ʻO ka manu luʻu wale mai kahi hui nui o passerines ka dipper, nona ka ola e pili pili ʻole me nā kahawai kuahiwi wikiwiki a me nā kahawai.
Ka wehewehe Dipper
ʻO ka sparrow wai a i ʻole ka wai thrush - ʻo kēia ka inoa i kapa ʻia ka dipper maʻamau (Cinclus cinclus) e ka poʻe no ka pili o ka wai. Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia ka dean i ka thrush a me ka starling, me ia e pili nui ʻole ai i kona ʻano e like me ka nui.
Helehelena
He manu ʻeleʻele manoanoa me nā wāwae lōʻihi a me ka nuku, akā ʻo nā ʻēheu pōkole a "ʻoki ʻia", kahi huelo upturned. ʻO kahi kikoʻī kaulana kahi hau-keʻokeʻo pālule-mua e uhi ana i ka umauma, ka puʻu, luna o ka ʻōpū a hoʻohālikelike me ka plumage ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele nui.
ʻO ka lei aliʻi a me ka nape o ke poʻo ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻoiai ke kua, ka huelo a me ka ʻaoʻao i waho o nā ʻeheu i hina hina. Eia hou, ke nānā pono ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā nalu waliwali ma ke kua, a me ke kala ʻeleʻele ma ke kihi o ka hulu dipper.
ʻOi aku ka ʻōlelo o ka hoki i nā holoholona ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā ʻōmaka ma mua o nā mākua. Ua kuapo ka puʻu keʻokeʻo e ka hulu hinuhinu ma ka ʻōpū a me ka hina hina ma ka hope / ʻēheu. ʻO ka dia (e like me nā passerine ʻē aʻe) mea kaua me ka nuku ʻole o ka wax ma ke kumu, ikaika a pālahalaha iki ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao.
Mea nui. ʻO ka wehe ʻana o kahi hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo kūwaho me ka pelu ʻili i pani ʻia i ka luʻu ʻana. Mahalo i nā aniani poepoe o ka maka a me ke kornea pālahalaha, hiki i ka mea ʻūpā ke ʻike pono ma lalo o ka wai.
Hāʻawi ka gland coccygeal nunui (10 mau manawa ma mua o ka nui o nā moa wai) i ka mea kanu me ka nui o nā momona e hiki ai iā ia ke lubricate i ka hulu no ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka wai hau. Hoʻololi ʻia nā wāwae ikaika i ka neʻe ʻana ma kahakai a ma lalo. Ma nā wāwae he 4 manamana wāwae me nā māiʻuʻoiʻoi: ʻekolu mau manamana wāwae e kuhikuhi i mua, a kuhikuhi ʻia i hope i hope.
Nā nui manu
ʻOi aku ka nui o Dipper ma mua o ka manu liʻiliʻi, e ulu ana i 17-20 cm a he 50-85 g ke kaupaona ʻana.ʻO ka eheu o nā manu makua he 25-30 cm.
Auila
Noho noho ʻo Dipper, akā noho kekahi manawa he poʻe malihini. Noho nā kāne noho ma kahi o 2 km, ʻaʻole e waiho iā ia i nā hoʻoilo nui loa. Ma waho o ka panalāʻau o kekahi mau kāne male, hoʻomaka koke nā ʻāina pili, no ka mea kahi kahawai kuahiwi (mai kona kumu a hiki i kona hui ʻana me ka muliwai) i hoʻopiha nui ʻia me nā dippers.
Hele nā manu holoholo i ka hoʻoilo i ka puka me ka wai kahe e holo wikiwiki ana, e ʻōpopo ana ma aneʻi i nā hui liʻiliʻi. Lele aku kekahi o nā manu wai i kahi hema loa, e hoʻi ana i ka pūnāwai a hoʻihoʻi i ko lākou mau pūnana kahiko no nā mea hou paʻa.
