ʻO Sable he holoholona dexterous liʻiliʻi mai ka ʻohana wea a me ka genus o martens, nona ka hulu waiwai. Hōʻike ʻO Martes zibellina i hāʻawi ʻia i ka makahiki 1758 e ka mea kūlohelohe Kuekene K. Linnaeus. Ua hana hōʻino ʻia nā hulu makamae i ka mea nāna ia, i ke kenekulia i hala aku nei ua kokoke ʻo ia e nalowale.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Sable
Loaʻa ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻike e hiki ai ke haki i ka ulu ʻana o kēia ʻano. I ka Miocene, ua ʻikea kahi genus, nona ka sable. I kēlā manawa, noho ka mea hōkai ma nā wahi nui ma ke komohana a me ka hema o ʻEulopa, ma Hema-Komohana a me ʻAkia Waena, ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau.
Aia nā ʻano kokoke i nā lā hou i ka Pliocene. Ua loaʻa nā koena i ka hopena o Pleistocene i ka Urals, Altai, Cisbaikalia, a hiki i Kamchatka a me Sakhalin. Ua mālama ʻia nā mōʻalihaku i nā papa Pleistocene o luna o nā kapuwaʻi o ka Hikina Sayan Mountains a me ke kahawai o ka muliwai. Nā Hangar. I ka wā Tersieria, ma muli o ke hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā biocenoses hou, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi ʻāpana mustelids. I kēlā manawa, loaʻa i ka sable nā ʻano e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻohana.
Video: Sable
I ka wā mōʻaukala mua, ka wahi i noho ʻia mai Pinilana hou a i ka Moana Pākīpika. Ma waena o ka Pleistocene a me Holocene, i ka hoʻi hope ʻana o nā glaciers a me ke ʻano o nā ululāʻau, ua haʻalele ka holoholona i ka wahi o ka palena o ka ʻāpana hau a noho i nā wahi i makemake nui ʻia. 20-40 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa ka mea hōkai ma nā Ural, akā ʻaʻole i hiki i kahi helu kiʻekiʻe i ka manawa ma hope o ka glacial (8-11 tausani mau makahiki i hala).
ʻO nā iwi o ka holoholona i loaʻa ma Altai ma mua o 100 tausani mau makahiki. I nā Trans-Urals a me Siberia, ʻaʻohe koena i ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 tausani mau makahiki i loaʻa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā māmela i ka wā ma mua. I ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻohana marten, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma ka ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nohona, i ka waihona meaʻai a me ke ala o ka hopu holoholona.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: holoholona sable
ʻO ka predator e like me ka marten, akā ʻo ka poʻe i ʻike i kēia ʻano pili e hoʻopili ʻole iā lākou, ʻoiai ke kino o ka kino a me ka huelo e like me ka sable. Nui ke poʻo me nā pepeiao pepeiao ākea a ākea. He ākea nā paws, ʻelima mau manamana wāwae me ka hulu hipa ma nā kapuwaʻi.
I nā kāne:
- kaumaha o ke kino - 1150-1850 g;
- lōʻihi o ke kino - 32-53 cm;
- ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - 13-18 cm;
- ka lōʻihi o ka lauoho - 51-55 mm;
- ka lōʻihi o ka lalo - 32-31 mm.
I nā wahine:
- kaumaha o ke kino - 650-1600 g;
- lōʻihi o ke kino - 32-53 cm;
- ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - 12-16 cm;
- ka lōʻihi o ka lauoho - 46 mm;
- ka lōʻihi o lalo - 26-28 mm.
Hōʻike ka mammal i ka loli honua i ka nui o ke kino, ke kala, a me ka maikaʻi o ka hulu. Ma ke kumu o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, aia kahi wehewehe o nā mea ʻoihana honua he 20 a ʻoi. Loaʻa nā kānaka nui loa ma Kamchatka, Altai, a me nā Ural. ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi loa ma ka wahi o nā ipu Amur a me Ussuri. ʻO ka hulu māmā i nā holoholona mai nā Ural, a ʻo ka pouli loa i nā hiʻohiʻona i loaʻa mai ka moku Baikal a me Transbaikalia, Priamurye a me Yakutia.
