ʻO Ermine ʻo Mustela erminea o nā kāhuna a no ka ʻohana marten. Aia nā weasela a me nā ferrets i ke ʻano like me ia. Hoʻolālā nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i ko lākou ola ma ka honua a piʻi i nā kumulāʻau, e ʻimi nei i nā koko liʻiliʻi mehana, i kekahi manawa he invertebrates.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Ermine
ʻO kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o ka laha i hāʻawi mua ʻia e Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1758. He holoholona ʻoka liʻiliʻi ia me kahi kino lōʻihi a maʻalahi hoʻi, ma nā wāwae pōkole me nā māiʻuʻu a me nā māiʻuʻoiʻoi. Ma ka ʻāʻī hoʻoneʻe e noho ai kahi poʻo pōkole me ka muzzles triangular, i kau ʻia ka lei me nā pepeiao pepeiao ākea. ʻO ka huelo he lōʻihi kaulike ia, akā i kekahi mau mea kōkua, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka ermine huelo lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hapalua o ke kino i ka nui.
Ua loaʻa nā koena mōʻalihaku o nā holoholona ma ʻEulopa Komohana i nā papa o ka Late Pliocene, ma ʻAmelika Hema i ka Middle Pleistocene. Ma nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o Quaternary i loaʻa i ʻEnelani, Palani, Polani, Crimea, ʻĀkau. Caucasus (Matuzka Cave), Altai (Denisov Cave). Pau i loko. Loaʻa nā koena i ʻAmelika i ka glaciation penultimate. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā predators i nā wā anuanu ma mua o nā mea mahana.
Hāʻawi ʻia kahi wehewehe o 35 mau ʻaoʻao. Ma Rūsia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka eiwa. Kūlike lākou i kekahi mau ʻano morphometric, a ma waho - i ka nui a me ke kala o ka hulu kauwela:
- ʻākau - waena, ʻeleʻele eleele;
- Lūkini - waena, mai ʻeleʻele i ka ʻulaʻula;
- ʻO Tobolsk - ka mea nui, brown;
- Berengian - waena, mai ka mālamalama a i ka melemele;
- Caucasian - liʻiliʻi, brick brick;
- Fergana - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka mea ma mua, brown-fawn a hina hina;
- Altai - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o Fergana, ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula;
- Transbaikal - liʻiliʻi, ʻeleʻele eleele;
- Shantar - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o Transbaikal, brown brown.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o kēia mau ʻalalā mai Sakhalin a me nā Kurile, no nā subspecies paha ia ma nā mokupuni Kepani.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Ermine holoholona
Kaulana ka lōʻihi ʻo ka ermine no kona hulu keʻokeʻo hau. Aia i kona ʻaʻahu kona kala i ka hoʻoilo, he ʻeleʻele wale nō ka hope o ka huelo. I kekahi manawa, melemele ka ʻōpū. ʻO kaʻaʻahu lauoho i kēia manawa he mānoanoa, paʻakikī, akā ʻaʻole lōʻihi. ʻAʻole e loli ke kala o ka piko o ka huelo me nā kau. ʻO ka holoholona ponoʻī i ke kauwela he ʻelua-kala ke kala me ka palena maopopo. ʻO ka huelo, a ʻo ke poʻo hoʻi o ke poʻo, kua, ʻaoʻao, ʻaoʻao i waho o nā wāwae, ʻeleʻele, me nā aka ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka ʻōpū, ʻāʻī, lehelehe luna, umauma, lima keʻokeʻo. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka uhi o ke kauwela ma mua o ka uhi hoʻoilo.
I nā wahine:
- lōʻihi o ke kino - 17-26 cm;
- huelo - 6-11 cm;
- kaupaona - 50-180 g.
I nā kāne:
- ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 20-32 cm;
- huelo - 7-13 cm;
- kaupaona - 110-260 g.
