ʻO Tyrannosaurus - Ua kapa ʻia kēia moʻo nui ka mālamalama mālamalama o ka ʻohana tyrannosauroid. Mai ke alo o ko mākou Honua, ua nalowale ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o ka hapanui o nā dinosaur ʻē aʻe, i noho no kekahi mau miliona mau makahiki i ka hopena o ka wā Cretaceous.
Hōʻike o tyrannosaurus
E hoʻi ka inoa generic ʻo Tyrannosaurus i nā aʻa Helene τύραννος (tyrant) + σαῦρος (moʻo). ʻO Tyrannosaurus rex, ka mea i noho ma USA a me Kanada, no ka papa o nā moʻo a ʻo ia wale nō ka ʻano Tyrannosaurus rex (mai rex "mōʻī, mōʻī").
Helehelena
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex ʻo ia paha ka predator nui loa i ka wā o ka Honua - ua aneane ʻelua manawa ka lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha ma mua o ka ʻelepani ʻApelika.
Kino a me nā lālā
Aia i loko o ka iwi tyrannosaurus piha nā 299 iwi, 58 o loko o ka iwi poʻo. He hollow ka hapa nui o nā iwi o ka iwi, ʻaʻohe hopena iki i ko lākou ikaika, akā hoʻemi ʻia ka paona, e uku ana i ka nui o ka holoholona. ʻO ka ʻāʻī, e like me ko nā theropods ʻē aʻe, he ʻano S, akā pōkole a mānoanoa e kākoʻo i ke poʻo nui. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka iwi kuamoʻo:
- 10 ʻāʻī;
- he ʻumikūmālua umauma;
- ʻelima kapu;
- 4 kakini vertebrae caudal.
Hoihoi!ʻO Tyrannosaurus kahi huelo nunui elongated, i lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kaulike, pono e kaulike i ke kino kaumaha a me ke poʻo kaumaha.
ʻO nā forelegs, me ka paʻa ʻana o nā manamana manamana ʻelua, me he mea lā ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia a haʻahaʻa ʻia ka nui i nā wāwae hope, ikaika loa a lōʻihi hoʻi. Pau nā lālā hope me nā manamana wāwae ʻekolu, kahi e ulu ai nā māiʻuʻu meli ikaika.
Iwi poʻo a me nā niho
Hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua mika, a i ʻole 1.53 m - ʻo kēia ka lōʻihi o ka iwi poʻo nui i ʻike nui ʻia o kahi Tyrannosaurus rex, i hāʻule i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paleontologists. Ke kahaha nei ka iwi iwi ʻaʻole i ka nui e like me ke ʻano (ʻokoʻa i nā theropods ʻē aʻe) - hoʻonui ʻia ia ma hope, akā ʻike maʻalahi ʻia i mua. ʻO ke kumu o kēia ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ka maka o ka moʻo i ka ʻaoʻao, akā i mua, e hōʻike ana i kāna ʻike binocular maikaʻi.
Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano hohono e kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe - nā lobes olfactory nui o ka ihu, kahi mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai i ka hanana o ka ihu o nā scavenger hulu o kēia mau lā, no ka laʻana, nā ʻalā.
ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o kahi Tyrannosaurus, mahalo i ka pelu U-like o ka iwi ā luna, ua maʻalahi ia ma mua o nā nahu o nā dinosaur carnivorous (me kahi pio V), ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana o ka ʻohana tyrannosaurid. Ua hoʻonui ka U i ke kaomi o nā niho o mua a hiki i ka hiki ke wāwahi i nā ʻāpana paʻa o ka ʻiʻo me nā iwi mai ke kupapaʻu.
He mau hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa nā niho o ka raptor a me nā hana ʻokoʻa, kahi i kapa ʻia heology heterodontism. ʻO nā niho e ulu ana i ka iwi ā luna kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā niho o lalo, koe wale nō nā mea i loaʻa i ka ʻaoʻao hope.
ʻOiaʻiʻo!I kēia lā, ʻo ka niho Tyrannosaurus nui loa ka mea i ʻike ʻia, nona ka lōʻihi mai ke aʻa (hoʻohui) a ke poʻo he 12 ʻīniha (30.5 cm).
Nā niho o mua o ka iwi ā luna:
- like me ka pahi;
- hoʻohui paʻa ʻia;
- kūlou i loko;
- he mau puʻukani hoʻoikaika.
Mahalo i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, paʻa paʻa nā niho a kākaʻi iki i ka wā i haehae ka Tyrannosaurus rex i kāna mea pio. ʻO ke koena o nā niho, ʻano like me ka maiʻa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka nui. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia lākou me nā kualono e hoʻoikaika ana, akā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano chisel i kahi hoʻonohonoho ākea.