ʻO ka hulu hoʻoilo o ka predator he fluffy loa, mānoanoa a me ka silky. I ke kauwela, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka holoholona a lahilahi, akā paʻa nā paws a me ke poʻo i ka manawa like. ʻO ke kala o ka pale hoʻoilo o ke ʻano like, mai ka eleeleʻeleʻele, ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele, i ka pala a me ka fawn me ka underfur mānoanoa. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka waha a me nā pepeiao ma mua o ke kala nui. Ma ka ʻāʻī aia kahi blurr, i kekahi manawa ʻike maka ʻole ʻia i kahi kiko melemele a keʻokeʻo. I ke kauwela, ʻaʻole mānoanoa a huluhulu ka hulu. ʻOi aku ka pouli i ke kani ma mua o ka hoʻoilo. I kekahi mau mea kōkua, ua ʻeleʻele iki ka huelo ma mua o ke kala nui.
Ma hea e noho ai ka sable?
Kiʻi: Sable i ka hau
Loaʻa ka holoholona hulu i Russia, Kazakhstan, Kina, Mongolia, Iapana a me Kōlea ʻĀkau. ʻO nā ululāʻau coniberous Siberian a me ka ʻākau hikina o ʻEulopa, hele i ke kuahiwi Ural ma ke komohana. Aia ka wahi o ka mahele i nā mauna Altai a me nā mauna Sayan komohana. Aia ka palena hema i ka latitu 55 ° ma Siberia Komohana, a 42 ° - ma Siberia Hikina.
Hiki i ka pae i nā kiko hema loa o ka Peninsula o Korea a me ka mokupuni ʻo Hokkaido, loaʻa ka mea hōkai ma Sakhalin. Ma Mongolia, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia ma ke komohana ʻākau o ka ʻāina, a puni ka loko. Khubsugul. I Transbaikalia, kahi o ke aniau Continental ʻoi loa, ʻo nā mea kōkua waiwai nui o kēia holoholona e noho nei i nā ululāʻau. Ma ka hikina ʻo Kazakhstan, noho ia i nā ipu o nā muliwai Uba a me Bukhtarma. Ma Kina, aia ma ka ʻākau ma nā kuahiwi o ka Altai Hema, ma ka ʻākau hikina o ka ʻāina - ma ka moku ʻo Heilongjiang, a ma ka pā ʻo Changbai. ʻO ka wahi noho o ka mea hōkai kahi ʻāpana o 5 miliona m2.
Makemake kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana weasel e noho i loko o nā ululāʻau kedera, ma nā pali mauna, kahi e loaʻa ai ka elfin kedera. Ma aneʻi e nui ai nā rodents i ʻume ʻia e ka nui o nā meaʻai - nā hua paina. Hiki i kahi kāne uʻi fluffy ke noho i ke kuahiwi a me ka mauna haʻahaʻa, kahi āna i makemake ai i nā ʻino, nā ālai o ka lāʻau make. Noho ka holoholona, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mea maʻamau i nā ululāʻau lau liʻiliʻi a me nā paina, ma nā ākea a me nā pā, nā wahi pohopoho. Ma ka Peninsula ʻo Kamchatka, noho ʻo ia i nā ulu lāʻau birch pōhaku, i nā lāʻau alder a me nā lāʻau dwarf. I nā kuahiwi, hiki ke piʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ululāʻau subalpine.
He aha ka ʻai a sable?
Kiʻi: Sable i ka hoʻoilo
ʻAi kēia predator omnivorous i nā māmele liʻiliʻi - hana lākou i 60-80% o ka papaʻai. Ma waho aʻe o nāʻiole, voles a me nā meheu ʻē aʻe, i predominate i loko o kāna papa kuhikuhi, hiki iā ia ke alualu i nā chipmunks, squirrels, hares, pikas, muskrat. Hoʻouka pū kekahi ʻo ia i nā mea ulana lole: ermine, weasel. Hiki i kahi mammal ke hāhai i ke ala o nā ʻīlio hae a i ʻole nā bea no ka manawa lōʻihi, i mea e kaʻana like ai i kahi pāʻina me lākou. Ma kahi kokoke i nā kupapaʻu o nā holoholona nui i lilo i mau maka o nā mea ʻino ʻino ʻē aʻe, ola ka holoholona hulu hānai a hānai i nā lā he nui.