Holo maikaʻi ka holoholona, ʻike i ka ʻauʻau maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoikaika no kēia, ʻaʻole piʻi iki i nā kumulāʻau. ʻO kēia mea ʻaihue, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi, he ʻano kolohe kona, he koa loa ʻo ia. I nā kāne, ʻo kahi kahi e ʻimi mau ai ʻo ia ma 2-3 mau manawa ma mua o nā wahine. I ke ao, holo ʻo ia i kahi mamao a 15 km, akā no ka hapa nui ʻaʻole e ʻimi, akā māka a pale i ka ʻāina. Neʻe iki ka wahine, ʻo ko lākou mile mile 2-3 km.
Ke pīhoihoi, hoʻomaka ka holoholona e kani nui, hae, ʻū. Ke hoʻokokoke kekahi i ka lua me kahi puaʻa, ʻūʻū ka wahine i ka hoʻoweliweli.
Aia nā aʻa anal ma lalo o ka huelo o ka holoholona. Ma o kā lākou mau aʻa, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi huna me kahi ʻala pungent kikoʻī, kahi e hōʻailona ai ka mammal i ka ʻāina. Neʻe nā pēpē o kēia ʻano ʻohana weasel ma hope o ka paʻa o ko lākou makuahine, ka ihu i ka hiʻu, i kau ʻia i ke kaulahao. ʻO ka cub ikaika loa i mua mau. Inā ma hope kahi mea, a laila ʻo ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ka nui e huki i ka pepeiao.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ermine?
Kiʻi: Kolo i ke kauwela
Ākea loa ka mahele o kēia mammal - ʻo ia ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa, a hiki i nā Pyrenees a me nā Alps, nā Kuahiwi Caucasus. Ma nā ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia, loaʻa ia i nā wahi a pau ma ka hema o Kazakhstan, nā Pamirs, ma nā mauna Altai, ma ka ʻākau o Mongolia a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau hikina o Kina, ma nā mokupuni ʻo Hokkaido a me Honshu. Ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, noho ka ermine a hiki i Maryland, ma ke Kai Kūʻono Nui, Saskatchewan. Ma nā mauna ʻo Cordillera, neʻe ʻo ia i Kaleponi, i kona ʻaoʻao waena a i ka ʻākau o New Mexico. I ke kūkulu ʻākau, noho ʻo ia a hiki i ke kapakai ʻo Arctic, i loaʻa ma ka Arctic a me nā archipelagos Kanada, nā kapakai o Greenland (ʻākau a me ka hikina).
Lawe ʻia ka predator liʻiliʻi i New Zealand e kaua i nā lāpaki hānau, akā ʻo ka holoholona nimble, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i laila, ʻaʻole wale nō i kū i ka ʻaihue ʻaihue o nā mea kanu, akā ua hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu hopena - ke kiwi. ʻAʻole ʻike kēia mau manu i ka lele a hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua i nā pūnana ma ka honua, a luku aku lākou iā lākou me ke aloha ʻole.
I Lūkia, noho kā mākou meʻe ma kahakai holoʻokoʻa o ka Moana Arctic, ma nā mokupuni ʻo Novosibirsk. I ka hema, hiki ka wahi i ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka ʻĀina ʻEleʻele, hele ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka Don a i ka waha o Volga. Aia nā wahi noho kaʻawale ma ka moku ʻo Elbrus, ma Ossetia, a laila ma nā wahi āpau, a hiki i ka palena hema a me ka hikina o ka ʻāina, ma Sakhalin a me ke kualapa ʻo Kuril.
He aha ka ʻai a ermine?
Kiʻi: ermine holoholona liʻiliʻi
He mea hahai holoholona maikaʻi loa kēia predator, hoʻohana ia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa e kiʻi i ka meaʻai.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka papaʻai o kēia laha o ka wea e noho ʻia e nā rodents:
- nāʻiole vole;
- ʻiole nahele;
- pikas;
- lemmings;
- hamsters;
- ʻūlū.