Lehelehe
ʻO ke kuhiakau e pili ana i nā lehelehe o nā dinosaurs carnivorous i leo ʻia e Robert Reisch. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e uhi nā niho o nā mea ʻino i nā lehelehe, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi a pale i ka mea mua mai ka luku ʻia. Wahi a Reish, noho ka tyrannosaurus ma ka ʻāina a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana me ka lehelehe ʻole, ʻokoʻa ka crocodiles e noho ana i ka wai.
Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ke kumumanaʻo o Reisch e kāna mau hoa hana ma US i alakaʻi ʻia e Thomas Carr, nāna i paʻi kahi wehewehe o Daspletosaurus horneri (kahi ʻano tyrannosaurid hou). Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ka poʻe noiʻi ʻaʻole i pili pono nā lehelehe i kāna waha, uhi ʻia me nā unahi pālahalaha a hiki i ka niho niho.
Mea nui! Hana ʻo Daspletosaurus me ka ʻole o nā lehelehe, ma kahi e waiho ana nā unahi nui me nā mea loaʻa nāwaliwali, e like me nā crocodile o kēia lā. ʻAʻole pono nā niho o Daspletosaurus i mau lehelehe, e like me nā niho o nā theropods ʻē aʻe, e like me Tyrannosaurus.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Paleogeneticists ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lehelehe e hōʻino ai i kahi Tyrannosaurus ma mua o kahi Daspletosaurus - he wahi nāwaliwali hou ia ke hakakā me nā mea hakakā.
Plumage
Tyrannosaurus rex palupalu nāʻaʻaʻa, i hōʻike maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e nā koena, ʻaʻole lawa kūpono ke aʻo ʻia (i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kāna mau iwi iwi poʻo). No kēia kumu, kānalua ka poʻe ʻepekema inā he plumage kāna, a inā pēlā, pehea ka mānoanoa a ma nā ʻāpana o ke kino.
Ua hoʻoholo kekahi mau paleogeneticist ua uhi ʻia ka moʻo kolohe me ka hulu e like me ke kaula, e like me ka lauoho. Maliʻa paha kēia lalani lauoho i nā holoholona ʻōpio / ʻōpio, akā hāʻule i ka wā oʻo. Manaʻo kekahi ʻepekema ʻē aʻe he hapa ka plumage a Tyrannosaurus rex, me nā pā hulu i hoʻopili ʻia me nā pāhīhī. Wahi a kekahi mana, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hulu ma ke kua.
Nā Ana o Tyrannosaurus
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā theropods nui loa a ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o nā ʻano i ka ʻohana tyrannosaurid. ʻO nā fossil mua loa i loaʻa (1905) ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ka tyrannosaurus i ulu a 8-11 m, ʻoi aku i ka megalosaurus a me allosaurus, nona ka lōʻihi i ʻoi ʻole ma 9 mau mika. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma waena o nā tyrannosauroids he mau dinosaurs ma kahi pālākiō nui aku ma mua o Tyrannosaurus rex - e like me Gigantosaurus a me Spinosaurus.
ʻOiaʻiʻo! I ka makahiki 1990, ua lawe ʻia mai ka iwi iwi o kahi Tyrannosaurus rex i ka mālamalama, ma hope o ke kūkulu hou ʻana ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa ʻo Sue, me nā kaha kikoʻī loa: 4 m ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka uha me ka lōʻihi o 12.3 m a me ka nui o 9.5 mau tona. ʻo ia (ke hoʻoholo nei i kā lākou nui) hiki ke lilo i nā tyrannosaurs, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Sue.
No laila, i ka 2006, ua hoʻolaha ke Kulanui o Montana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka iwi poʻo nui o kahi Tyrannosaurus rex i loaʻa i nā makahiki 1960. Ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ʻana o ka iwi poʻo i luku ʻia, ua ʻōlelo nā ʻepekema ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka iwi poʻo o Sue ma mua o kahi decimeter (1.53 versus 1.41 m), a ʻo ka hāmama kiʻekiʻe o nā iwi ā he 1.5 m.