I nā makahiki me ka hau kaumaha, ke paʻakikī ka hopu ʻana i nā mea pio ʻē aʻe, e ʻimi wale ʻo sable iā ia wale nō, no ka dia musk. A laila, ma kahi o ka mea pio, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui o ka mea ʻaihue, ʻākoakoa kekahi mau mea no ka pāʻina. Hoʻouka kahi mea alualu holoholona i nā holoholona nui ke ʻilihune ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā hua kedera a me ka lāʻau dwarf (hiki i kā lākou mahele ke hōʻea i ka 33-77%, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka loaʻa a me ka ʻole o nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe). I ke kauwela, ʻai i nā hua: rose hips, lingonberry, cherry manu, lehu mauna (4-33%).
ʻO ka mahele o nā manu, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka grouse ʻeleʻele, nā helu no 6-12%, hopu ʻo ia i nā manu liʻiliʻi, hōʻino i nā pūnana, ʻai i nā hua manu, amphibians, mollusks, nā pepelu, ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā i ke kino. ʻAi ʻo Sable Hikina i ka iʻa ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Hoʻoemi ʻia nā instatory predatory o kahi māmele me ka nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu. Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻai, a laila hoʻokokoke ʻo ia i nā wahi noho kanaka. Pono ka holoholona i ka meaʻai i ka nui o 20% o kona kino, ua like kēia me ka hana ʻana o nā iole vole 6-8 i kēlā me kēia lā.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: holoholona holoholona Taiga
He palaka loa ka holoholona a ikaika hoʻi, luhi ʻole, me ka lohe maikaʻi a me nā mākaukau ʻoi loa o ka hahai holoholona. ʻAe kēia iā ia e loaʻa i kahi pio, e hoʻomaopopo ana i ka mea e ka honi a me ka pala. Hōʻike ka holoholona i ka hana i kēlā me kēia manawa o ke ao a me ka pō, pili ia i ke aniau a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. I nā hau, ʻaʻole hiki ke puka i waho o kahi pale no kekahi mau lā.
He mea ʻai lepo ka sable, ʻoiai piʻi maʻalahi ia i kahi kumulāʻau, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke lele mai kekahi lālā a kahi lālā. Hele maikaʻi ia ma lalo o ka uhi o ka hau a hiki ke pale i ka alualu e like me kēlā, akā e ʻimi i ka ʻili, ʻoi aku, ʻoi aku ka makemake e noho i kahi hoʻohālua ma mua o ka alualu ʻana. Neʻe ke kāne uʻi nahele i nā lele liʻiliʻi o 40-70 cm, akā ke neʻe nei mai ka alualu, hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ko lākou lōʻihi a 3-4 m.
He wahi paʻa ko kēia holoholona mai 4 a 30 km2, a he mau wahi noho pōkole hoʻi a me nā wahi ʻimi holoholona. Aia ka nui o ka pūnaewele a me ka hana i ka makahiki, ke kāne, ke aniau a me ke aniau, ka nui o ka lehulehu, a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. Ma ka awelika, holo ʻo ia ma kahi o 9 km i kēlā me kēia lā.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona noho, haʻalele iki ka sable i kona puʻuhonua, haʻalele ʻole ia ma mua o 30 km mai nā wahi o ke kau inoa ʻana. Hiki i nā mākua ke hana i nā neʻe lōʻihi a hiki i 150 km, kahi e hala ai i mau mahina e lanakila ai. ʻAʻole ia e kūpono i kahi ana nona iho, akā e ʻimi nei i kahi kūpono no ka hānau a me ka aʻo o nā keiki, a ʻo ka hoʻoilo hoʻi.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka hale me ka mauʻu maloʻo, ka hulu hipa, ka laikini, ka hulu, kahi e loaʻa ai ka puʻuhonua.