I ka pūnana ʻana, nānā pono nā pakanā i ka mamao, me ka ʻole e uhaʻi i nā palena o nā pūnaewele o kekahi poʻe, i wehewehe ʻia e ka hoʻokūkū meaʻai. Nānā kēlā me kēia manu i kahi mea pio mai kāna pōhaku kiaʻi "ponoʻī", ʻaʻole mākaukau e ʻae aku i nā mea hoʻokūkū.
Mai ka puka ʻana a ka lā a ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā
Me nā kukuna mua o ka lā, hoʻomaka ka dipper e hīmeni me ka leo nui a me ka ʻimi holoholona, me ka poina ʻole e hakakā me nā hoalauna i komo hewa ʻole i kāna pūnaewele. Ke alualu nei i ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi, hoʻomau ka manu i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea ola, a i ke awakea, inā wela ka lā, peʻe ia i ke aka o nā pōhaku e kau ana a ma waena paha o nā pōhaku.
I ke ahiahi, kū ka lua o ka piko o ka hana, a loaʻa hou ʻole ka luʻu i ka meaʻai, luʻu i ke kahawai a mele ʻana i nā mele leʻaleʻa. I ka auwina lā lele nā manu i nā wahi o ka pō, māka ʻia e nā ahu o nā ʻōpala i hōʻiliʻili ʻia.
Hoʻolilo ka mea palu i nā lā maopopo āpau i kahi ʻano hauʻoli, a kū wale ka wā maikaʻi ʻole i loko o ka nāwaliwali - no ka lōʻihi o ka ua, lilo ka wai anuanu i ao, kahi e hoʻopilikia loa ai ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. I kēia manawa, ʻimi ka dipper i nā huluhulu noho mālie, e neʻe ana ma waena o nā mea kanu kahakai me ka lana o ka manaʻo e loaʻa nā mea kolo e lurking ana i nā lau a me nā lālā.
ʻAuʻau a luʻu ana
Manu pupule - ʻo kēia ka mea a ka mea kākau ʻo Vitaly Bianki i kāhea aku ai i ka dipper, me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka koa wiwo ʻole: komo ka manu i loko o hoʻokahi wormwood a holo ma ka lalo, e puka aʻe ana ma ka aʻe. Kiola ʻo Dean me ka wiwo ʻole iā ia iho i loko o ka puahiohio ʻoi loa a i ʻole ka wailele e holoholo ana, hele a ʻauʻau paha, e kī ana i kāna mau ʻeheu poepoe e like me nā hoe. Me he mea lā e lele ana i kahi wailele e ʻoki ana i kona mau kahawai kiʻekiʻe me nā ʻēheu.
I kekahi manawa e lele mālie i loko o ka muliwai - hoʻoluliluli ʻo ia i kona huelo a me ke kua o ke kino, e like me ka wagket a i kahi puaʻa, a laila lele mai kahi pōhaku i loko o ka wai, e komo ana i lalo a hohonu i mea e hohonu ai i ka wai. ʻAʻole paʻa ka luu, akā like me ka lele o ka rana: mai kahi kiʻekiʻe i pololei i ka kolamu wai.
Hiki i kahi kūpenu ke kū ma kahi o 10-50 kekona ma lalo o ka wai, e komo ana i 1.5 m a e holo ana ma lalo a 20 mau mika. Mahalo i kona plumage mānoanoa a me ka hamo, luʻu ka dipper i loko o ka hau o 30 kekelē.
Ke nānā aku nei i kahi kokoke, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi silhouette manu silvery i ka wai maʻemaʻe, i hana ʻia e nā huʻa ea e pili ana i nā momona momona. E pili ana i nā ʻiliʻili o lalo a neʻe iki i kona mau ʻeheu, holo wikiwiki ka mea ʻoi ka 2-3 m ma lalo o ka wai, e lele ana i kahakai me ka mea pio i hopu ʻia.