Ua wehewehe ʻia kekahi mau mōʻalihaku ʻē aʻe (iwi iwi a me ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka iwi ā luna), e like me ka helu ʻana, hiki i nā tyrannosaurs ʻelua, 14.5 a me 15.3 m ka lōʻihi, a he 14 mau kaona o ke kaupaona o kēlā me kēia. Ua hōʻike hou ʻia e Phil Curry ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia ka helu ʻana i ka loa o ka moʻo ma muli o ka nui o nā iwi i hoʻopuehu ʻia, ʻoiai he pākahi ko kēlā me kēia.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Ua hele wāwae ʻo tyrannosaurus me kona kino i kūlike i ka honua, akā e hāpai iki ana i kona huelo e kaulike i kona poʻo kaumaha. ʻOiai nā mākala i hoʻomohala ʻia o nā wāwae, ʻaʻole hiki i ka moʻo kolohe ke holo wikiwiki ma mua o 29 km / h. Ua loaʻa kēia wikiwiki i kahi simulate kamepiula o ka holo ʻana o kahi tyrannosaurus, i lawe ʻia ma 2007.
ʻO kahi holo wikiwiki i hoʻoweliweli i ka predator me nā hāʻule, e pili ana me nā hōʻeha kūpono, a i kekahi manawa i ka make. ʻOiai i ka alualu ʻana i ka pio, ua nānā pono ka tyrannosaurus i ke akahele kūpono, e hana ana ma waena o nā hummocks a me nā lua i ʻole e hina i lalo mai ke kiʻekiʻe o kona ulu nunui. I ka manawa ma ka honua, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ka tyrannosaurus (ʻaʻole ʻeha nui) e ala aʻe, e hilinaʻi ana ma kona mau wāwae mua. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, ʻo kēia nō ke kuleana a Paul Newman i hāʻawi ai i nā lālā mua o ka moʻo.
Hoihoi ia! He holoholona maʻalahi ʻo Tyrannosaurus: ma kēia mea ua kōkua ʻia ʻo ia e kahi ʻano ʻala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kahi ʻīlio (hiki iā ia ke honi i ke koko i mau mile ka mamao aku).
ʻO nā pads ma nā paws, ka mea i loaʻa nā haʻalulu o ka honua a lawe aku iā lākou i ka iwi iwi i ka pepeiao o loko, kōkua pū kekahi e makaʻala mau. He panalāʻau kā Tyrannosaurus, e kaha ana i nā palena, a ʻaʻole i hele i waho o ia.
ʻO Tyrannosaurus, e like me nā dinosaurs he nui, i manaʻo ʻia he holoholona koko anuanu no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ua haʻalele wale ʻia kēia kuhiakau i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1960 mahalo iā John Ostrom lāua ʻo Robert Becker. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Paleontologists ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex ka hana a me ke koko mehana.
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo, ma ke ʻano, e nā helu wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana, e like me ka hoʻoulu ulu ʻana o nā māmela / manu. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā tyrannosaurs he ʻano S, kahi o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nuipa i kahakaha ʻia ma kahi o 14 mau makahiki (pili kēia makahiki i ke kaupaona o 1,8 tone). I ka wā o ka ulu wikiwiki, ua hoʻohui ka pangolin i 600 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki no 4 mau makahiki, e hoʻolohi ana i ka loaʻa o ke kaumaha ma luna o 18 mau makahiki.
Ke kānalua nei kekahi mau paleontologists i ka wela piha ʻana o ka tyrannosaurus i ke koko, ʻaʻole e hōʻole ana i kona hiki ke mālama i ka mahana o ke kino. Hōʻike nā ʻepekema i kēia thermoregulation i kekahi o nā ʻano mesothermia i hōʻike ʻia e nā manu kuhukukū kai.
Wā ola
Mai ka manaʻo o ka paleontologist ʻo Gregory S. Paul, ua hoʻomāhuahua wikiwiki ʻia nā tyrannosaurs a make i kakahiaka nui no ka mea ua piha ko lākou ola i nā pilikia. Ke kuhi nei i ke ola o nā tyrannosaurs a me ko lākou ulu ulu i ka manawa like, ua nānā nā mea noiʻi i ke koena o kekahi mau kānaka. ʻO ka specimen liʻiliʻi loa, inoa ʻia jordan theropod (me ke kaupaona o 30 kg) Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o kāna mau iwi i ka manawa o ka make, ʻaʻole ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo!ʻO ka mea loaʻa nui loa, ka inoa i kapa ʻia ʻo Sue, nona ke kaupaona kokoke i 9.5 mau tona, a nona ka makahiki 28, ua like me he pilikua maoli i kūʻē i kona kua. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia wā ka hiki ke hiki no ka laha Tyrannosaurus rex.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne, paleogenetics i huki i ka nānā i nā ʻano o ke kino (morphs), e hōʻike ana i ʻelua maʻamau i nā ʻano theropod āpau.
Nā ʻano o ke kino o tyrannosaurs:
- robust - nunui, hoʻomōhala kino, ikaika iwi;
- gracile - iwi lahilahi, lahilahi, nā mākala i hoʻoliʻiliʻi iki ʻia.
E hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻokoʻa morphological ma waena o nā ʻano i lawelawe ʻia ma ke kumu no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā tyrannosaurs e ka wahine. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahine me ke ʻano ikaika, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pelvis o nā holoholona ikaika, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau hua paha i hoʻomoe ʻia. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona morphological nui o nā moʻo ikaika ka nalowale / hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka chevron o ka caudal vertebra mua (pili kēia me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o nā hua mai ka canal reproductive).
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia nā kuhi e pili ana i ka dimorphism moekolohe o Tyrannosaurus rex, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke ʻano o nā chevrons o ka vertebrae. Ua noʻonoʻo nā biologists i ka ʻokoʻa o nā kāne, ma nā crocodiles, ʻaʻole e pili i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka chevron (2005 study). Hoʻohui ʻia, hōʻike ʻia kahi chevron piha i ka vertebra caudal mua, no kahi kanaka ikaika loa i kapa ʻia ʻo Sue, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano o kēia hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano o ke kino.
Mea nui!Ua hoʻoholo nā Pontontologists ʻo nā ʻokoʻa ma ka anatomy e hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi wahi o kekahi kanaka, no ka mea, ua loaʻa nā koena mai Saskatchewan a i New Mexico, a i ʻole nā hoʻololi makahiki (ua ikaika paha nā tyrannosaurs kahiko).
I ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi hopena make no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kāne / wahine o ka laha Tyrannosaurus rex, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema me kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka likelika i hoʻokahi iwi iwi i kapa ʻia ʻo B-rex. Loaʻa i kēia mau koena nā ʻāpana palupalu i ʻike ʻia e like me ke ʻano medullary (e hāʻawi ana i ka calcium no ka hoʻokumu pū ʻana) i nā manu o kēia au.
Aia nāʻiʻo medullary i nā iwi o nā wahine, akā i nā manawa maʻamau, hana pū ʻia ia i nā kāne inā lākou e hoʻopili ʻia me nā estrogens (nā homone hānau wahine). ʻO kēia ke kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka B-Rex ma ke ʻano he wahine i make i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana.
ʻIke moʻolelo
ʻO nā fossil ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex mua i loaʻa e ka huakaʻi o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Moʻolelo Kūlohelohe (USA), alakaʻi ʻia e Barnum Brown. Ua hana ʻia ia ma ka makahiki 1900 ma Wyoming, a i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua loaʻa kahi iwi iwi hou ma Montana, a he 3 mau makahiki e hana ai. I ka 1905, hāʻawi ʻia nā loaʻa i nā inoa ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mua ʻo Dynamosaurus imperiosus a ʻo ka lua ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana ua hāʻawi ʻia nā koena mai Wyoming i ka laha Tyrannosaurus rex.
ʻOiaʻiʻo!I ka hoʻoilo o 1906, ua haʻi aku ka New York Times i ka poʻe heluhelu i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Tyrannosaurus rex mua, nona ka iwi iwi (e like me nā iwi nunui o nā wāwae hope a me nā pelvis) i loko o ka hale o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻAmelika o ka Mōʻaukala ʻAmelika. Ua waiho ʻia ka iwi iwi o kahi manu nui ma waena o nā moʻo o ka moʻo no ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe.
Ua wehe ʻia ka iwi poʻo piha o kahi Tyrannosaurus rex i ka makahiki 1908 wale nō, a ua kau ʻia kona iwi iwi i ka makahiki 1915, nā mea āpau ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe like. Ua kuhihewa nā Pontontologists ma ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka moʻo nui me nā ʻāwae mua he ʻekolu o kahi Allosaurus, akā ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ia ma hope o ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia. ʻO Wankel rex... Ua ʻeli ʻia kēia 1/2 skeleton specimen (me ka iwi poʻo a me nā forelegs paʻa ʻole) mai ka sediment o Hell Creek ma 1990. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, ka inoa i kapa ʻia ʻo Wankel Rex, i make ma kahi o 18 mau makahiki, a ʻo vivo kaupaona ma kahi o 6.3 mau tona me ka lōʻihi o 11.6 m. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā koena dinosaur kahi i loaʻa ai nā mole mole koko.
