ʻPala marble - Hemiptera no ka Pentatomoidea superfamily. ʻO Holyomorpha halys, kahi pest me kahi ʻala ʻoluʻolu ʻole, i hana i nā pilikia he nui me ka hoʻouka kaua nui ʻana i nā wahi hema o ka ʻāina.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Pōkā kinikini
Ua loaʻa i kahi ʻenekia mai ka ʻohana o nā puʻupuʻu i ka honua ʻōlelo Pelekania kahi inoa lōʻihi lōʻihi aʻe e hōʻike ana iā ia: ʻōpala ʻaʻala marble brown. E like me nā ʻohana pili loa, no ka ʻēheu ʻo ia (Pterygota), ua kapa liʻiliʻi ʻia lākou ʻo Paraneoptera, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā holoholona ʻēheu hou me ka loli ʻole o ka hoʻololi.
Video: ʻ Marpala marble
ʻO ke kaʻina e hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai nā mākala marble ka inoa Lākina ʻo Hemiptera, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Hemiptera, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he arthroptera. He ʻokoʻa nā bedbugs suborder (Heteroptera), aia ma kahi o 40 tausani mau ʻano, ma ka panalāʻau o ka wahi post-Soviet aia ma mua o 2 tausani mau ʻano. Eia hou, pono e kāhea ʻia ka ʻohana superfamily a ka ʻāpana kinikini - shitniki kēia, like ko lākou kua i ka pale kaua.
Mea hoihoi: ma ka ʻōlelo Latina, ʻo Pentatomoidea ka poʻe scutellids. "Penta" - ma ke poʻo inoa "ʻelima", a me ka ʻāpana "tomos". Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia kēia i ke kino pentagonal o ka ʻenekema, a me ka helu o nā ʻāpana ma nā antennae.
ʻO kekahi o nā inoa o ka marbled, e like me nā mea ola like ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka pepelu pilau. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻopuka i kahi pilau ʻoluʻolu ʻole, ma muli o ka hūnā, hūnā ʻia e nā aʻa o ka kolo. Kāhea ʻia ʻo ia ka melemele-ʻeleʻele, a ʻo ka ʻĀkia Hikina East smelly bug,
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Pepele pōhaku ʻōpala
Nui ʻino kēia scutellum, a hiki i 17 mm ka lōʻihi, he ʻano kona o ka pale pale brown pentagonal. ʻO ke kala ʻeleʻele ma ke kua a me nā kani mae ma ka ʻōpū. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia me ke keʻokeʻo, keleawe, nā kiko polū i hana i kahi ʻano kinikini, no laila kahi inoa i loaʻa ai.
No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kēia pepeke mai nā hoa ʻē aʻe, pono ʻoe e ʻike i kāna hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona:
- loaʻa iā ia nā wahi mālamalama a me nā wahi pouli ma nā ʻaoʻao luna ʻelua o nā antennas;
- ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka scutellum, ʻike ʻia nā ʻēheu o ka membrane i pelu ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano daimana pouli;
- ma ka lihi o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū aia kahi apo o ʻehā pouli a ʻelima mau wahi kukui;
- māmā nā wāwae i nā tibia i ke kala;
- ma ka piko o ka pale kaua a hoʻi i hope nā mānoanoa i ke ʻano o nā pā.
Liʻiliʻi nā ʻēheu o ke kīpē liʻiliʻi, pelu ʻia ma luna o kahi ʻōpū ʻeono ʻāpana. Ma ka prothorax aia nā puka o ka auwai wai huna me kahi mea ʻē a ikaika a ʻoluʻolu ʻole hoʻi, no kēia ʻona cimicic acid ke kuleana. Kau ʻia he pālua a paʻakikī a paʻa o nā maka maʻalahi ma ke poʻo.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻāpala marble?
Kiʻi: Pahu kinikini ma Abkhazia
Ma USA, ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Pennsylvania, ua ʻike ʻia ka pest ma 1996, akā ua kau inoa ʻia ma 2001, ma hope o ka noho ʻana ma New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia a me Oregon. I ka makahiki 2010, ua hiki aku ka heluna bedbug ma Maryland i nā ʻāpana catastrophic a koi i kahi kālā kūikawā e hoʻopau iā ia.
I kēia manawa ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ia ma 44 mau mokuʻāina ʻo US a ma ka hema o Ontario, Quebec ma Kanada. Ua loaʻa i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa ma kahi o 2000 a pāhola ma kahi o ʻumikūmālima mau ʻāina. ʻO ka homeland o ka hemiptera ʻo Hema Hikina, loaʻa ia ma Kina, Iāpana, Kōlea.