I mea e kaomi ai ke kahawai i ka manu i lalo, wehe ʻo ia i kona mau ʻeheu i kahi ala kūikawā, akā pelu iā lākou ke pau ka lawaiʻa, a lana koke. Hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ʻo Dean i ka luʻu ʻana i ka wai stagnant a i ʻole kahe kahe
Ke mele nei
ʻO Dean, e like me ke mele mele maoli, hīmeni i kona ola a pau - ʻauʻau, ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ke kalaiwa ʻana i kona hoanoho (ʻo ia ka mea i lele hewa iā ia), e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka hulu a hele i kekahi honua ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia nā leo mele mele e nā kāne e hiki ke kaomi mālie a pop.
Hoʻohālikelike kahi mea aloha i ke mele o kahi dipper me kahi passerine chirp, a ʻike ka mea nānā i nā mea like me ke kaomi ʻana i kahi hoʻomehana a me ke mele ʻana o ka bluethroat. ʻO kekahi e lohe i nā ʻano o ka palu i ka namunamu iki o ke kahawai e holo ana i waena o nā pōhaku. I kekahi manawa hana ke ʻano o ka manu i kahi kani uʻi pokole e like me ke kolo.
Hīmeni nani loa ka luʻu i nā lā puna maopopo, keu hoʻi i ka wanaʻao, akā ʻoiai i ke anuanu ʻaʻole paʻa kona leo - hoʻonāukiuki mau ka lani aniani i ka mea mele.
Wā ola
I ka nahelehele, ola ka mea ʻūmū a i ʻole 7 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha. ʻO ke ola maikaʻi ma muli o nā mea ulu i hoʻomohala ʻia, i waena e kū ai ka maka maka a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana. ʻIke ʻo Olyapka pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā hoaaloha mai nā ʻenemi, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia me ka maʻalea, ke akamai a me ka akahele mai ka hānau ʻana. ʻAe kēia mau ʻano iā ia e hoʻokele koke i ke kūlana, me ka pale ʻana i ka makaʻu.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine i ke kala, akā ʻike ʻia i ka nui o nā manu, ko lākou kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻēheu. ʻO ka palena hope loa i nā wahine ʻo 8.2-9.1 cm, ʻoiai nā kāne hiki i 9.2-10.1 knm. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine a ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o kā lākou kāne kāne.
Kahi noho, wahi noho
Loaʻa ka Dipper ma nā wahi puʻu / mauna o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, koe naʻe ka hikina hikina o Siberia, a me Hema Hema a me ʻAkau Hema ʻApelika (Tel Atlas, Middle Atlas, a me High Atlas).
Kūmau ka laulā a uhi i kekahi mau mokupuni - Solovetsky, Orkney, Hebides, Sisilia, Maine, Kupero, Pelekane Nui a me ʻIlani.
Ma Eurasia, ʻike ʻia ka dipper ma Norewai, Scandinavia, Pinilana, ma nā ʻāina o ʻAsia Minor, nā Carpathians, ma Caucasus, ma ka mokuna o ka ʻĀkau a me ka Hikina ʻo ʻIrani. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa nā wahi pūnana no nā mea kūpenu akau o ka Kola Peninsula.
Ma Rūsia, noho nā manu ma nā kuahiwi o ka Hikina a me Siberia Hema, kokoke i Murmansk, ma Karelia, ma Urals a me Caucasus, a ma ʻAsia Waena. ʻAʻole kipa pinepine ʻo Dippers i nā ʻāpana pālahalaha o ko mākou ʻāina: holo wale nā mea nomadic pākahi i aneʻi. Ma Central Siberia, uhi ka ʻano i ka Sayan Mountains.
I ka Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve, hāʻawi ʻia ka laha ma kapa o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, a hiki i ka tundra mauna kiʻekiʻe. ʻIke pū ʻia ʻo Olyapka ma Yenisei, kahi i kū ʻole ai nā puka hau i ka hoʻoilo.