ʻO kēia kauwela a ma loko hoʻi o ka Hell Creek Formation (South Dakota) i ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ʻo ka mea nui wale nō, akā ʻo ka iwi pū kekahi (73%) ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex, i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka paleontologist ʻo Sue Hendrickson. I ka makahiki 1997 ka iwi iwi Kānāwai, nona ka loa he 12.3 m me ka iwi poʻo o 1.4 m, ua kūʻai ʻia aku no $ 7.6 miliona ma ke kūkālā. Ua loaʻa ka iwi iwi i ka Papa Hōʻailona o ka Mōʻaukala Kūlohelohe, nāna i wehe i ka lehulehu i ka makahiki 2000 ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i hala i 2 mau makahiki.
Iwi poʻo poʻo MOR 008, i loaʻa e W. McManis ma mua o Sue, ʻo ia hoʻi ma 1967, akā hoʻihoʻi wale ʻia ma 2006 wale nō, kaulana ia no kona nui (1.53 m). Hōʻike ʻia ka laʻana MOR 008 (nā ʻāpana iwi a me nā iwi heleleʻi o kahi makua Tyrannosaurus) ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o nā Pōhaku, Montana.
I ka 1980, ua loaʻa iā lākou ke kāne uʻi ʻeleʻele i kapa ʻia (Nani ʻeleʻele), nona nā koena i ʻeleʻele ʻia e ka mana o nā minela. Ua ʻike ʻia nā fossil o nā pangolin e Jeff Baker, ka mea i ʻike he iwi nui ma kapa o ka muliwai i ka lawaiʻa ʻana. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua pau nā ʻeli ʻana, a neʻe akula ʻo Black Beauty i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Royal Tyrrell (Kanada).
ʻO kekahi tyrannosaurus, i kapa ʻia ʻO Stan no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka mea aloha am no paleontology ʻo Stan Sakrison, i loaʻa ma South Dakota i ka puna o 1987, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopā aku iā ia, e kuhihewa ana no ke koena o Triceratops. Wehe ʻia ka iwi iwi i ka 1992 wale nō, e hōʻike ana i nā maʻi he nui i loko ona:
- nā iwi ʻaoʻao i haki;
- i hoʻopili ʻia ʻo vertebrae cervical (ma hope o ka haki);
- nā puka o ke kua o ka iwi poʻo mai nā niho o kahi tyrannosaurus.
Z-REX ʻIke ʻia nā iwi fossil ma 1987 e Michael Zimmershid ma South Dakota. Ma ka pūnaewele hoʻokahi, akā i kēia manawa, i ka makahiki 1992, ua ʻike ʻia kahi iwi poʻo i mālama ʻia, i ʻeli ʻia e Alan lāua ʻo Robert Dietrich.
Koena ma lalo o ka inoa ʻO Bucky, i lawe ʻia i ka makahiki 1998 mai Hell Creek mai, kaulana no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā clavicle i like me ka favic clavicle, no ka mea ua kapa ʻia ka fork i ka loulou ma waena o nā manu a me nā dinosaur. ʻO nā fossil T. rex (me nā koena o Edmontosaurus a me Triceratops) i loaʻa ma nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa o ka hānai kahu bipi a Bucky Derflinger.
ʻO kekahi o nā iwi poʻo Tyrannosaurus rex piha loa i loaʻa hou i ka ʻili ka iwi poʻo (94% pili ʻole) no ka hōʻike. ʻO Rees Rex... Aia kēia iwi iwi i ka holoi hohonu ʻana o kahi pali mauʻu, a ma ka Hell Creek Geologic Formation (ʻĀkau hikina o Montana).
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku i nā sediment Maastrichtian, e hōʻike ana ua noho ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex i ka wā Late Cretaceous mai Kanada a i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (me nā mokuʻāina ʻo Texas a me New Mexico). Ua loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o ka moʻo kolohe ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loko o ka Hell Creek Formation - i ka wā o Maastrichtian aia nā subtropics, me ko lākou wela a me ka momona, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā conifers (araucaria a me metasequoia) me nā mea kanu pua.
Mea nui! Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka hemo ʻana o nā koena, noho ka tyrannosaurus ma nā ʻano biotopes like ʻole - maloʻo a semi-ʻāpana papu, marshlands, a me kahi ʻāina mamao loa mai ke kai.
Noho pū ʻo Tyrannosaurs me nā dinosaurs herbivorous a me carnivorous, e like me:
- triciatops;
- platypus edmontosaurus;
- torosaurus;
- ankylosaurus;
- Tescelosaurus;
- pachycephalosaurus;
- ornithomimus a me troodon.
ʻO kahi waiho moʻomeheu kaulana ʻē aʻe o nā iwi iwi o Tyrannosaurus rex i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Wyoming, he miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, e like me ke kaiaolaola e like me ke kai kūʻono o kēia lā. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ka holoholona o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka holoholona o Hell Creek, koe wale nō kahi ornithomim, kahi strutiomim i noho ai ma aneʻi, a ʻo kahi leptoceratops (kahi elele waena o ceratopsians) i hoʻohui ʻia.