Hānai pū ka holoholona i nā manu a me nā amphibians, ʻaʻole mālama i nā mea kolo, hōʻino i nā pūnana manu, hopu iʻa, nā iʻa, a ʻai i nā hua. Hoʻopilikia ia i nā ʻaʻa lāʻau a me nā hae hazel. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻai ia i ka make. Huli ʻo ia i nā rodents e like me ka ʻiole, alualu iā lākou ma ka honua, i nā lua, i ka lāʻau make a ma lalo o ka hau. Lele mai hope a mai luna a nahu i ka hope o ke poʻo. Me ka nui o nā rodents, hoʻopau ia iā lākou ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana, e hana ana i nā lako. I ke ʻano o ka wiwo ʻole a me ka impudence, ʻaʻohe ona lua ma ke ʻano. Kūʻē ʻo ia i nā holoholona a me nā manu i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa ma mua ona, hiki iā ia ke holo wikiwiki i kahi kanaka.
Hānai ka mea ʻino i nā lāpaki me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana hoihoi. Ke ʻike nei i kahi mea hōʻeha ma kahi mamao, hoʻomaka ka ermine e lele kiʻekiʻe, hāʻule, ʻōwili. Nānā kahi lāpaki pīhoihoi me ka hoihoi i ka holoholona "pupule". ʻO ia, ke lele a wili nei, hele mālie i ka pahu hopu i manaʻo ʻia. I ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi mamao loa, kuʻi kā mākou meʻe i ka lāpaki, hopu i ka hope o kona poʻo me ka paʻa o ka make.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Ermine i ke kūlohelohe
Ua noho ka ermine i nā wahi kaiāulu like ʻole, akā makemake i nā wahi me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu wai. I ka tundra, hiki ke loaʻa ma nā kahakai a ma nā kahawai o nā awāwa. I nā ululāʻau, he mau kahawai kahawai kēia o nā kahawai, kahi o waho o nā wahi pohopoho, ma nā kihi, nā aniani, nā aniani, i nā wahi i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā nāhelehele, akā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike iā ia i ka ulu lāʻau. I nā steppe a me nā ululāʻau, makemake ʻo ia i ke kahakai o nā kino wai, noho i nā awawa, i nā ulu lāʻau birch, i nā ululāʻau paina. Hiki ke loaʻa pinepine kokoke i nā hale kaiāulu, i nā ilina, nā māla māla. Ma nā mauna ʻo Caucasus, noho ʻo ia i nā kula alpine (3 tausani mau mika ma luna o ke kai), ma Altai - i nā mea kau pōhaku.
ʻAʻole hana ka holoholona i nā lua, akā lawe i nā hale papaʻi o nā rodents i lalo o ka malu. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lumi pūnana me nā lau maloʻo a me ka hulu hipa. Noho pū ia i nā kuahiwi o ke kuahiwi, ma lalo o nā ʻōpala a me nā aʻa, i nā ahu o nā lāʻau make a me nā ʻino makani, noho i nā lua. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i kahi noho manawa ʻole ma nā wahi like - nā hale noho. Hiki i kahi hoʻolālā pākahi ma kahi o 10 hectares, a i kekahi manawa a hiki i 200 hectares.
Alakaʻi i kahi nohona hana i ka pō, a i ke ahiahi. I ka lā, loaʻa iā ia nā manawa 4-5, ʻo ka manawa holoʻokoʻa ma kahi o ʻelima mau hola. Huli ka holoholona ma kahi o 30-60 mau minuke, a ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, hoʻomaha ia. I ka hoʻoilo, i ka wā o nā hau nui a i ʻole nā hau hau, inā loaʻa kahi lako o ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole haʻalele ka ermine i ka hale hoʻomaha no kekahi mau lā. Noho nā holoholona i 2-3 mau makahiki, e make ana mai ko lākou mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe. I ke ʻano o ka pio ʻana, hiki i ka lōʻihi o ko lākou ola a ʻeono mau makahiki.
