kū hoʻokahi o ka manu. Ua elongated a lahilahi e pili ana i ka nui o kahi hummingbird, hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka paipu e lick nectar mai nā pua me kahi alelo lōʻihi.
- Eheu. Lōʻihi, ʻikiʻoki, tapering e hoʻonui i ka maneuverability i ka lewa. He hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa kā lākou. Aia nā hono ʻēheu (poʻohiwi + ulnar) i ke kino, ʻae kēia i nā ʻēheu e hāliu a huli. He hopena maikaʻi kēia i ka maneuverability o ka hummingbird ke hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao o ka lele a me ke kau ʻana.
- Paws. Liʻiliʻi a pōkole hoʻi, liʻiliʻi loa lākou, no laila ʻaʻole hele nā manu. ʻEhā lākou mau manamana lima me kahi hoʻonohonoho anisodactyl o ka manamana ʻehā e kuhikuhi ana i hope. Mālama kēia i nā lālā a noho. Hiki i nā manu ke lele i nā ʻaoʻao kūpilikiʻi, akā ʻo ka mea nui no nā hummingbirds ka lele ʻana.
- Plumage. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laha i nā kala momona a me nā lauana wiwo ʻole. ʻO ka puʻu ʻōniʻoniʻo i ka ʻano o ke kola frill kahi hiʻohiʻona nui o ke kāne i ke ʻano a me ke kala. ʻO ke ʻano o nā hulu ma ke kino he 10 pae. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kala o nā wahine, akā i kekahi ʻano, loaʻa nā kala ānuenue.
Hoʻololi ka helu o ka naʻau i nā hummingbirds mai 250 a 1200 mau kani i kēlā me kēia minuke. I ka pō, i ka wā o torpor, hoʻemi ia a kau ʻia mai 50 a 180 mau paʻi i kēlā me kēia minuke. ʻElua manawa ka puʻuwai o ka manu i ka nui o ka ʻōpū a noho ma ½ o ka lua o ke kino. Hiki i ka hummingbird ke lele i kahi wikiwiki loa o 30/60 mile i kēlā me kēia hola.
Ma hea e noho ai nā hummingbirds?
Kiʻi: manu liʻiliʻi Hummingbird
He kamaʻāina nā Hummingbirds o ka Honua Hou. Ua noho lōʻihi lākou ma South, North and Central America. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laha e koho ʻia e nā ʻāina tropical a subtropical a me ka Caribbean. ʻIke ʻia nā kolone he nui i ka midlands a ʻike ʻia wale kekahi mau ʻano i nā latitude mahana.
ʻO ka manawa pinepine, uhi ka laulā o kekahi mau laha i kahi awāwa a i ʻole ka pali, ʻoiai no nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka genus, hohola ko lākou wahi noho i kahi ākea ma ka hikina a i ʻole ke komohana o nā Andes.
ʻO ka ʻāina momona loa no nā ʻano manu like ʻole, ʻo ia ka wahi hoʻololi o nā kuahiwi a i nā ʻūhā ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1800-2500 m me ka mahana mau o 12-16 ° C. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka flora waiwai e nā mea kolo, nā laʻalāʻau, ferns, orchids, nā lāʻau, bromeliads, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā Hummingbirds i kēia wahi he ʻano like ʻole o ke kino a me nā nuku.
ʻIke! Akamai loa nā Hummingbirds a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻanaʻau i nā wahi a me kēlā me kēia kanaka mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki.
Hiki i kahi hummingbird liʻiliʻi ke lele i kahi mile mile kupaianaha no ka neʻe ʻana, i kekahi manawa a i 500 mau mile ka hoʻomau. Lele pinepine lākou i ka hema i ka hoʻoilo a me ke kūkulu ʻākau i ke kauwela. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hana neʻe kupaianaha, hānai nui lākou a pālua i ko lākou kino kaupaona.
ʻO ka hummingbird ruby-throated ka hānai hānau nui loa o nā ʻano ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. ʻO ka hummingbird ʻeleʻele-chinned ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma ʻAkau ʻAmelika. Loaʻa lākou iā lākou mai nā wao akua a i nā ululāʻau mauna a mai nā wahi o ke kūlanakauhale i nā wahi kūlohelohe.
He aha nā mea e ʻai ai nā hummingbirds?
