ʻO ka liona kai kahi holoholona nui a hanohano hoʻi mai ka ʻohana o nā sila pepeiao. Ua loaʻa ka inoa ʻelua ma ke kenekulia 18, i ka wā e ʻike ai ka mea ʻimi Kelemania ʻo Georg Wilhelm Steller, no ka manawa mua i ʻike ʻia kēia sila nui me kahi mae a me ka ʻāʻī nui, e like me ka mane mai kahi mamao a lohe i kāna kani bass, hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kahi liona i kāna mau memo. Ma hope iho, no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i kāna mea ʻike, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano: Liona kai ʻākau o Steller's.
Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka liona kai ʻo Steller
ʻO ka liona kai ʻo Steller ka holoholona nui loa o ka subfamily o nā liona kai, a ʻo ia hoʻi, no ka ʻohana o nā wepa pepeiao. ʻO kēia mea mana, akā i ka manawa like, he holoholona lokomaikaʻi e noho ana ma ka ʻākau o ka Pākīpika, i ka wā ma mua he ʻano pāʻani nui ia, akā i kēia manawa ua pau ka ʻimi ʻana i nā liona kai.
Helehelena
ʻO ka nui o nā mākua o kēia laha, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka wahine, hiki i 300-350 knm i nā kāne a me 260 cm i nā wahine. He mea nui nō hoʻi ke kaumaha o kēia mau holoholona: mai 350 a 1000 kg.
Poepoe ke poʻo o ka liona kai a liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka ʻāʻī ikaika a ikaika a me ke kino nui. He ākea ka waha, huli aʻe i luna, ʻano like ʻole me ka waha o kahi pug a bulldog paha. Hoʻonoho haʻahaʻa ʻia nā pepeiao, pōʻai a liʻiliʻi loa i ka nui.
ʻEleʻele nā maka, ʻano koʻikoʻi, ākea ke kaʻawale, ʻaʻole nui loa, akā expressive. ʻO kaʻeleʻele o nā maka o ka liona kai he ʻeleʻele, ka hapanui o nā aka ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka ihu he mau pale ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma mua o ke kala nui o ka lole, nui, me nā puka ihu ākea i ke ʻano o ka oval elongated. He lōʻihi a ʻoʻoleʻa ʻo Vibrissae. I kekahi mau kānaka nui, hiki i ko lākou lōʻihi i 60 cm.
ʻO ke kino he kālī-ʻano, mānoanoa a nui hoʻi i mua, akā ikaika i lalo i lalo. Ikaika a ikaika hoʻi nā fin, e ʻae ana i ka holoholona e neʻe i ka ʻāina, kaukaʻi iā lākou a pono no ka ʻau ʻana i ke kai.
Pōkole a paʻakikī ke kapa, nānā palupalu a plush mai kahi mamao aku, akā, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he prickly a he ʻano awn ka. ʻO ka undercoat, inā loaʻa, ʻaʻole mānoanoa a lawa ʻole ka maikaʻi. Pale ka lauoho lauoho paʻakikī i ke kino o ka liona kai mai nā pōhaku ʻoi ke neʻe i uka. Ma nā ʻili o kēia mau holoholona, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i nā wahi me ka hulu huluhulu, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ʻili o kahi liona kai me kahi papa pōhaku ʻole.
Loaʻa i nā kāne o kēia ʻano ke ʻano o ka mane ma ka ʻāʻī, i hana ʻia e nā lauoho elongated. ʻO ka mane liona kai ʻaʻole wale ia he "kāhiko" hoʻonaninani a me kahi hōʻailona o ka wiwo ʻole o ka mea nona ia, akā he mea pale pū kekahi e pale aku i nā kāne mai nā nahu koʻikoʻi a nā hoa hakakā i ka wā o nā hakakā.