Hōʻike nā Ornithologists i ka hoʻoilo ka nui loa o ka dipper ma nā wahi Sayan me ka hoʻomaha karst ulu. ʻO nā kahawai kūloko (e kahe ana mai nā loko i lalo) mahana i ke anuanu: mālama ʻia ka mahana o ka wai ma kahi o + 4-8 °.
Makemake ʻo Dipper i ka pūnana ma nā kahakai ʻo ka taiga me nā mea kau pōhaku, i nā kahawai pulu hohonu a i ʻole nā kahawai me nā wailele. I nā ʻāina puʻu, noho ka mea kūpenu kokoke i nā kahawai mauna, nā wailele a me nā waipuna, ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia me ka hau ma muli o ke kahe wikiwiki, he mea nui ia no kāna meaʻai.
Meaʻai Dipper
ʻO kaʻoi aku o ka ikaika o ka muliwai, ʻo ka nui o nā kahawai e ʻumeʻume i ka dipper ʻAʻole makemake nui nā manu i nā wailele a me nā wili, akā ʻo ka wahi mālie ma waena o lākou, kahi e lawe mai ai ka wai i nā mea ola lalo he nui. Hōʻalo ʻo Dean i nā wai kahe kahe / kū ka wai me kā lākou mea kanu kokoke i ka wai-wai, e luʻu wale ana i laila ke pono.
ʻO ka papaʻai a Dipper me nā invertebrates a me nā holoholona wai ʻē aʻe:
- crustaceans (amphipods);
- lele nā caddis, nā mayflies, nā poʻe noho muliwai;
- larva ʻelima;
- nahenahe;
- lalo iʻa roe;
- iʻa me ka iʻa liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻololi pinepine ʻo Dipper i ka iʻa i ka hoʻoilo: i kēia manawa, loaʻa i nā kupapaʻu manu kahi ʻala ʻokoʻa o ka momona. I kekahi manawa ʻimi nā dippers i ka meaʻai i loko o nā limu kahakai a i ʻole ma kahakai, e kiʻi ana i nā holoholona kūpono mai lalo o nā ʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi.
Hoihoi. ʻ saylelo nā mea hale wili wai i loko o nā hau hau ʻino, ʻūʻū pinepine nā dippers i ka momona momona, kahi e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā huila o nā huila wili.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā dīpī i nā hui kaʻawale, e hoʻomaka ana i nā mele moena a hiki i ka hoʻoilo, a ma ka puna e hoʻomaka nei e kūkulu i kahi pūnana. Pākuʻi lākou ma waena o Malaki, akā kau lākou i nā hua manu ʻaʻole hoʻokahi, akā i kekahi manawa i ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki.
Aia ka pūnana ma kahi o ka wai, e koho ana i nā wahi e like me:
- nā māwae a me nā niches pōhaku;
- nā hakahaka ma waena o nā aʻa;
- nā lua i haʻalele ʻia;
- ākea i waena o nā pōhaku;
- nā pali me ka Soding overhanging;
- nā alahaka a me nā lāʻau lalo;
- uhi ʻia ka lepo me nā lālā.
ʻO ka pūnana, i kūkulu ʻia e nā hoa ʻelua mai ka mauʻu, limu, nā aʻa a me nā limu, lawe i ke ʻano o kahi pōpō kūpono ʻole a i ʻole ka amorphous cone a loaʻa kahi puka ʻaoʻao, maʻamau i ke ʻano o ka paipu. Kū pinepine ka pūnana i ka hāmama (ma kahi pōhaku kahakai kahakai), akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i nā mea hoʻopūʻiwa, nā mea akamai i ka hale e hoʻohālikelike i ke kala o ia wahi.
I ka paʻa he 4 a 7 mau hua keʻokeʻo (ʻo ka maʻamau 5), ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻia he 15-17 mau lā. Wahi a kekahi mau naturalists, ua hana nā mākua ʻelua i ke kaʻina hana, ʻoiai ua manaʻo kekahi ʻo ka wahine wale nō ka mea e noho ana ma ke kūpeʻe, a lawe mau ke kāne i kāna meaʻai.