Ua komo ka pest i loko o Rūsia ma 2013 ma Sochi, maliʻa paha me nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hoʻolahalaha koke ka shtitnik ma ke kahakai kai ʻEleʻele, Stavropol, Kuban, Crimea, hema o Ukraine, neʻe i Transcaucasia ma o Abkhazia. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kona helehelena ma Kazakhstan a me Primorye.
Makemake ka ʻāpala marble i ka mahana, nā ani mehana a hohola koke i kahi mehana o ka hoʻoilo, kahi e hiki ai ke ola iā lākou. No ke kau anuanu, hūnā ia i nā lau i hāʻule, i nā mānoanoa o ka mauʻu maloʻo. Ma nā wahi maʻamau ʻole no ka ʻāpala marble, kahi i ʻoi aku ke anuanu i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o kona homeland, ʻimi ʻo ia e peʻe i nā hale, nā hale, nā hale ukana, nā hale noho, pili i nā ʻāpana āpau.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻāpala marble?
Kiʻi: Pahu kinikini ma Sochi
ʻO ka pepeke marbled kahi insect polyphagous a hānai i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole; aia ma kahi o 300 mau ʻano ma kāna papa kuhikuhi. I Iapana, pili ia i nā kedera, nā kaʻe, nā lāʻau hua, nā mea kanu a me nā legume e like me ka soybeans. Ma ka hema o Kina, hiki ke loaʻa ma nā lāʻau ulu, nā pua, nā koʻokoʻo, nā poloka o nā legume like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.
Hoʻopōʻino i nā ʻāpala, nā cherry, nā hua citrus, nā peach, nā pears, nā persimmons a me nā hua momona ʻē aʻe, a ʻo nā mulberry a me nā raspberry. ʻAi lākou i nā lau o ka maples, ka maʻi, birch, hornbeam, dogwood, lāʻau ʻoka haiki, forsythia, rose rose, rose, Japanese larch, magnolia, barberry, honeysuckle, chokeberry, acacia, willow, spirea, linden, ginkgo a me nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu a me nā hua e like me horseradish, chard Switzerland, mustard, pepa, kukama, ʻumeke, laiki, pīni, kulina, ʻōmato, a pēlā aku ka lau nahele i nā wahi necrotic ma nā lau ʻōpio. Hiki i nā pūnaewele nahu ma nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu ke kumu i ka maʻi ʻino ʻelua, kahi e fluffed ʻia ai nā hua me nā scars, a hāʻule ʻole ka pala.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2010, ua ʻoi aku ka make ma muli o ke kinikini ma mua o $ 20 biliona.
I ka hemiptera, hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hāmeʻa waha e like me ke kumu o ka omo ʻana. Ma ke alo o ke poʻo kahi proboscis, kaomi ʻia ma lalo o ka umauma i kahi kūlana mālie. ʻO ka lehelehe lalo kahi ʻāpana o ka proboscis. He ukaahi ia. Loaʻa iā ia nā āuwae brist. Uhi ʻia ka proboscis mai luna mai e kahi lehelehe ʻē aʻe, ka mea e pale ai i ka mea haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole pili ka lehelehe i ka hana hānai.
Hoʻopili ka ʻūpā i ka ʻili o ka mea kanu me nā ā luna o luna, aia ma luna o ka lahilahi, lalo, nā ā lalo i pani a hana i ʻelua tubule. Kahe ʻo Saliva i ke kahawai lahilahi a lalo, a omo ʻia ka wai kanu ma ke kahawai luna.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: hopohopo nui nā mea hana waina ʻEulopa e pili ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka puʻupuʻu marble, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopōʻino wale i nā hua waina a me nā māla waina, akā hiki ke hoʻopili i ka ʻono a me ka maikaʻi o ka waina.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Pepeke kinikini o Georgia
He thermophilic kēia hemiptera, ʻo ia:
- hoʻomohala ikaika i nā mahana ʻaʻole ma lalo o +15 ° C.;
- ʻoluʻolu i + 20-25 ° C.;
- ma + 33 ° C, 95% o nā kānaka i make;
- ma luna + 35 ° C - kāohi ʻia nā pae āpau o nā ʻelala;
- + 15 ° C - hiki i nā embryos ke hoʻomohala, a make nā larva i hānau ʻia;
- ma + 17 ° C, a i ka 98% o ka larva make.
Ke hāʻule ka mahana, peʻe nā pepeke mākua i nā wahi mehameha. I nā kūlana o ka hema o Rūsia, ʻaʻole kēia nā mea kūlohelohe wale: ka litter lau, ka ʻili lāʻau a i ʻole ka hollow, akā nā hale pū kekahi. Kokolo nā kolo i nā māwae āpau, nā chimney, nā puka komo Hiki iā lākou ke hōʻiliʻili i nā mea he nui i loko o nā hale, waho, attics, lalo o ka hale.