- malalo o na aa o na laau hina;
- i nā ʻōpala;
- i ka laau make;
- i nā waihona pōhaku;
- i nā lua i kū haʻahaʻa ma luna o ka honua.
Holo i ka manawa pōkole mai ka alualu ʻana, he puʻuhonua ia i nā lua pōhaku, i nā mea kau pōhaku, i nā kalaunu lāʻau a i ʻole nā lua hohonu. I ka hoʻoilo, kanu ia iā ia iho ma lalo o kahi hau hohonu. Ua hoʻolei ka holoholona i ʻelua mau manawa i ka makahiki: i ka puna, hāʻule ka hoʻomaka i Malaki, a ʻo ka hopena i Mei, i ke kauwela ua hala kēia wā mai ʻAukake a Nowemapa.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Sable
He mehameha ʻo Sable ma ke ʻano, he wahine ʻo ia. Hoʻohana ia i nā glands ʻala e māka i ka ʻāina, aia ma ke kua o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻomaka ka rut i Iulai a pau i ʻAukake. Kū ka manawa hānau ma kahi o 245-297 mau lā. I kēia manawa, hāʻule ʻehiku mau mahina i ka pae latent, ke ulu ʻole nā embryos. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻano o ka hāpai e ke kūlohelohe i mea e hōʻike ai nā cubs i kahi manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Hānau ʻia nā keiki hānau hou i loko o ʻApelila makapō, me kahi hina hina i lalo. Hiki i ka ʻōpala ke loaʻa mai ʻelua a ʻeono pēpē. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 11-12 cm, me ke kaupaona o 25-30 g. Hoʻomaka lākou e lohe i ka lā 22, a i ka mahina ʻike ʻia lākou, e ka lā 38th he incisors kā lākou. Ma 3-4 mau mahina, hoʻololi ʻia nā niho waiū i mau mau. Na 1.5-2 mahina. hoʻomaka nā pēpē e haʻalele i ka pūnana, ma ka manawa like pau lākou i ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū o ka makuahine a kaupaona ma kahi o 600 g, a ma Kepakemapa hiki lākou i ka nui o nā mākua a hoʻomaka i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa. Hōʻike hiki ke hoʻohua i kahi sable i ka makahiki o ʻelua mau makahiki.
I ka wā o ka rutting a me ka noho aloha ʻana, kani nā holoholona e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻūlū, a ʻōhumu pū kekahi. Ke hoʻonāukiuki a ʻoluʻolu ʻole paha lākou, ʻōhumu lākou, a makaʻu iā lākou, kani nui lākou. ʻO ke ola o ka holoholona ma ke kūlohelohe ma kahi o 8 mau makahiki, i ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, ma ka awelika, a hiki i 15-16 mau makahiki, akā aia kekahi mau hihia i ke ola ʻana o kekahi kanaka a i 18-20 mau makahiki, a ua hānau nā wahine i nā keiki a 13-14 mau makahiki. He interspecific, pili pili trophic ka holoholona (ʻai a ʻai pio ʻia) me 36 mau māmela, 220 manu, 21 ʻano mea kanu.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o sables
Kiʻi: holoholona sable
ʻO kā mākou hunter dexterous iā ia iho i lilo i waiwai pio o nā mea ʻaihue nui.
ʻEwalu mau ʻano o nā māmela:
- Bea ʻeleʻele;
- ʻīlio hae;
- Alopeke;
- lynx;
- fox arctic;
- wolverine;
- tigers;
- harza
ʻO nā manu, ʻewalu mau ʻano i hoʻouka aku i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi:
- ʻaeto huelo keʻokeʻo;
- ʻaeto ʻaeto;
- manu koraka;
- ʻalalā;
- sparrowhawk;
- pueo hina hina nui;
- pueo hawk.
