ʻO ka ululāʻau, steppe a me ka wao akua - noho nā moʻo o ka ʻāina Rostov i kēia mau ʻāpana kūlohelohe ʻekolu, nona nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia e nā herpetologists i 10 taxa.
Nahesa ʻawahia
Noho wale kekahi o nā mea kolo i ka steppe / jungle steppe, aia kekahi ma nā wahi o Rostov. Hōʻike nā moʻo nahesa ʻehā e nā ʻano 4, he mea weliweli ka lāʻau make no nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. ʻO ka mea wale nō e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike ʻo ka nahesa ʻaʻole e hoʻouka mua, inā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia ʻia (e hehi kuʻi ʻole a pry paha me kahi lāʻau).
Moku ʻāpapa
ʻO kahi nahesa i ke ao e koho ana i nā wahi ākea - nā ʻāpana steppes a me nā wao akua o ka moku ʻo Rostov. ʻO nā lehulehu he nui loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hema, hikina a me ka hikina hikina.
ʻAʻole lōʻihi loa ka viper steppe, ke ulu nei i ka awelika o 61-63 cm, kahi e hāʻule ai ka 55 cm ma kahi kino, a ʻo ke koena - ma kahi huelo pōkole. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona he haiki (kolamu) nā haumāna, kahi poʻo poʻo, a me kahi kala hina hina me kahi kumu zigzag ma ka pali. ʻAʻohe o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o nā Melanist (ʻeleʻele kanaka) ma kahi o Rostov.
I kēlā me kēia manawa, ma muli o ka nahu ʻana o ka viper steppe, e make nā lio a me nā ruminants liʻiliʻi i ka hānai ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki i kahi hopena make no ke kanaka, ke ʻole ka haʻalulu anaphylactic, a ʻaʻole hiki ke kōkua i ka manawa.
He hilahila ka viper steppe, ʻoiai ʻino. Ke hui lākou, haʻalele ʻo ia i ka wikiwiki, a hoʻouka me ka ikaika inā e ʻoki ʻia ke ala pakele.
I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hoʻonāukiuki ka ʻona viper i ka puʻupuʻu, ka pōkole o ka hanu, nāwaliwali, nā haʻalulu, ka pehu ʻana, a me ka ʻeha a me ka ʻeha ma ke kahua o ka nahu. Hoʻopili kahi kino olakino me ka ʻona ʻana i kekahi mau lā.
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ma muli o ka hana lima kanaka kolohe, ke emi nei ka heluna kanaka o ka honua i ka stepper viper: ʻaʻohe ʻē aʻe ʻo Rūkia, kahi e ʻaneʻane pau nei nō hoʻi ka lāhui. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia i hala, ua kāpae ʻia ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau make o ka steppe viper, a lawe ʻia ʻo ia iho ma lalo o ka pale o The Bern Convention (Convention on the Protection of Fauna / Flora and Natural Habitats in Europe).
Mūnewai maʻamau
ʻO ka laulā ʻāpana o nā ʻano "uhi" ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me komohana komohana o ka moku ʻo Rostov, ʻoiai loaʻa kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona i nā wahi waena.
Mea kolo kolo nui waena. Loaʻa nā moʻo lōʻihi hoʻokahi mika i ka ʻākau o ka pae honua (ʻo kahi laʻana, ma Scandinavia), i ka Don steppes, noho nā moonihoawa liʻiliʻi (a hiki i 65 cm). He kino mānoanoa ko ka nahesa, he huelo pokole, a me kahi poʻo triangular, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻāʻī.
Hoʻololi ke ʻano o ke kino a hiki ke hina, melemele-ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula hoʻi me kahi keleawe keleawe. I kekahi mau wahi aia nō nā ʻeleʻele vipers-melanist.
He kumu zigzag hoʻi kā ka viper ma ke kua i pelu ʻia i loko o ka huapalapala "X" ma ke poʻo, a he ʻulaʻula ʻalani, melemele a melemele paha ka piko o ka huelo.