ʻO ka mea weliweli nui loa no nā kamaʻāina o kēia mau ʻāina ʻo ia ka nui o ka nui o ko lākou mau home i kēia mau arthropods. I ka loaʻa ʻana o nā nooks a me nā crannies, hibernate lākou. I nā lumi mehana, noho mau lākou, lele i waho i ke kukui, pōʻai a puni nā ipukukui, noho ma nā puka aniani. I nā anuanu mahana, makemake lākou e hūnā i nā kalaunu o nā kumulāʻau, no ka laʻana, palovii, nā mea maʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hūnā he 26 tausani mau kānaka o ka pahu kinikini i hoʻokahi hale no ka hoʻoilo.
ʻEleu loa ka kolo, hiki ke hele i kahi mamao. Nui lākou i kā lākou makemake i ka meaʻai.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Māhele kinikini ʻo Teritori ʻo Krasnodar
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mehana, ala aʻe ka ʻūpā marbled, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻai e loaʻa ka ikaika. Ma hope o ʻelua mau pule, ua mākaukau lākou e hoʻopalau. I nā wahi anuanu, hoʻokahi wale nō hanauna o nā keiki i kēlā me kēia kau e hiki, ma nā wahi hema ʻē aʻe - ʻelua a ʻekolu paha. I ka homeland o bugbear, no ka laʻana, ma nā wahi subtropical Kina, a hiki i nā hanauna ʻeono i loko o ka makahiki.
Hoʻomoe ka wahine i 20-40 mau hua ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka lau mea kanu, a laila e lilo ia i meaʻai na nā nimoni. I loko o kona ola, hiki i kekahi kanaka ke hana i nā hua he 400 (ma ka awelika 250). Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia testicle melemele māmā kahi ʻano elliptical (1.6 x 1.3 mm), ma ka piko ua pani paʻa ʻia me kahi uhi me nā notches e hoʻopaʻa paʻa iā ia.
Ma ke anawaena mahana ma kahi o 20 ° C, puka ka larva mai ka hua manu i ka lā 80, ma kahi mahana ma luna o ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e 10 kekelē, hoʻemi ʻia kēia wā i 30 mau lā. Aia he ʻelima mau makahiki nymphal (pae mua ʻole). Kūlike lākou i ka nui: mai ka makahiki mua - 2.4 mm a i ka lima - 12 mm. ʻO ka hoʻololi mai kekahi makahiki i kekahi makahiki e pau me ka molting. Hoʻohālike nā nymph me nā mākua makua, akā ʻaʻohe o lākou mau ʻeheu; ʻike ʻia ko lākou ʻike mua i ke kahua ʻekolu. Loaʻa iā lākou nā huna huna me kahi wai ʻala, akā aia ko lākou mau kua ma ke kua, a ʻo ka helu o nā ʻāpana ma nā antennae a me nā paws he mea liʻiliʻi ia, a ʻaʻohe maka maʻalahi hoʻi.
ʻOkoʻa kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka lōʻihi:
- ʻO ka mua he 10 mau lā ma 20 C °, 4 mau lā ma 30 C °, ʻulaʻula-ʻalani ke kala. I kēia manawa, puni nā hua i nā huaola.
- Lawe ka lua i 16-17 mau lā ma 20 ° C a me 7 mau lā ma 30 ° C. I ke kala, ʻano like nā nymphs me nā mākua.
- ʻO ke kolu kahi 11-12 mau lā ma 20 ° C a me 6 mau lā ma 30 ° C.
- Pau ka hā i 13-14 mau lā ma 20 ° C a me 6 mau lā ma 30 ° C.
- ʻO ka ʻelima mau 20-21 mau lā ma 20 C ° a me 8-9 mau lā ma 30 C °.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻōpala marble
Kiʻi: Pōkā kinikini
ʻAʻohe o kēia mau ʻenemi kēpau pilau i ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole makemake nā poʻe āpau i kēia pest hume.
Alualu nā manu iā ia:
- hale wrens;
- nā mea kūpaka;
- nā ululāʻau gula;
- wīwī.
ʻAi ʻia lākou me ka leʻaleʻa e nā moa kūloko maʻamau. Ua hōʻike nā mea nānā o ʻAmelika i nā makahiki i hala aku nei ua ʻimi nā manu hou aku i ke kinikini, a ua makemake nui lākou e ʻoki iā lākou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻoiai e ʻai nā moa i nā mea ʻino brown, hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe mahiʻai i kaʻiʻo moa ma hope o kēia ʻono i kahi ʻono maikaʻi ʻole.