ʻO ke kino o nā liona kai ʻākau o Steller e pili ana i ka makahiki o ka holoholona a i ke kau. Hānau ʻia nā liona kai ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele; i ka wā ʻōpio, lilo ke kala o ko lākou lole huluhulu i ʻeleʻele māmā. I kona ulu ʻana aʻe, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka hulu o ka holoholona. I ke kau hoʻoilo, ʻano like ke kala o ka liona kai me ke kala o ka kokoleka waiū, ʻoiai i ke kauwela e ʻālohilohi i kahi mauʻu brownish tint me kahi uhi liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ke kala o ke kapa, ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ʻaʻole like loa: ma ke kino o ka holoholona he mau wahi like ʻole o ke kala like. No laila, ʻo ka maʻa mau, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino o ka liona kai ma mua o ka lalo, a ʻo nā mea palupalu, ke ʻano pouli aʻe nei kokoke i ke kumu, e pouli i lalo i kahi kala ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele. I ka manawa like, ʻike ʻeleʻele kekahi mau mākua o kēia laha ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea paha, ʻo ko lākou hiʻohiʻona ponoʻī, ka mea pili ʻole i ka wahine, a i ʻole ka makahiki, a i ʻole ka nohona.
Hana, nohona nohona
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pōʻaiapuni makahiki i ke ola o kēia mau holoholona i ʻelua mau manawa: nomadic, i kapa ʻia hoʻi nomadic, a me rookery. I ka manawa like, i ka wā nomadic, ʻaʻole hele nui nā liona kai i ke kai a hoʻi mau i kahakai ma hope o ka neʻe pōkole a me ka pōkole. Hoʻopili ikaika kēia mau holoholona i kekahi mau wahi o ko lākou wahi noho a hoʻāʻo e haʻalele ʻole iā lākou no kahi manawa lōʻihi.
I ke kakahiaka nui, ke hiki mai ka manawa no ka hānai ʻana, hōʻea nā liona kai i uka i mea e loaʻa ai ka manawa e noho ai i nā pūnaewele ʻoi loa o ka rookery. ʻO ka mea mua, aia wale nā kāne ma ke kahakai, a ma waena kahi e māhele ʻia ai ka ʻāina i ka rookery. Ma ka noho ʻana i kahi ʻāpana kūpono o ka rookery, pale kēlā me kēia o lākou i ko lākou wahi mai ke komo hewa ʻana o nā hoa paio, me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana iā lākou me ka halulu nui ʻana e hāʻawi ʻole ka mea nona kona ʻāina me ka hakakā ʻole.
Hōʻike ʻia nā wahine ma hope, i ka hopena o ke kauwela a i ke kauwela kau. Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia kāne kāne makua, hana ʻia kahi harem o kekahi (maʻamau he 5-20 mau wahine). Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, hoʻonohonoho nā liona kai i nā rookeries ma kahi pālahalaha a i kekahi manawa wale nō - ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 10-15 mau mika ma luna o ka pae kai.
I kēia manawa, hoʻomau ka holoholona i ka pale ikaika i ko lākou ʻāina, e hōʻike pinepine nei i ka huhū i ka poʻe hoʻokūkū.
Ma waho aʻe o nā haremene "ʻohana", loaʻa pū nā loke "bachelor" i nā liona kai: hana ʻia e nā kāne ʻōpio i hiki ʻole i nā makahiki kūpono no ka hānau ʻana. I kekahi manawa hui pū ʻia lākou e nā kāne i ʻelemakule a ʻaʻole hiki ke kū hou i nā hoa hakakā ʻōpio, a me nā kāne makua moekolohe, no kekahi kumu i loaʻa ʻole ka manawa e kiʻi i kahi harem.
Ma ke keokeo, hana hoʻomaha ʻole ka liona kai kāne: kani lākou, a me ko lākou uwo ʻana, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka uwo ʻana o ka liona a i ʻole kahi ʻāwāwā mahu, hohola loa i nā kaiāulu. Hana nā wahine a me nā keiki i nā leo like ʻole: ʻo ka uwo o ka mea ma mua e like me ka mooing o ka bipi, a kani ka hū e like me nā hipa.
Hōʻike nā liona kai ʻo Steller i ka hilinaʻi ʻole o ka poʻe a ʻoi loa ka hakakā. ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole ke hopu ola i kēia holoholona, ʻoiai lākou e hakakā a hiki i ka hopena. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻaneʻane mālama ʻole ʻia ai nā liona kai i ka lawe pio ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi hihia i ʻike ʻia i ka wā i launa ai ka liona kai ʻākau o Steller me nā poʻe a hele mai i ko lākou halelewa no kahi hana.