Hoʻonāukiuki ka ʻona o ka viper maʻamau i ka hemorrhages ākea a me ke ʻano o nā wahi nehrotic ma kahi kokoke i ke kiko nahu, no laila, hoʻoholo ʻia ka ikaika o ka lāʻau make e ke kokoke o ka nahu i ke poʻo. ʻO nā ʻōuli maʻamau ka nāwaliwali loa, ka lōlō, a me ka haʻalulu. ʻO ka nahu ʻana o ka viper maʻamau he mea make ʻole ia: aia wale nō inā ʻaʻa ʻoe i ka lāʻau make.
ʻO Viper ka Nikolsky
ʻAʻole ʻike nā herpetologists āpau iā ia ma ke ʻano he kūʻokoʻa, e kāhea ana iā ia he subspecies o ka viper maʻamau. ʻOiai ka like me nā melanist, he morphology kūʻokoʻa ko ka viper viper, ʻokoʻa i nā ʻāpala ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole wale i kona kala ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi, akā i nā nuances o ke ʻano o nā unahi a me nā kole o ka maka - ʻike ʻole ʻia ka haumāna, no ka mea ua hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi iris ʻeleʻele.
Ulu nā mea kolo makua i 85 knm ka lōʻihi me ke kino kaumaha a paʻa hoʻi, ʻano like kālī.
Hoihoi. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā nahesa ʻōpio ma mua o nā mākua a kala ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele me kahi zigzag ʻeleʻele ma ka pali: e ka makahiki 3 o ke ola, pouli nā unahi a nalowale ke kumu.
Noho ka viper nui weliweli o ka ʻāina Rostov ma ka ʻākau, komohana a me ke komohana ʻākau o ka moku ʻo Rostov, e koho ana, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, nā waho o nā awawa (ʻoi aku ka deciduous pinepine) nā ʻoki e nā kahawai a me nā kahawai.
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka viper a Nikolsky:
- ʻōʻā;
- nā koʻekoʻe liʻiliʻi;
- rana;
- nā manu e pūnana ana ma ka honua;
- kā lākou mau hua a me nā moa.
Hoʻopili nā nahesa ʻōpiopio i nā moʻo liʻiliʻi, nā rana ʻeleʻele, kālika, iʻa a mai hōʻalo i ke kino. Ma ka ʻāina e kolo mālie ai ka viper a Nikolsky, akā ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻau ʻana ma mua o nā moʻo ʻāpala "Rostov" ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lāʻau make o ka viper a Nikolsky ma ke ʻano weliweli loa ma muli o ka nui o nā cardiotoxins i loko o ia mea (hoʻohaunaele i ka hana o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai), hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻono hemorrhagic. Ma hope o ka nahu ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā palpitations a me nā haunaele, i kekahi mau hihia - maʻule a me ke koma. ʻAʻole ia e kāpae ʻia (ʻoi aku i nā mea maʻi maʻi maʻi a me ka hopena make.
I kēia manawa ua pale ʻia ʻo Vipera nikolskii ma ka panalāʻau o kahi mālama Khopersky.
ʻO Shitomordnik maʻamau
ʻO ia ka maʻa ʻo Pallas - ka lāhui maʻamau o ka mouton genus, makemake i nā wao akua a me nā steppes. ʻO nā wahi kūloko, nā wahi maloʻo a me nā wahi wela o ka moku ʻo Rostov: hema a hikina a ʻo Salskaya steppe.
ʻIke ʻia ka nahesa e kona kua ʻeleʻele a hina hina-ʻeleʻele hoʻi, kiko ʻia me nā kiko kahuli pōʻeleʻele. ʻIke ʻia nā kiko liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao, a ma ke poʻo hoʻi, ma nā ʻaoʻao he laina postorbital pouli. Ma waena o nā lunamaka o nā laha, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka poʻe ʻeleʻele a me nā pōhaku ʻulaʻula.
Hoihoi. Loaʻa iā Shitomordniki ko lākou inoa generic ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā pale (ulu o ka iwi) ma ke poʻo.