Ma waena o nā mea kolo, he ʻenemi kā nā pale pale. Hoʻopili kēia i nā ants a me nā hemiptera ʻē aʻe - nā mea ʻaihue, nā pule pule, nā nananana. Aia kekahi mau puʻupuʻu shit ʻē aʻe - podizus, he predators lākou ma ke kūlohelohe a hiki ke hōʻeha i ka poʻe i hele ʻia. Kūlike like lākou i waho i ke kala, akā he mau ʻūlū māmā nā podizuse a he wahi pouli i ka hopena o ka bipi keiki. A ʻo kekahi puʻupuʻu hou ka perillus, ʻimi pū kekahi ia no ka ʻāpala kinikini, ʻai i nā hua manu a me nā larvae.
I Kina, ʻo ka ʻenemi o marbled ka wao parasite Trissolcus japonicus mai ka ʻohana Scelionidae. Liʻiliʻi lākou i ka nui, e like me ka nui o nā hua o ka ʻūpā. Ke waiho nei ka nalo i kāna mau hua i loko o lākou. ʻAi ka larvae o ka parasite ʻēheu i ka ʻaoʻao o ka hua manu. Luku pono lākou i nā ʻōpala marble, i ko lākou wahi ʻāina luku lākou i nā mea ʻino e 50%. Ma ʻAmelika, hoʻopau ka mea i kapa ʻia he beetle wili i ka ʻūpā, a ʻai kekahi ʻano lihi lāʻau i kā lākou mau hua.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻenekia pepeke kinikini
Ke ulu nei ka helu o kēia mau mea kolo a paʻakikī e kaohi. Ke hāʻule ʻole nei i loko o nā kūlana kahi a lākou ʻenemi ʻokoʻa i ke kūlohelohe, hoʻomaka nā scutellids e hoʻonui wikiwiki. ʻO nā kolo hiki ke hoʻoponopono pono i ko lākou heluna kanaka ke noho i nā wahi kahi i puka mua ai ka marbled. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke ʻo ia i nā kūlana aniau hou, a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana o nā makahiki i hala iho nei, kōkua i ke ola a hoʻonui i ka nui o nā mea ʻino.
ʻO ke ala ʻoi loa e hakakā ai hiki ke lilo i ka hoʻoilo. Akā ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ka ʻepekema i ka kūlohelohe a ke hoʻāʻo nei i nā ala like ʻole o ka hakakā ʻana. Me nā hoʻomākaukau insecticidal kūpono e luku i nā pepeke maikaʻi, hoʻohana ʻia nā hana olaola.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua me nā fungi i hōʻike i ka maʻi i hiki i ka bover species a 80% o nā pā. Ua ʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka fungus metaricium. ʻO ka paʻakikī o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana he pono ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai e hakakā i nā lāʻau e pili ana i ka mycoses, a koho ka pepeke i nā wahi maloʻo no ka hoʻoilo. ʻAʻole maikaʻi nā pahele me nā pheromones: ʻo ka mea mua, ʻaʻole lākou e hoihoi i nā larvae, a ʻo ka lua, ʻaʻole pane mau nā mākua iā lākou.
Aia nā wahi makaʻu nui kahi e hiki ai i kēia mau puʻupuʻu shit ke hōʻike a hoʻoulu.
- Nā ʻāina ʻAmelika Hema: hiki iā lākou ke manaʻo maikaʻi ma Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina;
- Ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ʻApelika: Angola, Kongo, Zambia;
- Niu Sila, nā ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAukekulia;
- ʻO nā mea a pau o ʻEulopa ma waena o nā latitu 30 ° -60 °;
- I ka Russian Federation, hiki iā ia ke hōʻoluʻolu hōʻuluʻulu ma ka hema o ka moku ʻo Rostov, pālahalaha koke ma nā ʻāina ʻo Krasnodar a me Stavropol;
- Ma kahi e anuanu ai nā hoʻoilo, hiki i ka pest ke kū i kēlā me kēia manawa, e neʻe ana mai ka hema.
No kekahi mau makahiki ʻ marpala marble ua hoʻonui nui ʻia a lilo ia i pōʻino kaiaola. ʻO nā ana i hana ʻia he ʻano deterrent a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi nui i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka lehulehu o kēia pest. ʻO ka momona nui, ka maʻalahi e pili ana i ka meaʻai a me nā kūlana o ke aniau, ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kemika - hoʻopau kēia i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana āpau e kaohi i ka moena moe.
Lā paʻi: 01.03.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 19:50