Hiki i ka sable ke make ʻaʻole wale ma nā niho o nā mea ʻino, akā no ka nele hoʻi o ka meaʻai, ke loaʻa ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū paʻakikī. Hoʻolimalima ʻo ia i kahi hakakā no nā wahi noho a me nā lako meaʻai me 28 mau ʻano o nā māmela a me 27 mau ʻano manu. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻenemi nui i aneane luku i kēia ʻano holoholona he kāne. I ke kenekulia 17, ua kūkākūkā nā Kamchadals me nā Cossacks, nā mea e hoʻomohala nei i nā ʻāina ma ka palena hikina o Lūkia: a hāʻawi ʻia i hoʻokahi pahi he 8 mauʻili sable, a he 18 no kahi koʻi, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole i kēia hulu waiwai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Sable cubs
Ua mahalo nui ʻia ka hulu Sable a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kālā. ʻO ka luku nui ʻia o ka predator hulu i hoʻomaka i ka 15 - 16 mau kenekulia, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā pilina kalepa o ka moku Lūkini. Ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o nā huluhulu i kālā, ua ʻimi iki nā kamaʻāina i kēia holoholona. Inā hāʻule ʻo ia i loko o nā pahele, a laila nā mikena, humuhumu ʻia nā pāpale mai ka huluhulu, a hoʻohana ʻia i mea hoʻonaninani.
I ke kenekulia XVIII. i ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia, ua nalowale ka hulu uʻi ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka barbaric. Ma waho o nā Ural, ma Siberia, ua emi nā wahi noho, e wāwahi ana i nā foci ʻokoʻa. Hiki i hoʻokahi hunter i kēlā manawa ke kiʻi i nā ʻili 100-150 i kēlā me kēia kau. Ua hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā pāpā ʻana o ka ʻāpana ʻāpana i kēia manawa i kēia manawa. Kapu piha ma 1913-16. ʻaʻole i kūleʻa nā luna. I ke kanakolukumamākolu o ke kenekulia i hala, ua aneane make ka holoholona. He mau kakini mau kānaka i noho i nā wahi laha ʻole, a ʻoiai no ka hiki ʻole o ka ʻāina. I ka makahiki 1935, ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi pāpā piha loa i ka huli holoholona. I nā makahiki kanahā, ua ʻae ʻia ka mining ʻana i ka laikini.
ʻO ka mea nui i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka heluna kanaka ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā waihona e like me:
- Barguzinsky;
- Kronotsky;
- Kondo-Sosvinsky;
- ʻAlapeta;
- Pechora-Ilychsky;
- Sikhote-Alinsky;
- ʻO Sayansky.
Ua hiki i nā hana mālama ke hiki ke hoʻihoʻi lohi i ka helu i kēia mau panalāʻau, mai laila i hoʻomaka ai nā holoholona e noho i nā wahi kokoke. Ua hana maikaʻi hou ka acclimatization hou, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka holoholona i nā wahi kahi i loaʻa ai ma mua, akā ua hoʻopau loa ʻia. Ua wehe ʻia ka hahai holoholona Sable. Kūlana kūwaho - pili i ka lāʻano hopohopo liʻiliʻi.
I nā heluna kūlohelohe e 2013, aia 1,346,300 poʻo i ka Russian Federation, ʻoiai ma 2009 he 1,481,900 o lākou. Ma muli o ka helu ʻana o ka helu a hiki i ka 2010 i hana ʻia e like me nā wā o ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka ulu makahiki ʻana, a i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana - e like me nā wā o hope o ka ʻohi ʻana. ʻO ka ulu makahiki o nā holoholona i ka hoʻoilo ʻo 40-60%, i kēia manawa ʻaneʻane hapalua o nā underyearlings. Akā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou ola ʻana; no ka ʻike ʻole, ʻaʻole ola ka hapa nui o lākou i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO Sable - ka haʻaheo o Rūsia, pono pono e mālama i ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi noho i ko lākou ʻano kumu. He mea hiki ʻole hoʻi ke ʻae i ka hoʻomāhuahua wiwo ʻole o ka ʻimi holoholona no kēia holoholona hāpai hulu. I kēlā mau wahi kahi liʻiliʻi o kāna helu, pono e pāpā i ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana iā ia, kaohi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā laikini, a hāʻawi i nā wahi i kekahi mau lawaiʻa.
Lā paʻi: 12.02.2019
Lā hou: 16.09.2019 ma 14:29