He nahesa poʻo poʻo kēia, hiki ke manaʻo i ke alo o nā holoholona wela me ke ʻano i ka pouli pitch. Lilo ka Invertebrates i ka waiwai pio o ka mu e ulu ana. ʻO ka papaʻai o nā moʻo mākua ka hapanui o nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi:
- kiʻekiʻena steppe;
- ʻōʻā;
- nā moʻo a me nā moʻo;
- manu liʻiliʻi / moa;
- hua manu.
He ʻeha ka nahu nahesa i nā kānaka, akā make pinepine i nā lio a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Hoʻouka kekahi nahesa i ke kanaka inā aia kahi hoʻoweliweli mai iā ia (i ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kōkua manawa kūpono) hiki ke hopena i ka maʻi lōlō o ka ʻōnaehana hanu. Hoʻokahi hola ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka nahesa, ʻike ʻia nā hallucination a me ka nalo ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo, a me nā hematomas, nā hemorrhages a me ka pehu ʻana ma ka wahi o ka nahu, e alakaʻi ana i nā kiko nekrosis.
Nahesa nahenahe
ʻEkolu ʻano o nā moʻo, ʻelua mau moʻo a me kahi poʻo keleawe - he nahesa ʻawa ʻole kēia a pau o ka moku ʻo Rostov. ʻO kā lākou pilikia ka mea i hoʻokau ʻia i ka hoʻomāinoino kūpono ʻole mai nā mākaʻikaʻi naʻaupō i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā mea kolo weliweli a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi.
Holo kope
Pili ia i ka ʻohana o nā ʻano hāiki a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke ola i nā biotopes ʻokoʻa diametrically - steppes, meadows, awāwa, ma nā awāwa o nā bogs, i nā wahi kai paʻakai, i nā māla laiki, i nā puʻu, nā ulu lāʻau juniper, nā ʻohe, nā mauna, a me nā ulu lāʻau coniferous a hui pū kekahi.
ʻO kēia nahesa maikaʻi ʻole a hōʻino ʻole hoʻi a ka poʻe kamaʻāina i kapa ai ʻo "ka viper chess", hoʻopau loa ʻia a komo ka nahesa i loko o ka puke ʻulaʻula o ka Russian Federation.
Ulu nā nahesa makua i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua mika a ʻike ʻia e kahi ʻano loli loa mai ka brownish-hina i brown and black (i waena o nā melanists). Aia ʻehā mau kaha ʻokoʻa ma ka pali, ʻelua o lākou i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i ka huelo. ʻIke ʻia nā kiko ʻeleʻele ʻelua ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ke poʻo, a kikoo ʻia ke kaha kūlohelohe ma o ka maka (me kahi haumāna puni).
Piʻi maikaʻi ka nahesa hoʻohālikelike i nā kumu lāʻau, nā pōhaku a me ka honua, ʻau a lele luʻu maikaʻi. Holo pinepine ia i nā lua ma lalo o nā aʻa, nā lua o ka wā kahiko a me nā kaha pōhaku.
ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi o ka nahesa laʻana me:
- mammal liʻiliʻi;
- manu, kā lākou moa / hua manu;
- poʻe amphibians;
- nahesa uuku;
- he ia;
- nā mea kolo.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka nahesa i manaʻo ʻia he ʻāina a he ʻekena hulu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻaetoeto, a me nā kānaka i hala aku nei, ʻoiai ʻo ka nahesa iho e hoʻāʻo ʻole e hele i kāna ala.
Heihei piʻi piʻi ʻehā kaha
ʻO kekahi ʻano hāiki, e noho ana mehana mehana, akā malumalu ʻia nā biotopes me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka moku ʻo Rostov, koho ka nahesa ʻehā a me nā nāhelehele i nā awawa a me nā awāwa, nā kahawai kahawai, nā kahakai kahakai i ulu nui ʻia, nā pali pōhaku (ulu ʻia me nā nāhelehele), nā māla a me nā māla waina. Ma lalo o kahi malu, hoʻohana ia i nā kaha i nā pōhaku, nā lua a me nā lua, a me nā māwae hohonu i ka honua.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā laina ʻehā ma mua o ka nahesa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia: me ka awelika o 1.5 m, ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o 2 mika.