ʻOiai e mākaʻikaʻi ana i kāna ʻāina ʻimi holoholona, hōʻike ka holoholona i ka hoihoi. Hiki iā ia ke hopu i ka maka o ke kanaka, a ke ʻike ʻo ia iā ia, lele ʻo ia i luna o kahi puʻu, kū pololei a nānā, nānā i ke ʻano o ka weliweli.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Baby ermine
Noho kaʻawale nā wahine a me nā kāne. He polygamous nā kāne. I ka waenakonu o Malaki, hoʻomaka lākou i ka rutting, i mau a hiki i Kepakemapa. Hāpai nā wahine i nā keiki mai 240 a 393 mau lā. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pālahalaha ma luna o ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana e ka hoʻomaha latency. I kēia wā, ʻaʻole hoʻopili ka embryo i ka paia o ka kōpū. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ke kūlohelohe i hiki i nā keiki ke hōʻike i ka manawa maikaʻi maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka pinepine i ka ʻōpala aia mai 6-8 cubs, mai kēia kiʻi mai ʻelua a 18. ʻO ke kaupaona o nā pēpē he 0.8-2.6 g. I ka wā hānau, makapō a kuli hoʻi lākou, ma hope o nā wāwae mua o ke kino liʻiliʻi ke ʻike maka ʻia nei.
Wehe ʻia nā puka pepeiao i ka mahina, nā maka - 4-10 mau lā ma hope. Hōʻike nā niho pēpē i nā pēpē i 2-3 mau pule. Hoʻololi ka hoʻololi ʻana iā lākou i nā mea mau loa i ke kanahā o ka lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a hoʻololi loa iā lākou i ka lā 70th. Hōʻike ʻia nā keiki hānau hou me kahi mane ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāʻī, i nalo e ka mahina. Mālama ka makuahine i nā keiki, i ka wā mua ʻaʻole iki ʻo ia e haʻalele iā lākou. Haʻalele ia i ka lua e hōʻoluʻolu iā ia iho.
Ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mahina, hoʻopuka hou nā keiki i nā kani ʻano, hoʻomaka e hōʻike i ka huhū. Aʻo ko lākou makuahine iā lākou e ʻimi holoholona. Ke pāʻani mau nei nā keiki me kekahi. Ke haʻalele nei i ka lua no ka hele wāwae, ua ukali lākou i ko lākou makuahine. Ma hope o ʻelua mau mahina, hoʻomaka nā pēpē ermine e haʻalele i ka lua. I kēia manawa, aneane loaʻa lākou i ka nui me nā mākua. Loaʻa ke oʻo makua o nā kāne i ka makahiki o hoʻokahi makahiki. Wahine makua i kakahiaka nui, kū lākou estrus mua ma ka 17th lā mai ka hānau ʻana. Hiki iā lākou ke uhi ʻia ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana.
Hōʻike koke nā keiki hānau hou i ka hiki ke kāʻei pū. ʻO kēia reflex, mahalo iā lākou e pili paʻa ai kekahi i kekahi, kōkua iā lākou e mahana. ʻO kēia ka mea e palekana ai lākou. Inā hoʻokaʻawale ʻoe iā lākou, piʻi hou lākou, ʻūlū a paʻa kekahi i kekahi. Nalo ka reflex i ka manawa e ʻike ai nā holoholona i ke kukui.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka ermine
Kiʻi: Ermine
ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana liʻiliʻi o ka weaela he mau ʻenemi he nui, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻo nā mea nui o ia mea: sable, ferret, Siberian weasel, mink. Hiki iā lākou ke ola i ermine mai kāna pūnaewele ma ke alualu ʻana iā ia. Hoʻoweliweli ka poʻe hoʻokūkū a kā mākou meʻe no ka lako meaʻai. ʻOiai me ka nele o ka meaʻai, pono ʻo ia e neʻe. ʻO kēia, ka mea mua, nā ʻohana pili loa - ka paʻakai a me ka wea, nā manu ʻio: nā ʻano falcon liʻiliʻi a me ka pueo. Ua emi nui ka nui o ka predator liʻiliʻi i ke awāwa ʻo Ob ma muli o ka neʻe nui ʻana o nā nalo Siberian ma aneʻi.