Hoihoi. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i nā hua manu me ka manaʻo ʻole he maʻalahi ke lawe iā ia mai ka paʻa me kona mau lima. Ma muli o ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wai o ka pūnana, pala mau kekahi o nā hua, a hānau ʻia he mau keiki ʻelua (ʻoi iki ʻole ʻekolu) mau keiki.
Hānai pū nā mākua i ka pua no 20-25 mau lā, a laila haʻalele ka moa i ka pūnana a, ʻaʻole hiki ke lele aʻe, peʻe ma waena o nā pōhaku / nāhelehele. Ma luna o nā moa makua he hina ʻeleʻele, mai lalo - keʻokeʻo me nā nalu.
Ke waiho nei i ka pūnana, hele pū ka moa me nā mākua i ka wai, kahi e aʻo ai i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. I ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā keiki no ke ola kūʻokoʻa, kipaku nā mākua i nā moa mai kahi i noho ʻia i mea e moe hou ai. I ka pau ʻana o ka pūnana ʻana, molu iho ʻo dippers a nānā i nā kahawai / nā kahawai kū ʻole.
Lele aku nā manu ʻōpio i ka hāʻule, a i ka puna aʻe hiki iā lākou ke hana i kā lākou mau hui ponoʻī.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Komo mau nā moa, nā hua, a me nā ʻōpio i ko lākou mau niho, ʻoiai e pakele maʻalahi nā poʻe ʻōpio mai ka alualu ʻana ma ka luʻu ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ke piʻi ʻana i ka ea. I ka muliwai, heʻe lākou mai nā manu kolo, i ka lewa - mai nā mea ʻino o ka honua i makaʻu ʻole e pulu i kā lākou huluhulu, e hopu ana i nā manu luʻu.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā dippers nā holoholona e like me:
- nā pōpoki;
- ferrets;
- martens;
- aloha;
- ʻiole.
ʻO nā mea hope loa ka mea weliweli loa, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā pua o nā kūmū e noho ana i ka pūnana. ʻOiai nā pūnana i loko o ka pōhaku, pale ʻia e nā kahawai kūpikipiki o ka wailele, kahi hiki ʻole i nā felines a me martens ke komo i loko, mai hoʻopakele i nāʻiole.
I ka manawa mua, hoʻāʻo kahi manu makua e peʻe i loko o ka wai a lele wale paha ia mai kahi pōhaku ai kahi pōhaku, e neʻe ana mai ka nānā nui ʻana.
Inā hele a koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoweliweli, lele ka dipper ma waho o 400-500 mau anuu a i ʻole ka hemo i luna, piʻi i luna o nā kumu kai a neʻe i kahi mamao kūpono mai kona kahawai / kahawai ponoʻī.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
A ʻo ʻAukake 2018, ua helu ka IUCN i ka dipper maʻamau i ka mahele LC e like me Least Concern. I ka manawa like, hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano heluna kanaka o nā laha e like me ka hoʻemi ʻana, a ua koho ʻia ka heluna nui o ka honua ʻo Cinclus cinclus ma kahi o 700 tausani - 1.7 miliona mau manu makua.
ʻĀpana ka heluna kanaka o ka kūpenu i ka haumia o ka muliwai, keu hoʻi e nā kemika hana, no ka mea i make nā mea ola a me nā iʻa i lalo. No laila, he hana hoʻokuʻu hana ia i hoʻonāukiuki i ka emi o ka nui o nā manu ma Polani a me Kelemania.
Mea nui. Aia ka liʻiliʻi o nā dippers ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe (e like me ʻEulopa Hema), kahi e hana nei nā mea kanu uila a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ikaika, e hoʻololi ana i ka helu o ka wai.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka dia he lāhui synanthropic, ʻaʻole makaʻu ʻo ia i ka poʻe a ʻike pinepine ʻia ma kahi kokoke i kahi e noho ai ke kanaka, no ka laʻana, ma nā wahi mauna.