Kiʻi: holoholona Hummingbird
I ke kaʻina o ka evolution, ua hoʻomohala nā manu i kahi hiki ke hānai adaptive i hiki. ʻAi nui lākou i ka wai nectar, nā kohu lāʻau, nā ʻelala a me ka pollen. ʻO ka hanu wikiwiki, ka palpitations o ka puʻuwai a me ka mahana o ke kino kiʻekiʻe e koi ai i ka ʻai pinepine a me ka nui o nā meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻAi nā Hummingbirds i nā ʻano mea like ʻole e like me nā makika, nā lele hua a me nā midges i ka lele ʻana, a i ʻole nā aphids ma nā lau. Hiki i ka nuku lalo ke kūlou i 25 °, e hoʻonui nei ma ke kumu. Lele aku nā Hummingbirds i nā pūʻulu o nā mea kolo e kōkua i ka hānai ʻana. No ka pono o ko lākou ikehu, inu lākou i ka wai ʻono, ka wai momona o loko o nā pua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa! E like me nā pi, hummingbirds, ʻokoʻa i nā manu ʻē aʻe, hiki ke mahalo i ka nui o ke kō i ka nectar a hōʻole i nā pua e hua mai i ka nectar me ka liʻiliʻi o 10% kō.
ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻolilo i ka lā holoʻokoʻa e like me ka mea e pāpā ka ikehu ikehu. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hana e noho ana a noho paha i lalo. ʻAi nui nā Hummingbirds, akā i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hoʻopau i ka hapalua o ko lākou kaumaha i ka nectar i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻopili koke lākou i ka meaʻai.
Lilo ma kahi o 15-25% o kā lākou manawa hānai a 75-80% e noho ana a me ka digesting. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi alelo lōʻihi e palu ai lākou i ka meaʻai i ka wikiwiki o 13 mau lika i kēlā me kēia kekona. He ʻokoʻa kā ka ʻāpana ʻelua o ka nuku. Hoʻopili kūpono ka hapalua o lalo i luna.
Ke hānai ka hummingbird i ka nectar, wehe wale ka nuku, e ʻae ana i ke alelo e lele i loko o nā pua. Ke hopu ʻana i nā mea kolo i ka lele ʻana, kūlou ka iwi ā o ka hummingbird i lalo, e hoʻonui ana i ka wehe no ka paʻa pono ʻana. E mālama i ko lākou ikaika, ʻai nā manu 5 a 8 mau manawa i ka hola.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: puke ʻulaʻula Hummingbird
Lele ʻo Hummingbirds i kēlā me kēia ala a holoholo paʻa i kahi. Kakaikahi nā manu ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hana i kekahi mea e like me kēia. ʻAʻole kū kēia mau manu i ka pīpī ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu, a me ko lākou nui liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike iā lākou me he mau puʻupuʻu nui lā.
Lele lākou i ka hapanui ma kahi ala pololei ke ʻole ke kāne e lele i kahi demonstration kāne. Hiki i nā kāne ke lele i ke ākea ākea - ma kahi o 180 °, e like me ka pōʻaiapuni - e lele ana i hope a i waho, me he mea lā e kau ʻia ana mai ka wēlau o ka uea lōʻihi. Hū leo nui ko lākou mau ʻeheu i lalo o ka piʻo.
ʻIke hoihoi! Loaʻa i nā Hummingbirds nā pūnaewele kūikawā i loko o kā lākou hulu e hana ma ke ʻano he prisma ke hōʻike ʻia i ka lā. Māhele ke kukui i nā nalu lōʻihi e hana i nā kala iridescent. Hoʻohana kekahi mau hummingbirds i kēia mau kala ʻeleu e like me ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka ʻāina.
Loaʻa i nā Hummingbirds ka metabolism kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā holoholona insect. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka metabolism e ʻae i ka neʻe wikiwiki o ka ʻēheu a me ka helu kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻuwai I ka wā o kahi lele, ʻo kā lākou inu oxygen ma kēlā me kēia gram o kaʻiʻo muscle ma kahi o 10 mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka poʻe ʻālapa elite.