Ehia mau liona kai e ola nei
ʻO ke ola o nā liona kai he 25-30 mau makahiki paha.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne o kēia ʻano ma mua o nā wahine: hiki i nā kāne ke 2 a i ʻole ʻaneʻane 3 mau manawa ke kaumaha ma mua o nā wahine a aneane ʻelua manawa ka lōʻihi.
ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka iwi i nā wahine, lahilahi ke kino, liʻiliʻi ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma, a ʻoi aku ka nani o nā poʻo a ʻaʻole poepoe e like me nā kāne. ʻAʻohe ka mane o nā lauoho elongated ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka nape i nā wahine.
ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa wahine ka leo o kēia mau holoholona. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka uō o nā kāne a ʻoi aku ka ʻōwili ʻana, e like me ka uwo ʻana o ka liona. Moo wahine e like me nā bipi.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ma Rūsia, hiki ke loaʻa nā liona kai ma nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril a me Commander, Kamchatka a me ke kai o Okhotsk. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa nā liona kai ʻākau ma loko o ka ʻĀkau Pakipika holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa. Ma kahi kikoʻī, hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou ma kahakai o Iapana, Kanada a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā liona kai e noho i nā wai subarctic kahakai, i nā ʻāpana me nā ani anuanu a mehana. I kekahi manawa i ko lākou neʻe ʻana ʻauʻau lākou i ka hema: ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike ʻia lākou ma kahakai o Kaleponi.
Ke hele mai nei i uka, hoʻokumu nā liona kai i nā rookeries ma nā wahi pālahalaha kokoke i nā kaʻe kai a me nā pōhaku, he mau pale kūlohelohe ia i nā nalu ʻino a ʻae paha i nā holoholona e hūnā ma waena o nā paila pōhaku i ka wā e holo ana nā mea kai.
Kaʻai liona kai
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papaʻai ma nā molluscs, nā bivalves a me nā cephalopods, e like me ka heʻe a heʻe paha. Eia kekahi, ʻai ʻia nā liona kai a me nā iʻa: pollock, halibut, herring, capelin, greenling, flounder, bass bass, cod, salmon, gobies.
I ka alualu ʻana i ka pio, hiki i ka liona kai ke luʻu a hohonu i 100-140 mau mika, a, i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi kula iʻa mai ke kahakai, luʻu i loko o ka wai mai kahi kahakai pali me kahi kiʻekiʻe o 20-25 mau mika.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻomaka ka wā male no nā liona kai ʻākau o Steller i ka wā puna. I kēia manawa, haʻalele lākou i ke kai a, i ka puka ʻana mai i ka ʻāina, hana lākou i nā haremene ma laila, ke ʻākoakoa nā wahine ma kahi o ke kāne. I ka wā o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻāina, ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā haremina, ka hakakā koko ʻana a me ka hopu ʻana i ka ʻāina haole ʻaʻole i pau. Akā ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā wahine ma kahakai, kū ka paio no nā wahi ʻoi loa o ka rookery. ʻO nā kāne, ʻaʻohe o lākou manawa e hopu ai i ko lākou ʻāina, haʻalele i kahi lumi ʻē aʻe, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā kāne i loaʻa ʻole nā wahine, ʻo ka poʻe i koe i ka rookery maʻamau e hoʻomaka i ka wā hānau.
Hānau ka liona kai wahine i mau keiki ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki, a i ka puna aʻe, i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana i ka rookery, hānau kahi keiki nui, nona ke kaumaha i hiki aku ma kahi o 20 kg. I ka wā hānau, uhi ʻia ka pēpē me ka pōʻele pōkole a i ʻole pinepine, nā lauoho one.
ʻO nā pahu, a, e like me kā lākou e kapa ʻia ai, nā ʻīlio liona kai, he nani ke nānā aku: ua poepoe lākou i nā poʻo me nā maka e hōʻike ākea ākea, kahi kīpoki kīpoki ʻia a me nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi e hoʻolōʻihi ana iā lākou e like me nā bear teddy.
I hoʻokahi pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o ke keiki, male hou ka wahine me ke kāne, a hoʻi ʻo ia i ka mālama ʻana i ka pēpē e noho nei. Hānai a mālama pono ʻo ia iā ia mai nā malihini, a no laila, i kēia manawa, ikaika loa ʻo ia.