Ma nā lālā hema o kāna laulā, hāʻawi ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex i nā panalāʻau me Quetzalcoatl (kahi pterosaur nui), Alamosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Torosaurus a me kekahi o nā ankylosaurus i kapa ʻia ʻo Glyptodontopelta. Ma ka hema o ua wahi lā, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka pāpū semi-arid, i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi ma hope o ka nalo ʻana o ke Kai Komohana Komohana.
ʻO ka ʻai ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex
Ua ʻoi aku ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex i ka nui o nā dinosaur karnivorous i loko o kona kaiaola kūloko a no laila ʻike ʻia ʻo ia me ka predator. Makemake kēlā me kēia tyrannosaurus e noho hoʻokahi a ʻimi holoholona wale, ma kāna pūnaewele ponoʻī, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli kilomika kilomika.
Mai kēlā manawa a kēia manawa, auwana hewa nā moʻo kolohe i loko o ka ʻāina kokoke a hoʻomaka i ka pale ʻana i kā lākou kuleana iā ia i nā hakakā kolohe, a i ka manawa pinepine i ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā mea hakakā. Me kēia hopena, ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā ka mea lanakila i ka ʻiʻo o ka hoahānau, akā alualu pinepine i nā dinosaur ʻē aʻe - ceratopsians (torosaurs a me triceratops), hadrosaurs (me nā Anatotitanians) a me nā sauropods pū kekahi.
Nānā!ʻO kahi kūkākūkā lōʻihi e pili ana inā he tyrannosaurus maoli kahi predator maoli a i ʻole he scavenger i alakaʻi i ka hopena hope loa - ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex kahi predator oportunistic (ʻimi ʻia a ʻai i ka ʻako).
Predator
Kākoʻo kēia mau paio i kēia thesis:
- aia nā kumu o ka maka i kuhikuhi ʻole nā maka i ka ʻaoʻao, akā i mua. ʻIke ʻia kēlā hihi binocular (me nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe) i nā mea ʻaihue i koi ʻia e koho pono i ka mamao i ka mea pio;
- Waiho ʻia nā niho Tyrannosaurus i nā dinosaur ʻē aʻe a ʻo nā ʻelele o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī (e laʻa, ʻike ʻia kahi nahu hoʻōla ʻia ma ka nape o kahi Triceratops);
- dinosaurs nui nāhelehele i noho i ka manawa like e like me nā tyrannosaurs i loaʻa nā pale / pale pale ma ko lākou kua. Hōʻike kuhi kēia i ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana mai nā predators nunui e like me Tyrannosaurus rex.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Pontontologists ua hoʻouka ka moʻo i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai kahi hoʻohālua, e loaʻa ana me hoʻokahi dash ikaika. Ma muli o ka nui a me ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke alualu i kahi lōʻihi.
Ua koho ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex no ka hapa nui o nā holoholona nāwaliwali - maʻi, ʻelemakule a ʻōpio paha. ʻO ka mea nui paha, makaʻu ʻo ia i ka poʻe mākua, ʻoiai hiki i nā dinosaurs like ʻole (ankylosaurus a i ʻole triceratops) ke kū aʻe no lākou iho. ʻAe nā ʻepekema ʻo ka tyrannosaurus, e hoʻohana ana i kona nui a me kona mana, i lawe pio ʻia mai nā mea hōkai ʻuʻuku.
Mea kālailai
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mana ma nā ʻike ʻē aʻe:
- hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻala o Tyrannosaurus rex, hāʻawi ʻia me nā ʻano ʻelepela like ʻole, e like me nā scavenger;
- ikaika a lōʻihi (20-30 cm) nā niho, i hoʻolālā ʻia ʻaʻole nui e luku i ka mea pio a hiki i ka haki ʻana i nā iwi a huki i kā lākou ʻike, me ka iwi iwi;
- ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o ka moʻo: ʻaʻole ʻo ia i holo nui e like me ka hele wāwae, kahi mea ʻole ai ke alualu ʻana o nā holoholona manuahi. Maʻalahi ke loaʻa ʻo Carrion.
Ke pale nei i ke kuhiakau i ka nui o ka carrion i ka papaʻai, ua nānā nā paleontologists mai Kina i ka humerus o kahi saurolophus, i ʻānai ʻia e kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana tyrannosaurid. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka hōʻino ʻia o ka iwi o ka iwi, ua manaʻo ka ʻepekema ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke kino o ke kupapaʻu.