Hiki i nā Hummingbirds ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i kā lākou helu metabolic i ka pō a i ʻole inā pilikia lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Hoʻokomo lākou iā lākou iho i kahi hiamoe nui. He lōʻihi lōʻihi ko lākou ola. ʻOiai he nui ka poʻe i make i loko o ka makahiki mua o ke ola, ʻo ka poʻe i ola i hiki ke ola a hiki i ka ʻumi, a i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Manu Hummingbird
Pili ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau moena i nā hummingbirds me kahi wā pua pua a ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā wahi like ʻole. ʻIke ʻia nā pūnana ma nā wahi noho i loko o ka makahiki. ʻO ka Hummingbirds he poʻe polygamous. Hoʻokumu lākou i nā pālua wale no ka momona o nā hua. Noho nā kāne ma kahi kokoke i ka wahine no kahi manawa pōkole a ʻaʻole komo i nā hana hānau ʻē aʻe.
I loko o ka manawa o ka moekolohe ʻana, hōʻike nā kāne iā lākou iho i ka wahine me ke kōkua o ke mele a me nā hiʻohiʻona nani. Hīmeni kekahi o lākou i ke ao ma kahi o 70% o ka manawa i ka wā hānau. Hānau mai kekahi mau ʻano me nā leo nui, kani kuʻi. I ka wā o nā lele moʻo ʻana, hiki i nā hummingbirds ke paʻi i ko lākou mau ʻēheu i 200 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia kekona, e kani ana ke kani.
Kūkulu ka hapa nui o nā manu i nā pūnana ʻano kīʻaha ma luna o ka lālā lāʻau a i ʻole nā lālā nahele, akā nui nā ʻano tropical e hoʻopili i ko lākou mau pūnana i nā lau a me nā pōhaku. Hoʻololi ka nui o ka pūnana e pili ana i kekahi ʻano - mai ka liʻiliʻi (ka hapalua o ka pūpū walnut) a i ka nui (20 cm ke anawaena).
Ma kahi leka! Hoʻohana pinepine nā manu i nā manu ʻalalā a me nā laikini e nakinaki i nā mea pūnana a e heleuma i kāna kūkulu. ʻO nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o nā kumuwaiwai e ʻae i ka pūnana e hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana o nā keiki ʻōpio.
Hoʻomoe nā wahine i 1-3 mau hua, i mea nui ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kino o kahi makua. Kū ka Incubation mai 14 a 23 mau lā, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka manu a me ka mehana o ka wela. Hānai ka makuahine i nā pīpī me nā arthropods liʻiliʻi a me ka nectar. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻōpio e lele i 18-35 mau lā ma hope o ka hatching.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā hummingbirds
Kiʻi: holoholona Hummingbird
Ua aloha nui nā poʻe he nui me nā manu makamae liʻiliʻi a kau aku i nā mea hānai e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i ke kō a me ka wai. No laila, ke hoʻāʻo nei e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka nalo ʻana o kekahi o nā manu kupaianaha loa i ke kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa mau nā pōpoki ma kahi kokoke i nā hale, no ka mea, ua lilo nā holoholona a me nā hummingbird i mea hōʻeha no lākou.
He mea hoihoi! Ma waho o ka wikiwiki a me ka hihiʻo maikaʻi loa, hiki i nā hummingbirds ke pale iā lākou iho me ko lākou huelo. Inā hopu i kahi mea ʻino i kahi hummingbird mai hope, hiki i nā hulu o ka huelo i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ke kikoo i waho. Hāʻawi kēia i ka manu i kahi manawa e ola ai. Eia kekahi, ulu koke kēia mau hulu kupaianaha.
Hoʻohana nā Hummingbirds i nā pūnaewele punawelewele e hana i kahi pūnana. No laila, i kekahi manawa hāʻule lākou i loko o ia mea a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokuʻu iā lākou iho, e lilo ana i pio o nā nalo a me nā kolo nui.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea ʻai hummingbird nā:
- ʻO nā pule pule - ma kahi kikoʻī, lawe ʻia mai nā mantena pule Kina nui mai Kina a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā māla ma ke ʻano he predator no nā mea kolo, akā ua lilo pū kekahi i predator no nā hummingbirds
- ʻO Ktyri, ka mea e hoʻopili i ko lākou mau ʻeheu a puni ka hummingbird, e pale ana iā ia e lele lele. Pepehi ʻo ia i nā hummingbirds me ka ʻole o ka pilikia.
- Nā rana. Loaʻa nā Hummingbirds i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā rana. ʻOiai, ua hopu lākou iā lākou ma kahi o nā kumu wai.