He mea weliweli nā ʻalopeke; alualu nā ʻalopeke Arctic i nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi ma ka tundra. I ke ao, hiki i ka holoholona ke hopu ʻia e nā ʻakaʻaka, nā aeto gula, i ka pō - e nā pueo. Hiki i kahi ermine ke hūnā mai kekahi mau holoholona i kahi kumulāʻau a noho ma laila. I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻo ka holoholona, ʻo ka lanakila ʻana i nā ālai wai, lilo pinepine ia i iʻa nui: taimen, pike. Hiki i nā Parasite ke pepehi i nā holoholona. I nā kauwela kauwela mahana, ʻai lākou i nā nīmū amber, kahi e ola ai nā larva o Scriabingilus, a hoʻopili nā ilo i kēia ʻano mustelids.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Ermine holoholona
ʻO ka maʻamau, ola kahi ermine i hoʻokahi wahi, akā me ka nele o ka meaʻai e lōʻihi nā huakaʻi. ʻIke ʻia me ka nui o nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi - ka waiwai nui o kahi mea ʻino, hiki ke neʻe i kahi mamao loa. Kuhi ʻia kēia mammal e nā neʻe o ke kau. I nā helu, hiki i nā lele nui, akā ʻaʻole ia e loli i nā manawa he ʻumi - mai 30 a 190. Pili kēia i ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai, ka nalo ʻana o nā kumu wai a me nā kahawai, nā ahi, nā maʻi holoholona a me ko lākou infestation me nā ilo.
Loaʻa i kēia ʻano wili i kahi hulu keʻokeʻo silky keʻokeʻo paʻa. ʻO ia ka mea i lawaiʻa mau i ka lawaiʻa. Liʻiliʻi ka holoholona, no ka lole huluhulu hoʻokahi a i ʻole ka ʻahu huluhulu e pono ʻoe e hopu ma kahi o 200 mau kānaka. I ke kenekulia 17, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kahi mea huluhulu i ka ʻaha Pelekania. Ua paio ʻo ia i ka hoʻoholo a ke kahu o ke kānāwai a lanakila ʻo ia, e hōʻike ana i ka lole ermine o ke kauā o Themis. ʻOiai kūpikipiki ka mammal a luku i nā voles i nā helu he nui, ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi pāpā ʻana ma ka hopu holoholona iā Sakhalin. ʻO ka ʻimi no nā rodents, nā mea lawe i nā maʻi weliweli i nā kānaka, he pōmaikaʻi nui ia.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ermine ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā mustelid lehulehu loa ma Rūsia. ʻOi loa ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe i nā wahi e noho ai ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka helu kokoke o nā holoholona i ka Russian Federation ma mua o ʻelua miliona.
ʻO ka heluna kanaka nui loa, ma kahi o 60% i loaʻa ma ka Hikina Hikina a me Siberia Hikina, 20% ma Yakutia. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa a me Siberia Komohana, noho kekahi 10% o nā mea ʻino, ʻoi aku i ka steppe ulu lāʻau. ʻO ka wahi ulu lāʻau tundra āpau o nā ʻĀkau ʻākau ka nui o ka lehulehu.
Hoʻohuli ʻia ka helu o nā māmela e nā hau a me nā hoʻoilo hau, nā kahe a me nā ahi. Mai ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia i hala, ua hoʻomaka ka emi o ka nui o nā halihali o nā hulu makamae ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāina no nā mea mahi mahiʻai, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau make a me nā mea make. Ma kēia mea, ua nalowale ka holoholona i nā panalāʻau maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kahawai kahawai i kū mai nā waihona wai.
Ma muli o ke kaumaha o ko New Zealand ʻike, ua helu ka IUCN i ka ermine ma ke ʻano he holoholona weliweli weliweli. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma kahi o 100-150 tausani mau ʻili o ka hulu makamae i ʻeli ʻia, kahi e hōʻike ai i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻohi ʻia ma mua. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pili paha ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka waiwai pio me ka loli i nā ala kuʻuna o ka ʻimi holoholona liʻiliʻi, ka nalo ʻana o nā mākau a me nā kenekulia o ka ʻike. ʻO Ermine maʻalahi loa e hoʻopili i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka lawaiʻa ka mea e ikaika ai ka ʻae ʻia o ka mālama ʻana i nā ana e pili ana i nā kumu a me nā pilikia e hiki ke loaʻa i ka ermine.
Ka lā paʻi: 05.02.2019
Lā hou: 16.09.2019 ma 16:51