Pā ikaika nahu
Mahalo iā ia ua haki maʻalahi ka tyrannosaurus i nā iwi o nā holoholona nui a haehae i ko lākou mau kupapaʻu, e kiʻi ana i nā paʻakai mineral, a me ka momona o ka iwi, i hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia i nā dinosaur liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Hoihoi! Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka nahu o Tyrannosaurus rex ma mua o nā mea ʻānai a me nā mea ola. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia hopena ma hope o ke kaʻina o nā hoʻokolohua kūikawā ma 2012 e Peter Falkingham lāua ʻo Carl Bates.
Ua nānā ʻo Paleontologists i nā kaha o nā niho ma nā iwi o Triceratops a hana i kahi helu e hōʻike ana ua pani ʻia nā niho hope o kahi makua tyrannosaurus me ka ikaika o 35-37 kilonewtons. ʻO 15 mau manawa kēia ma mua o ka nui o ka nahu nahu o ka liona ʻApelika, 7 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka ikaika nahu o Allosaurus a 3.5 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka nahu o ka mea hoʻopaʻa leo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia - ka crocodile paʻakai o Australia.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO Osborne, e noʻonoʻo ana i ke kuleana o ka forelimbs mua ʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia i ka makahiki 1906 ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou e nā tyrannosaurs i ka male ʻana.
Ma kahi o hoʻokahi kenekulia ma hope, i ka 2004, ka Jurassic Museum o Asturias (Sepania) i hoʻonoho ʻia i loko o kekahi o kona mau keʻena he mau iwi iwi ʻelua tyrannosaurus i hopu ʻia i ka wā o ka moekolohe. No kaʻoi aku o ka akāka, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka mea hoʻohui me kahi kiʻi kala i ka paia holoʻokoʻa, kahi i kau ʻia ai nā moʻo i ko lākou kūlohelohe.
Hoihoi! Ke hoʻoholo nei i ke kiʻi hale hōʻikeʻike, ua male ʻo tyrannosaurs i ke kū ʻana: hāpai ka wahine i kona huelo a kūlou i kona poʻo a kokoke i ka honua, a noho ke kāne i kahi kūlana kokoke ma hope ona.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine a ʻoi aku ka hakakā ma mua o nā kāne, hana nui ka hope e lanakila i ka mea ma mua. ʻO nā wahine wahine, ʻoiai lākou i kāhea aku i nā suitors me kahi halulu sonorous, ʻaʻole wikiwiki lākou e hoʻopili me lākou, ke manaʻo nei i nā makana gastronomic lokomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o nā kupapaʻu kaumaha.
Pōkole ka moekolohe, a ma hope iho ua haʻalele ke keonimana i ka hoa momona, e hele ana e ʻimi i nā wahine ʻē aʻe a me nā meaʻai. I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua kūkulu ka wahine i kahi pūnana ma luna pono (kahi mea makaʻu loa ia), e waiho ana he 10-15 mau hua ma laila. I mea e pale aku ai i nā keiki i ka ʻai ʻia e nā poʻe ʻimi hua manu, no ka laʻana, dromaeosaurs, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka makuahine i ka pūnana no ʻelua mau mahina, e pale ana i ka paʻa.
Hōʻike nā Paleontologists ʻoiai i nā manawa maikaʻi loa no nā tyrannosaurs, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 3-4 o nā keiki hānau hou i hānau ʻia mai ka puaʻa holoʻokoʻa. A i loko o ka wā Late Cretaceous, ua hoʻomaka ka hōʻole ʻana o ka hana hou ʻana o nā tyrannosaurs a oki loa. ʻO ka lawehala no ka luku ʻia o Tyrannosaurus rex i manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o ka luaipele, ma muli o ia mea i piha ai ke ʻano me nā kinoea i hoʻopilikia loa i nā embryos.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Manaʻo ʻia ka poʻe loea ʻo ia ka tyrannosaurus e paʻa ana i ka inoa o ka hoʻokūkū honua holoʻokoʻa i ka hakakā ʻana me ka ʻole o nā lula, ma waena o ka poʻe make a ma waena hoʻi o nā mea hōkai. Hiki i nā dinosaur nui wale ke lawe ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻomoana o kona mau ʻenemi kuhiakau (e kāhili ana i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e ʻauana ana i kēlā me kēia lā.)
- sauropods (brachiosaurus, diplodocus, bruhatkayosaurus);
- ceratopsians (Triceratops a me Torosaurus);
- theropods (Mapusaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Tyrannotitan);
- theropods (Spinosaurus, Gigantosaurus, a me Therizinosaurus);
- stegosaurus a me ankylosaurus;
- he ʻāpana o dromaeosaurids.