- ʻO nā manu nui: ʻo nā ʻio, nā pueo, nā ʻakaʻaka, orioles, nā ʻululā a me nā heona hiki ke lilo i poʻe hei. Eia naʻe, huhū nā hummingbirds a hakakā pinepine i nā manu nui i ko lākou ʻāina.
- He mea weliweli hoʻi nā nahesa a me nā moʻo i kēia mau manu.
Mākaukau loa nā Hummingbirds, e kiaʻi mau no ka makaʻu a hiki ke lele koke aku mai kahi meʻa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: manu hummingbird
He paʻakikī e kuhi i ka nui o ka heluna kānaka no ka mea aia a nui nā ʻano ʻokoʻa e uhi ana i nā wahi ʻāina nunui. Ua ʻike ʻia mai ka mōʻaukala i hoʻomake ʻia nā hummingbirds ma muli o ko lākou hulu, akā i kēia mau lā ke kū nei nā manu i nā hoʻoweliweli ʻino pū kekahi.
Hoʻololi nā hoʻololi o ka wela o ka Honua ma muli o ka hoʻololi o ke aniau i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hummingbirds, me ka hopena e loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole i nā wahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o kā lākou papa maʻamau, kahi paʻakikī i ka meaʻai.
Kaulana nā Hummingbirds ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Hana nā kānaka he nui i nā mea hānai manu hummingbird a i ʻole ulu i nā pua e ʻumeʻume i nā manu i nā mahina mehana ke lele lōʻihi lākou. Hele nui nā peʻa Hummingbird e hōʻoia i kēlā me kēia kuaʻāina, paka, a me kahi māla kahi maikaʻi no kēia mau manu kupaianaha.
Aia nā kānāwai i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā hummingbirds i kēlā me kēia ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kekahi mau hana a ke kanaka ke hoʻoweliweli i nā manu. ʻO ka pilikia nui ka emi ʻana o ka nohona, ke hoʻomau nei nā poʻe i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale, nā wahi kaʻa, a pēlā aku.
ʻO ka aniau kekahi pilikia no nā hummingbirds. ʻO ke kumu, ke loli nei kā mākou aniau. Hoʻoweliweli nā ʻino i ka neʻe manu ʻana. ʻO ka nele o nā pua ulu hihi ma muli o ka ulu pono o nā pua, nā ahi a me nā kahawai - hoʻopili i nā manu.
Palekana Hummingbird
Kiʻi: Hummingbird mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
I ke kenekulia 19, lawe ʻia i miliona nā ʻili manu moa i ʻEulopa e kāhiko i nā pāpale a hana i nā mea pono ʻē aʻe no nā fashionistas ma ke kapitala. Ma mua o 600,000 mau ʻili hummingbird i ka makahiki i komo wale i nā mākeke ʻo Lākana. Ua hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke wehewehe i kekahi ʻano o nā hummingbirds me ka ʻili manu wale nō. Ua nalowale kēia mau manu mai ke alo o ka honua, ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kanaka i nā mea hoʻonaninani.
ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka nohona a me ka luku ʻia ka hoʻoweliweli nui i nā manu i kēia lā. Ma muli o ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana o nā hummingbirds i kekahi mau ʻano noho kaʻawale, a hiki ke noho i ke awāwa like a me kahi ʻē aʻe, ua helu ʻia nā ʻano lāhui like ʻole me ka hoʻopilikia a hoʻoweliweli ʻia paha i ka IUCN Red List.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka nalo nohona e:
- hale noho a me nā hale kālepa;
- nā wahi mākaʻikaʻi a me nā wahi hoʻokipa;
- mahiʻai;
- wao nahele;
- hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mālama holoholona ʻana;
- na alanui a me na alahao.
I ka 1987, ua hui pū ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻohana i ka CITES Appendix II, kahi e hiki ai ke kaohi i ke kālepa i nā kānaka ola. Pākuʻi I wale nō i ka ramphodon huelo keleawe. No ka pono o nā plumage nani, nui nā poʻe i luku ʻia i ka wā i hala manu hummingbird, ka mea i alakaʻi i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka laha. No laila, pāpā ka ʻāina i kahi e noho ai nā hummingbirds i ka hoʻolilo ʻia ʻana o kēia mau manu kū ʻole.
Lā paʻi: 24.03.2019
Lā hou: 25.09.2019 ma 14:00