ʻO nā kāne, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole hōʻike i ka inaina i nā keiki. Akā i kekahi manawa i nā liona kai aia kekahi mau hihia o ka cannibalism, ke ʻai nā kāne kāne makua i nā pēpē a haʻi. He paʻakikī nā ʻepekema e ʻōlelo i ke kumu o kēia hana ʻana: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo nō paha, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau mākua ke hopu i ke kai. Eia kekahi, i waena o nā kumu kūpono no ke ʻano atypical no ka liona kai, ua kapa ʻia kekahi mau ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻole i loko o nā holoholona pākahi o kēia ʻano.
Wāwahi ʻo Harems i ke kau waena o ke kauwela, a ma hope e ola nā keiki a ʻimi holoholona pū kekahi me ko lākou mau mākua i loko o kahi bipi maʻamau.
A ʻekolu mau mahina, aʻo aku nā wahine iā lākou e ʻauʻau a loaʻa ka meaʻai iā lākou iho, a ma hope o ka hana ʻana o nā liona kai ʻōpio iā lākou iho me ka maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, noho ka poʻe ʻōpio me ko lākou mau makuahine no ka manawa lōʻihi: a i 4 mau makahiki. I ka manawa like, ua oʻo nā wahine i ka moekolohe ma o 3-6 mau makahiki, a ʻo nā kāne ma o 5-7 mau makahiki.
Ma waena o nā liona kai, aia kekahi hanana i ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia i nā māmela ʻē aʻe: nā wahine, nā kaikamahine a lākou i hoʻokele mua e hana i kā lākou keiki, hoʻomau mau i ka hānai ʻana iā lākou me kā lākou waiū.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻole hiki i kahi holoholona nui e like me ka liona kai ke loaʻa i nā ʻenemi he nui i ke kūlohelohe. ʻO ke kumu, ʻimi ʻia nā liona kai ʻākau e nā kohola kohola a me nā manō, a ʻo kēlā mau mea, ma ke ʻano he weliweli wale nō no nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio i loaʻa ʻole ka manawa e ulu pono ai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā liona kai i kēia manawa, akā ʻo ko lākou heluna kanaka no kekahi kumu ua hōʻemi nui ʻia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka helu o nā holoholona i nā 70-80 o ka 20 kenekulia. Kohu mea lā, pili kēia i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1990 i māhuahua ai ka lawaiʻa ʻana o ka pollock, herring a me nā iʻa kalepa ʻē aʻe, kahi mea nui o ka papaʻai o nā liona kai. Ua manaʻo ʻia hoʻi ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā liona kai ma muli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kohola kohola a me nā manō e ʻimi hou aku me ka ʻeleu. Ua kapa ʻia ka hoʻohaumia ʻāina a me ke aniau i waena o nā kumu kūpono. Eia nō naʻe, i ka 2013, ua hoʻomaka kahi ola maoli ʻole o ka liona kai i hoʻomaka, no laila ua luku ʻia lākou i ka papa inoa o nā ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau i ka United States.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā liona kai i kēia manawa, ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano ma Rūsia ma ka papa 2 o ka Red Book. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā liona kai Steller i ke kūlana mālama honua kūwaho "Pili i kahi kūlana nāwaliwali."
ʻO nā liona kai nā sila nui loa, ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia i kā lākou aʻo ʻana e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole mālama ʻia kēia mau holoholona i ke pio ʻana, i nā kūlana kūlohelohe e makaʻala lākou i ka poʻe, a, i kekahi manawa, a me ka ʻenemi hoʻi. Hoʻonani, ikaika a ikaika hoʻi, noho nā liona kai ʻākau o Steller i nā ʻāpana subarctic o ka ʻāina Pākīpika, kahi e hoʻonohonoho ai lākou i nā rookeries he nui ma ke kahakai o nā kahakai pōhaku a me nā mokupuni. I nā lā kau, ʻo ka uwo ʻana o nā liona kai, e like me ka pepeiaohao o ka mokuahi, a i ʻole ka mooing, a i ʻole ke kani ʻana o nā hipa, pāhola loa i nā wahi a puni. ʻO kēia mau holoholona, kahi ʻano waiwai kālepa, i kēia manawa i lalo o ka pale, kahi e hāʻawi ai iā lākou i kahi manawa kūpono e ola a hoʻihoʻi i ka helu o nā holoholona ma mua i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