Mea nui!I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ā, nā hanana o nā niho, a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻouka / pale ʻana (nā huelo, nā māiʻuʻu, nā pale kaua dorsal), ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe paleontologists ʻo ka Ankylosaurus a me Gigantosaurus wale nō ke kūʻē kūʻē i ka Tyrannosaurus.
Ankylosaurus
ʻO kēia holoholona i kāhiko ʻia i ka nui o kahi ʻelepani ʻApelika, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia i waiho i kahi weliweli make iā Tyrannosaurus rex, he hoa paio hōʻoluʻolu ʻole nona. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia kāna mea kaua me nā mea kaua ikaika, kahi hull pālahalaha a me ka maze huelo kaʻao, kahi e hiki ai i kahi ankylosaurus ke hana i kahi ʻeha nui (ʻaʻole make, akā e hoʻopau ana i kahi kaua), ʻo kahi laʻana, haki ka wāwae o ka tyrannosaur.
ʻOiaʻiʻo! Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ka ikaika o ka hapalua mika i ka ikaika, ʻo ia ke kumu i haki ai ma hope o ka hahau ikaika. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia mea e ka mea i loaʻa - ua haki ka ʻeke ankylosaurus i nā wahi ʻelua.
Akā ʻo ka tyrannosaurus, ʻokoʻa i ke koena o nā dinosaur carnivorous, ua ʻike pehea e hana pono ai me ka ankylosaurus. Hāpai ka moʻo kolohe i kāna mau ā luna ikaika, e nahu mālie ana a me ka nau ʻana i ka pūpū koa.
ʻO Gigantosaurus
ʻO kēia colossus, ua like ka nui me kahi Tyrannosaurus, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokūkū paʻakikī loa. Me kahi lōʻihi ʻaneʻane like (12.5 m), ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka Gigantosaurus iā T. rex i ke kaupaona, ʻoiai ke kaumaha o 6-7 ton. ʻOiai me ka lōʻihi o ke kino, ua nui ke kaumaha o Tyrannosaurus rex, i ʻike ʻia mai ke ʻano o kona iwi iwi: ʻo nā femurs mānoanoa a me nā vertebrae, a me kahi pelvis hohonu, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā mākala he nui.
Hōʻike nā mākala i hoʻomohala ʻia o nā wāwae i kahi kūpaʻa ʻoi aku o ka Tyrannosaurus, kahi hoʻonui i ka ikaika o kāna jerks a me nā jerks. He ʻāʻī a mana a ʻoi ʻo T. rex, he nape ākea (kahi e hohola ʻia ai nā mākala nunui) a me kahi iwi poʻo kiʻekiʻe, e ʻū ana i nā ukana haʻalulu kūwaho ma muli o ke kineticism.
Wahi a nā paleontologists, ʻo ke kaua ma waena o Tyrannosaurus a me Gigantosaurus kahi manawa pōkole. Hoʻomaka ia me nā nahu pālua i ka wī (i ka ihu a me ka iwi ā) a ma laila kahi i pau ai, ʻoiai ʻo T. rex e nahu nei me ka hoʻoikaika ʻole ... ka ʻāʻī lalo o kāna hoa paio.
Hoihoi! ʻO nā niho o ka Gigantosaurus, like me nā pahi, ua hoʻololi maoli ʻia no ka hopu holoholona, akā ʻaʻole no ka hakakā ʻana - ua heʻe lākou, haki, ma luna o nā iwi cranial o ka ʻenemi, ʻoiai ka wili aloha ʻole ʻana o ka hope i ka iwi poʻo o ka ʻenemi me kāna mau niho haʻihaʻi iwi.
Ua ʻoi aku ʻo Tyrannosaurus ma mua o Gigantosaurus i nā ʻano āpau: ka nui o nā mākala, ka mānoanoa o ka iwi, ka nui a me ke kumukānāwai. ʻOiai ʻo ka umauma pōʻai o ka moʻo kolohe i hāʻawi iā ia i kahi maikaʻi ke kaua ʻana i nā theropod carnivorous, a ʻo kā lākou nahu (no ka ʻāpana o ke kino) ʻaʻole ia he mea make no T. rex.
ʻAneʻane hemahema ʻo Gigantosaurus i mua o ka ʻike loea, loko ʻino a ulana hoʻi ʻo Tyrannosaurus. I ka pepehi ʻana i ka gigantosaurus i mau kekona, ua hoʻomāinoino ka moʻo maloʻo i kona kino kupapaʻu no kekahi manawa, e wāwahi ana a ʻāhi hoʻi hou i hope o ka hakakā.