He nahesa lahilahi kēia me kahi poʻo kuimana e like me ke poʻo a haʻi hewa i ka ʻāʻī i ka nāwaliwali. Aia he 3 mau ʻāpana o ka nahesa piʻi piʻi ʻehā (ʻaʻole i loaʻa he 2 o lākou ma Lūkia), ʻokoʻa i kekahi i kekahi e ko lākou waho a me kā lākou hana.
ʻAʻole kau palena ʻia nā makemake Gastronomic i nā rodents: ʻimi ka nahesa i nā hares ʻōpio, nā manu a hōʻino i nā pūnana manu. ʻAi pinepine nā moʻo nāhesa i nā moʻo. ʻAʻole lele wale ka nahesa ma nā kumu, akā me ka hoʻoluhi ʻole ua kiola ia mai kekahi lālā i kahi lālā, inā hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e 0.5-0.6 m.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka nahesa he ʻalopeke, nā wīwī a me nā manu lele. ʻIke i kahi kanaka, hoʻāʻo ka nahesa e peʻe i ka mauʻu mānoanoa, akā ʻaʻole holo pono kēia. Kuhi hewa pinepine ʻia ʻo ia no ka moonihoawa a pepehi ʻia, ʻo ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai ka moʻo piʻi piʻi ʻehā i nā ʻaoʻao o ka puke Red o ka Russian Federation.
Caspian, a i ʻole nāhesa melemele-bellied
Loaʻa i ka inoa hanohano o ka nahesa nui loa ʻaʻole wale ma ka moku ʻo Rostov, akā ʻo ʻEulopa pū kekahi, ʻoiai ulu aʻe kekahi mau mākua i 2.5 mau mika.
Kupa o nā biotopes maloʻo (hāmama / hāmama) - semi-wao nahele, paepae pōhaku, nā pali kahawai, nā kāʻei ulu lāʻau, nā ulu lāʻau, nā pali o nā gullies a me nā awāwa. ʻAʻole ia e makaʻu i nā wahi i mahi ʻia - nā māla a me nā māla waina, nā pā pōhaku, nā hale i haʻalele ʻia a me nā mauʻu. Ke hele nei i ke ala, make pinepine ʻo ia ma lalo o nā huila o nā kaʻa.
E ʻimi ka nahesa Caspian i kekahi mea i loaʻa i loko o kona puʻu. Pāʻani punahele - nā māmele liʻiliʻi a me nā manu. Luku ka nahesa i nā ʻiole a me nā ʻiole i ka nui, ʻai mau i nā gopher a me nā raccoons.
Hoʻopau ka nahesa ʻōpū melemele i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e ola ana, ʻoiai kaomi ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona nui i ka honua, e kaomi ana me ke kaupaona o ko lākou kino.
ʻAʻole like ka nahesa me he moonihoawa, akā naʻe me kēia kūlana, ʻeha mau ia i nā lima o ka poʻe amateurs panicking, ʻo ia ke kumu i koho ʻia ai ma Rūsia ma ke ʻano he ʻano palupalu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, loaʻa ka mea hope loa mai kahi nahesa nui, (ʻaʻole like me ka viper like) ʻaʻole makemake e holo aku, akā makemake ʻo ia e pale ikaika iā ia iho. Ke kānalua nei i ka manaʻo kolohe o ka ʻenemi, wili ka nahesa i loko o kahi pōpō, hoʻolei koke i ke kino e nahu i ka maka a ʻāʻī paha. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea make a ka nahesa, no laila hiki i nā mea āpau ke ʻoki i ka ʻili.
ʻĀpana keleawe maʻamau
Loaʻa ma ka moku ʻo Rostov kokoke i nā wahi āpau. E like me ka nahesa, pili ia i ka ʻohana haiki e like me ka ʻohana, akā manaʻo ʻia he ʻona ʻona ia, ʻoiai hana ʻia nā mea ʻino i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kolo.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Copperhead mai nā nahesa ʻEulopa he nui e kahi ʻeleʻele lōʻihi lōʻihi e hele ana i ka maka me kahi haumāna poepoe (e like me nā mea kolo kolohe ʻole) āpau. Ulu hohonu nā niho i loko, no laila loaʻa i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia kahi palena iki o ka lāʻau make. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā poʻo keleawe ma mua o 60-70 cm a uhi mau ʻia me nā lālani he nui o nā wahi transverse (ʻoi aʻe i ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī), hui pinepine i nā kaha kaulike. Hoʻonani ʻia hoʻi ke kua o ke poʻo me nā kikoʻī / paʻi.
Mea nui. Ua pena ʻia nā Copperheads i nā kala like ʻole - hina, brownish-melemele, nā aka a pau o ka brown, a me ke keleawe-ʻulaʻula. Hānau ʻia nā kānaka ʻeleʻele loa, a hiki i ka ʻeleʻele (me ka melanism).
Hoʻopiʻi ʻo Copperhead i nā ʻeke, nā moʻo ʻōpio, nā moʻo a me nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka laulā ākea o nā laha, i ʻike mua ʻia e like me ka palupalu, ke wikiwiki nei, no nā kumu anthropogenic - ka mahi ʻana i nā wahi noho maʻamau, ke kua ʻana o nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Wai i kēia manawa
ʻO kahi ʻano maʻamau no ka moku ʻo Rostov (ʻo ia hoʻi no ka wai kahawai ʻo Don), e pili ana i nā kino wai kūlohelohe. Maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ka nahesa maʻamau i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kiko manawa māmā. He nahesa kala-ʻoliva kona kua i kua ʻia i nā kiko ʻeleʻele i kahi papa kaha.
ʻO ke kala o ka nahesa wai kekahi monochrome - ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ʻoliva, me ka ʻole o kahi kiko. Piʻi kahi nahesa makua i 1-1.3 m, kākaʻikahi a 1.6 m.Puni nā maka, kūlia iki. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka lā, ʻau ka nahesa wai, hopu iʻa a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi.
ʻOihana maʻamau
ʻO ka nahesa maʻamau paha ma ka moku ʻo Rostov. I kēia manawa, inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia he melanist, paʻakikī e huikau iā ia me kekahi nahesa ʻē aʻe: hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia e nā māka kukui ʻelua ma hope o nā pepeiao (keʻokeʻo, melemele, ʻalani a ʻalani). ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne a hiki i 2.5 m, me ka awelika o ka lōʻihi o ke kanaka i ʻoi aku i ka mika. ʻO nā rodents, nā rana a me nā iʻa i lawelawe i meaʻai. ʻImi ʻia ka nahesa ponoʻī e kekahi mea ʻaihue, e like me nā manu, a me nā ʻūhū hoʻi.
Nā hana ke hui ʻia me ka nahesa
E hoʻokuʻu mākou iā ia, nāna e hoʻohana. Inā pili ka hoʻouka kaua i kou noonoo ʻole (ua hehi ʻoe i ka nahesa a ʻohi iā ia me kahi lāʻau), e lawe i kekahi antihistamine. I mea e hōʻalo ai i ka haʻalulu anaphylactic, e hoʻopili i kahi hopena o tavegil (1-2 ml) ma lalo o ka ʻili, e hoʻopili ana i ka ʻeha mai nā ʻaoʻao āpau. Inā loaʻa nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi, e hoʻokomo i ka dexazone a i ʻole dexamethasone (2-3 ml) i ka intramuscularly, a laila lawe i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ka haukapila.
Nānā. Mai omo i ka lāʻau make (makehewa kēia), mai cauterize a ʻokiʻoki paha i ka ʻeha, i mea e hōʻeha ʻole ai i ka make ʻana o nā ʻaʻa.
E hoʻomau i ka lālā i nahu ʻia, inu i ka 70 g vodka / waiʻona (he vasodilator kēia), a inu i ka wai diuretic (tiima lāʻau, pia, kope), no ka mea, ua hoʻopau wale ʻia ka lāʻau make ma nā puʻupaʻa.
